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Why Tall -

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GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA CAIRO, 2560-2540 BC

THE EIFFEL TOWER PARIS, 1889

CHRYSTLER BUILDING NEW YORK, 1930

WILLIS TOWER CHICAGO, 1974

PETRONAS TOWERS KUALA LUMPUR, 1998

TAIPEI 101 TAIPEI, 2004

BURJ KHALIFA DUBAI, 2010

146.5M

324M 319M

442M 452M

509M

828M

1. Land price

2. Return on investment (the height threshold)

3. Branding "Landmarks" making a statement

4. Skyline "town planning"

5. Rapid urbanization

6. Climate Change

Cost Drivers -

› Shape

› Structural Solution

› Facade Specification

› Environmental Strategy

› Vertical Transportation

› Market Condition

Cost Drivers -

15%

10%

30%

25%

10%

10%

CONSTRUCTION COST

Structures Floors

Stuctures Footings & Verticals

Services MEP and Fire

Facade (Cladding)

Lifts

Finishes

Cost Drivers -

Cost Drivers - Example:

The Pad H = 3.5m floor to floor height.

Floor plate area = 1005 m2

Rectangle A fac = 524m2 > ratio = 0.52

Square A fac = 444m2 > ratio = 0.44

Circle A fac = 393m2 > ratio = 0.39

Cost Drivers -

The Pad -

3B + G + P + M + 24 + R

Original Design -

Wall thickness = 500mm

Original Design -

Revised Design -

Wall thickness = 200 mm

Area freed up approx. 300m2

Revised Design -

The Slope 6°-

Load Path -

Modelling ETABS -

Mode Shapes -

Story Drifts -

Story Drifts -

Case Shapes -

Case Shapes -

Case Studies -

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Case Study -

Case Study -