sediment budgets, sbas, and the great lakesfeb 21, 2018  · sediment budgets, sbas, and the great...

Sediment Budgets, SBAS, and the Great Lakes -Moving from Ontario to Superior Weston Cross, P.G.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo

[Z)] US Army Corps of Engineers ® Engineer Research and Development Center

C!l] US Army Corps of Engineers® Buffalo District

US Army Corps of Engineers BUILDING STRONG®

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Lake Erie/Ontario Sediment Budget: Project Overview

BLUF: Study of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie sediment transport processes has resulted in a treasure trove of data. Refinement of data and ease of access to interested parties is the next step in communicating with stakeholders and landowners

IYll \,;I ll~Ul I -' I

Bay City Cape Vince'}f

St. Clair River,

Lake St. Clai~ Detroit

Detroit River ,,,..., _ _,

-. ,--·--·-­. I .

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I "

50 ~~/York agara falls Oswego I

Rochester 1

Niagara River 1

.- ' " ~..,,, Buffa Io

1,..

, ....... " ..... I }

J .... / ,..... l /'-./

'-J

Pennsylvania

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

I

I

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~

.. ... - -

-1

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Reduced Supply: Braddock Bay NY

\ ~ . ·~ -· . - -- .. r Ht1dloclc I

l/4-Ac. [ . .. : ........ ~ - ~ . .. . ... .. LJtty1d Hog"if I 7.S-'c. 54 . .._

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Legend 0 0 25

1902

(_, '

•' -·-• NEW YORK

• .. .-.. . •

Braddock Bay Aerial Overview

0.5 Braddock Bay Ecological Resloration Figure 4

---------------------------------------- - - . .,- ,, _..._._....,..,.

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Reduced Supply: Braddock Bay, NY

fl · - ' I NEW YORK

Braddock Bay Aerial Overview

Legend 0.25 Braddock Bay Ecological RestoraUon Figure 1

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

• •

•

Lake Erie/Ontario Waves

No long period waves or tides STATION E17 42.15N 80 .35W FOR ALL DIRECTIONS PERCENT OCCURRENCECX100 ) OF HEIGHT AND PERIOD FOR ALL DIRECTIONS

Most wave energy comes from gravity waves (T=1-10 sec)

HEIGHTCHETRES) PEAK PERIOD(SECONDS) TOTAL

9. 0- 110 o- 11 o-

Net result: Little to no depositional wave energy

0.00-0.24 0.25-0 . 49 o . so-g . 74 o . 75- . 99 1.00-1.24 l.25-1.49 1. S0- 1. 74 1. 75-1. 99 2 . 00-2 . 24 2 . 25-2 . 49 2.50-2.74 2 . 75-2 . 99

Net crossshore transport of sediment is l:~~;~ :U roTAL

almost always lakeward MEAN ascH>· 1.1

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toLedo ..

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·0 33?9 44?9 5~?9 66?9 7,?9 8a?9

242 1102 1731

S66 77

i ~~

170 127 239 242 350 122

36 6 2

8 14 42 u 68 86

145 63 37

5

i ~ 7

14 14

ll 39

142 6 3718 2203 2012 1376 51~ LARGEST BS(H)• 5. 6 MEAN TPCSEC)• 4. 3

9:9 I 1~.9 ~NGER

I

79° Max T: 9.9 sec

)(

-------, lurfoLo

~2·

WIS Station 17

Mean T: 4.3 sec

.... o'--'"--"-2----"3 1 s 8 1 e II 10 II 12 IJ 11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 25 28 27 28 29 8 US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Lake Erie Water Levels

• No control of water level

• Ice ... Lake freezes most years, providing some protection during winter storms

• Persistently high water levels since 2015

LAKE ERIE WATER LEVELS - NOVEMBER 2017

2015 2016 2017 2018 Ft. WAR APR WAY JUN Jl.A. AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN F EB MAR APR M.

-= - -

t 6 •1.8

I 1916 I~

•5 ·-- °"M ·-· ·- .... ·- ti.I ·- ,_. .J'llO.. · ~·

.. ,. '"" ·-· .... '"" T!l'1 -

=-i.1~ I~ •NO ,_, ,_ ON ' ·- .,.,

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II • o.i

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..... 0 -+ CH .!H 4TUM 569.2 ~EH J ..)_73.-5 MHEI .... . .. .. '" "" "" "" . ... . .,

I 41CS: i:~ ~IS: ... ;;; '°" .... ..... '"" .... -1

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... .. .,,. "'" ... --0. l

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LEGEND _.. - - - -.. --- - - - - - --- 198~

~EHf l ±HH] IMS -- 191' - 197)

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Lake Ontario Water Levels

• Some control of water levels via the Moses-Saunders Dam, but still at the will of nature

• Ice • Shorefast ice most winters, rare for lake to freeze over

• Record high water levels, 2017 LAKE ONTARIO WATER LEVELS - OCTOBER 2018

2016 2017 2 01 8 2019 Ft. OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JlA. AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JA N FEB MAR M •

... .... '"' I I . ~· 11.1

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LEGEND --- -- - - - --w - - --- -w 1'85 1'8S 191l 191l -w ""

.,,. 191, "''

- ~BHfl±HHR -US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Lake Ontario Water Levels

High water leading to increased demands for Armoring

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Need for proper understanding of littoral volumes!

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Longshore Sediment Transp~n-..........

Annual longshore transport vol. (m3 )

Arrows show direction but not magnitude (Ohio Coastal Atlas (2007) and other sources).

N

!

Lake Lake Erle Detroit St. Clair

< Michigan

0 5 10 20 30 40 SAm 25 Kilometers Buffalo~

ONTARIO

Lake Erie

/ New York

Note: Low vol. compared to many ocean coasts (extreme: Chiapas,

Mexico, 3 million m3/year)

This makes sediment management and impoundment more critical

15~~~ US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Sediment Sources and Losse~'

• Sediment sources: ~~ ...,. Material brought down rivers (mostly fine-grained) ...,. Industrial dumping and runoff from sewers ...,. Gravel, sand, clay eroded from glacial till bluffs and

banks ...,. Sediment created in situ from bedrock bluff weatherin ...,. Limited supply from lake bed lowering and offshore

outcrops

• Sediment losses: ...,. Wave- and ice-induced transport into deep water ...,. Material trapped in fillets at harbor jetties ...,. Material dredging from harbor entrance channel and place

in confined disposal facilities or placed in deep water ...,. Bluff armoring ...,. Beach mining (no longer a factor)

c. -<c; .. ~~ ~

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Geology and Shore Types

~ Three dominant geological processes and timeframes: ~~

• Post Glacial Deposits Younges ,5 -• Glacial Deposits • Bedrock

12

Oldest ... ... =9 G> ~

6

3

...... :o · ~· ·. o : ·:• .. • ...... :· ·- ·..,.·• .· . . . ..... . .. ·.·:: .:.: ;~:.: ·;. . .., {). {). {). <l <l <1 l> b <l 4 4 Till very stony v <l 1>4 <l <l <l A near base

GowondcJ Sha le

0 c)Port lond Boy (762 km)

From: Geier and Caulkin, 1983 ~ Toll

~ ~ Wottr- loid Till

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Bluff Recession

~ ~~~ Showse Park, east of Vermilion, OH, August 1999. Low-grade, friable shale weathers from wave impact, groundwater percolation, and freeze­thaw cycles.

Bluff edge

new/ fracture

potential slumping

unstable bluff

erosion of base /of slope

18

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

·-it-•

2006

0 -- ---- -

85 Sprin9 Creek

1875_10w_ahoreflt\e_ 1879_ Chal13_apbne

- 1875_~_•ne_ 1879_Char13_1p!.ne

- PA 2008_bMUne USGS

Bour CreE

Bluff Recession

~~ Approach

•Bluff line change measured over time

•NOAA 1870's Coast Charts •Aerial imagery-1930s,

1970s

•Stratigraphy acquired to determine bluff height and com position

•Coarse fraction estimated from parent material

19

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Determination of Bluff Volume

•Each 1-km reach used: •Bluff Height •Bluff Composition •Recession Rate

Approach

Coarse fraction factor: Shale: Till: Lacustrine: Sand and gravel:

0.3- 0.5 0.2 - 0.27 0.1 0.95

Sed _ vol= Strata _ ht x Factor x Re cession _ rate x Effective _ reach_ length

•Coarse and fine fractions determined from stratigraphy

•Fines are lost offshore to deep water • 20o/o of coarse component lost offshore to deep water due to storm waves (Based on USACE Buffalo District 1984)

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Sediment Sink: Trapping at Harbor Mouths

0.25 0.5 US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Sediment Sink: Trapping in Federal Channel

- - , ; NewYOft

(/ - - --- I

··- Y--~:·:::r

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Sediment Sink: Trapping in Federal Channel

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

2011-2016 Work: Sediment Bu ~ Cells/Fluxes

•For most of the shoreline, Cells bounded by harbor structures

•Additional cells delineated by nodal points and harbor fillets

f1 0 - 20 40 60 80 100 ~ Kilometers

87 Cells created to model entire

southern lakeshore

24

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

2016: Completed Sediment Bu~ Lake Erie Recent Sediment Budget Geneva-on-the-Lake to Conneaut

ERDC

~S4!rOomieM~(RSW),...~

Historical Sediment Budtet (1860• to Pre&ent) for the United States Shoreline of Lake Erle

M3/YR

Geneva-on-the-Lake-Ashtabula

0 1 2 r-..--- 4 6

£ 1ometers

8 10,000

f?- Ashtabu:3/YR

ula Halbor 6.000

M3/YR 10.000 !$>

~'O'i>

[ /jJ!"· ood

-.. Bluff Input

Bedload Input

Deepwater Input

Ashtabula-Conneaut 0

M3/YR

flN l l\

I lll<t 111>

--~ Bypass Downdrift

Coarse Losses

Fines Losses 8 10 Movement Downdrift

Cell Loss Cell Balance Cell Gain

~ ~ -e~

Conneaut-Presque § Plsle , ~ o ~ o '

8,000 M3/YR M3/YR 32.000

32,000 M3/YR

(onllC.JIJI

Lake Erie: 87 Cells, up to 34 KM long

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

•

2011 Completed Sediment Bu~ • •

Baird

L•ke Onla ri o b.olog ital S.-diut~nl Budget

-~ ~·#-

-- '~ ."':. .:.;'¥-~~

T .. ble B3 t...ke O ntario Annu..l ~diuient Bu dget (Existing)

Exioting SOURCES SINKS

lnputfrom Bluff Lili bod H.ubor

Sub Cell UpdrlftSul>-R~Aion Downrutttng

Fillet Beaches Sedimentation Cell ..

:-<tag.ira • Wlls<>n ·- 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1

Wilson • Olcott 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0

Olcott · Pt Brtttt 02 1.4 0.2 0.3 02 Pt BrttU • G<!ne-..ff !.~ 2.8 0.1 1.8 1.8

C..-..tt · Irondequoit 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.6 OS Irondequoit· Sodw S..y 0.0 4.2 0.l 0.7 0.0

Sodw Bay· Uttle Sodus 3.7 18.S 0.1 0.6 0.1

Little Sodus - Oswego 21.9 7.9 0.1 0.0 1.6

Osweii;o· ELO 28.3 105 0.0 0.0 0.0

• Unknown input reqw...d to balan~ budget •• Assumes ~t bypa!;sing at h.ubors (no nummcal modeling comp let«! to confirm this assumption) - Potmtidl inputs from ohore!W wost of U... Niagdl'a Ri\·er not qu.mlified in this otudy

AJIN!u.,. m l .OOOm>hmlT

Output to Downdr!ft {).

Sul>-UU"

0.3 0.3

02 -0.1

u 1.1

0.6 -0.7

o· -0.6

3.7 3.7

21.9 18.3

28.3 6.4

38.9 10.S

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

2018: Completed Sediment Bu~

\% 't'o OY0 3/Y

L• .. »4'1

"° •o

Lake Erie: 4 76 Cells, Max 1 KM long

Dataset also includes: Bluff Composition Bluff ~eight Retreat Rate US Army Corps

Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

2018: Completed Sediment Bu~~-.......... YOl/YR

Lake Ontario: 280 Cells, Max 1 KM long

Dataset also includes: fi Bluff Composition II Bluff Height

Retreat Rate

0 ... -

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Future Research Needs ~ Shale bluff erosion contribution to the littoral system ~ lk,~

~ t;,~~

~ ~ ~ ~

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Future Research Needs Bypassing of sediment and loss at deep draft commercial harbors

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Future Research Needs ~· Sediment plumes and losses at headlands ~~

c. -<c; ~~~~

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

12

10

8

E 0 Q ffi 6 Q.. ... ~

4

2

0

Future Research Needs~ Better quantification of coarse material lost due to short period waves ~~

WIS STATION 91076 CLASS ANGLE 2 (4 - 64 DEG}

o.o 1 0 2 .0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 .0 7 0 8 .0 9 0 10 .0 11 0 12

v = 0 3747•. 3.9342 RJ'•0.7304

y. 0 3646z. 3.1072 R' •0.7857

~ -<c; ~ ~

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

2019: Completed Sediment Bud~

• Increased awareness among stakeholders/planners/land users about coastal design parameters

• Greatly improved understanding of impacts of projects on greater system

• Identification of sources of sediment for bypassing/beneficial reuse .

• Use in USACE coastal design

.~~ '~. .

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Where to next ..... .

US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District

Questions? US Army Corps Of Engineers® BUILDING STRONG®Buffalo District