semester exam review 2015-2016 fall semester. unit 1: ch 1: intro to environmental science ch 2:...

Semester Exam Review

2015-2016Fall semester

UNIT 1: Ch 1: Intro to Environmental Science

Ch 2: Economics and Environmental Policy

Scientific research is shared in peer reviewed journals. Peers are respected scientists in the same field as an author’s paper; they are anonymously assigned review of a paper

before it can be published. If the methods, data, and conclusions meet criteria for valid experimentation and for letting other scientists replicate the experiment, then the paper

can be approved for publication..

Which of the following is missing here:

A. Supports hypothesis

B. Proves hypothesisC. Refutes hypothesisD. Disproves

hypothesis

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Which of the following is the primary difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A. A theory deals only with the natural world, a hypothesis does not

B. A theory is tested, a hypothesis is not

C. A theory is not tested, a hypothesis is

D. A theory is broader than a hypothesis, dealing with a wider range of situations and observations

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Why do experiments need to be controlled?

If more than one condition is changed at a time, then it is not possible to determine WHICH of the changed conditions caused any changes observed in the data.

e.g., if independent variable is supposed to be red or blue light, if dependent variable is measured rate of petunia plant growth, and if hypothesis is: petunias height increases more in petunias are grown in blue light vs red light,

Then If the blue light plants are grown in a warmer place than the

red light plants, it can’t be determined whether differences in growth were due to the color of the light or the temperature.

The variable a scientist manipulates in an experiment is called the

A. Controlled variableB. Observation variableC. Dependent variableD. Independent

variable

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Experiments or observational studies in which only one variable is manipulated are described as

A. ControlledB. ObservedC. DependentD. Independent

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“A testable idea that attempts to explain a phenomenon or answer a scientific question” is the definition of a(n)

A. PredictionB. HypothesisC. TheoryD. Experiment

Or environment of a community

Biosphere—all combined biomes of earth & its atmosphere

The earth’s environment contains

A. Living (biotic) things only.

B. nonliving (abiotic) things only.

C. both living and nonliving things.

D. only artificial things.

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Resources: Any thing or condition required for survival

Natural resource—directly obtained from nature

Manmade resource—materials that begin with natural resources, but are made into a different form (e.g., plastics are manmade resources made from natural resources called fossil fuels)

Which of the following is NOT an example of a natural resource?

A. CoalB. SunlightC. TimberD. Plastic

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Which of the following is always a nonrenewable natural resource?

A. WindB. FreshwaterC. OilD. Soil

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People with different world views often disagree about what environmental choices are ethical. For example, an anthropocentric view might consider loss of a species due to deforestation more ethical than causing the loss of many jobs by making logging in a forest illegal, whereas an ecosystem centered view might result in finding limited logging acceptable IF it allows the ecosystem to remain in balance .

Antrocentric biocentric ecocentric

The branch of philosophy that deals with good, bad, right and wrong is called:

A. LogicB. EthicsC. ScienceD. Culture

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Environmental economics considers NONMARKET values in the pricing of a resource.

“Energy Star,” “USDA Organic,” and “Fair Trade Certified” are all examples of

A. EcolabellingB. EcosystemsC. Non-market valuesD. Market failures

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Things that we appreciate for beauty, that help define our culture, or that teach us about

ourselves are said to have : A. EcolabellingB. Non-market valuesC. Market failuresD. Cost-benefit

analyses

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Cost/benefit analysis weighs the relative value of sacrifices made vs gains made. For example, is the cost

of adding pollution-reducing devises to an electrical plant worth the benefits.

A comparison between what is sacrificed and gained by a specific action

A. Cost-benefit analysesB. EcolabellingC. Non-market valuesD. Market failures

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Regulatory agency like Environmental protection agency (EPA) enforces penalties for failure to comply with environmental protection laws

Economic gifts awarded to pay for changes to reduce environmental damage—free $ or other free resources

Green taxes paid relative to amount environmental harm

Stay under allowed damage limit (CAP), sell rights to your unused allowance (TRADE)

For example, tax refund or tax credit for buying energy star appliances, buying a fuel efficient car, or improving house insulation

Similar to cap and trade

e.g., energy star labels to show more efficent appliances

CAP & TRADE combines command & control regulatory policies with market

based strategies for protecting the environment

Companies can recoup cost of environmental improvements

by selling their pollution allotments to companies who

haven’t made these improvements—generally

results in at least some reduced environmental damage.

A government body sets rules and threatens punishment for violations.

A. Green taxB. Command and

control approachC. Cap and tradeD. Subsidy

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A ________ is a giveaway of cash or public resources that is intended to encourage a particular

activity or lower the price of a product.

A. Green taxB. Command and

control approachC. Cap and tradeD. Subsidy

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UNIT 2: Ch 3: Earth’s Environmental Systems

Atoms and compounds are the basic units of matterAtomic mass is # neutrons + #protons of an atom;

# electrons controls chemical compound formation—most stable elements are noble gases which have an octet of electrons in the outermost—valence—energy level of the electron cloud; other elements form chemical bonds to complete valence octets.

Periodic table square for an element reveals atomic structure.

What are the simplest stable independent units of matter?

A. ElementsB. AtomsC. ElectronsD. NeutronsE. Protons

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Ionic bonding allows metals to develop a valence octet by forming positively charged ions and nonmetals to develop a valence octet by forming negatively charged ions. The + and – ion are then attracted to each other in an ionic bond.

Metals give or transfer all of their valence shell electrons to an adjacent nonmetal atom(s); the metal atoms develop a positive charge for every electron that is lost.

Nonmetal atoms take as enough valence electrons to complete a valence octet; they gain one negative charge for each electron taken from the metal atom.

Covalent bonding allows nonmetals to develop a valence octet by sharing valence electrons with another nonmetal atom(s). Nonmetal atoms share enough valence electrons to complete a valence octet, and the location where their electron clouds overlap is called a covalent bond. Two shared electrons is called a single covalent bond. Four shared electrons is called a double covalent bond. Six shared electrons is called a triple covalent bond. Except for H and He, which are stable with 2 valence electrons, elements are most stable with a valence shell octet.

When electrons are transferred what type of bond is it?

A. CovalentB. IonicC. MoleculeD. CompoundE. Atomic 27%

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In this type of bond, an oxygen atom of a molecule is weakly attracted to one or two hydrogen atoms of another molecule:

A. IonicB. MetallicC. HydrogenD. OxygenE. Cation

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Which property of water allows it to act as a buffer for coastal regions?

A. Ice densityB. Universal SolventC. CohesionD. Resistance to

temperatureE. Buoyancy

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Which of the following is responsible for hereditary traits?

A. ProteinsB. Nucleic AcidC. CarbohydratesD. AtomsE. Lipids 13%

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Which property of water allows it to stick to itself?

A. Ice densityB. Universal SolventC. CohesionD. Resistance to

temperatureE. Buoyancy 7%

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A solution with a pH of 3 is considered to be:

A. AcidicB. BasicC. Neutral

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Which of the following results in the stabilization of a system?

A. Positive feedback loopB. Feedback loopC. Neutral feedback loopD. Negative feedback loopE. Feedback system

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Identify and explain if it is a negative or positive feedback loop

• If prey populations rise, predator populations can rise in response, causing prey populations to fall. Then predator populations may decline, allowing prey populations to rise again, and so on.

Write!

• Describe two ways water cycles through the atmosphere.

• Describe where most water on earth is contained.

• Describe how snow on a mountain top ends up far away in a lake.

Which of the following spheres contains rocks and minerals at and below earth’s surface?

A. BiosphereB. CrustC. LithosphereD. AtmosphereE. Geosphere

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Which of the following spheres is responsible for keeping the Earth at a livable temperature?

A. BiosphereB. CrustC. LithosphereD. AtmosphereE. Geosphere 13%

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What type of boundary occurs when rising magma pushes plates apart

A. TransformB. DivergentC. ConvergentD. Mountain-buildingE. Subduction

Transform

Divergent

Converge

nt

Mountain-build

ing

Subducti

on

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What type of event occurs when oceanic and continental plates collide?

A. DivergentB. TransformC. ConvergentD. SubductionE. Mountain-Building

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The part of Earth in which living and non living things interact occurs in which sphere?

A. HydrosphereB. BiosphereC. AtmosphereD. LithosphereE. Geosphere

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What helps nutrients cycle through the environment?

A. Phosphorus

B. HydrogenC. WaterD. PotassiumE. carbon

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Which cycle relies on bacteria?

A. PhosphorusB. CarbonC. NitrogenD. Cell RespirationE. Photosynthesis

Phosphorus

Carbon

Nitrogen

Cell Respira

tion

Photosynthesis

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Which cycle is most affected by people burning fossil fuels?

A. PhosphorusB. CarbonC. NitrogenD. Cell RespirationE. Photosynthesis

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Which cycle is affected by farmers trying to improve crop growth and has no atmospheric component?

A. PhosphorusB. CarbonC. NitrogenD. Cell RespirationE. Photosynthesis

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UNIT 3: Ch 4: Population Ecology

The term that describes the seasonal movement of individuals into and out of an area:

A. ImmigrationB. EmigrationC. MigrationD. Cycles

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A group of individuals that interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A. ecologyB. populationC. SpeciesD. community

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Pyramid Game!

• Pair up with another student

• One student will look away from the screen

• The other student will provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

• The student who cannot see the words will have to guess what words are on the screen

Pyramid Game!

• Pair up with another student

• One student will look away from the screen

• The other student will provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

• The student who cannot see the words will have to guess what words are on the screen

• species• population• community• ecosystem

Which of the following includes only biotic factors?

A. EcosystemB. HabitatC. BiosphereD. Population

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Which of the following is not included in a typical age structure diagram?

A. The population’s sex ratio

B. The relative number of people in different age groups

C. The population’s historical growth

D. The proportion of the reproductive-aged individuals

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Write!

• Draw and describe the two types of population growth curves.

Which of the following describes a population that is distributed evenly across an area?

A. RandomB. clumpedC. crowdedD. uniform

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Which of the following equations summarizes population growth?

A. Immigration - emigrationB. (Immigration + births) - (emigration

+ deaths)C. Births - deathsD. (Immigration + births) + (emigration

+ deaths)

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Write!

• Describe the difference between a density dependent and density independent factor on a population.

• Provide an example for each.

The largest population size a given environment can sustainably support is known as its

A. Limiting capacityB. Logistic limitC. Biotic potentialD. Carrying capacity

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UNIT 4: Ch 16: Global Climate Change

Which activity is the largest source of U.S. greenhouse gasses?

A. Vehicle emissionsB. Factory emissionsC. Electricity

generationD. Geothermal power

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Pyramid Game!

• Pair up with another student

• One student will look away from the screen

• The other student will provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

• The student who cannot see the words will have to guess what words are on the screen

Pyramid Game!

• Pair up with another student

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• The other student will provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

• The student who cannot see the words will have to guess what words are on the screen

• Carbon sequestration• Greenhouse gasses• Coral bleaching• Greenhouse effect

Which of the following is NOT an example of a mitigation strategy?

A. Improving energy efficiency

B. Protecting forests from deforestation

C. Pumping water out of low-lying coastal areas

D. Conserving energy

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Write!

• List the four pieces of direct evidence for global climate change.

Rising sea levels are a result of

A. Increased amounts of precipitation

B. Melting ice onlyC. Increased carbon

dioxide levels in water

D. Melting ice and expansion of heated water

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Which of the following are considered the major greenhouse gasses?

A. Water vapor and ozone

B. Water vapor and carbon dioxide

C. Ozone and carbon dioxide

D. Ozone and methane

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Which of the following does NOT provide clues about the Earth’s climate in the distant past?

A. VolcanoesB. Ice coresC. SedimentsD. Tree rings

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When large amounts of carbon dioxide dissolve in the oceans, what is the result?

A. Seawater with a higher pH

B. Seawater with a lower pH

C. Rising sea levelsD. Increased coral

growth

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The sun’s rays strike Earth most directly at the

A. PolesB. EquatorC. Temperate zonesD. Gulf stream

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Pyramid Game!

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Pyramid Game!

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• Topography• Carbon footprint• Global warming• Fossil fuels

UNIT 5: Ch 17: Energy Basics/Nonrenewables

Energy is defined as the ability to:

A. Burn fuelB. Lift heavy objects on

the floorC. Do work or make a

changeD. Cook food over a

campfire

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Pyramid Game!

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Pyramid Game!

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• Acid drainage• Energy conservation• Nuclear energy• Nuclear waste• Methane hydrate

Pyramid Game!

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Pyramid Game!• Pair up with another

student• One student will look away

from the screen• The other student will

provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

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• Pro for natural gas• Advantage of coal • Hydraulic fracturing• Energy conservation• Renewable energy

Chemical compounds derived from oil are called

A. PetrochemicalsB. Fossil fuelsC. Renewable energy

resourcesD. Secondary energy

resources

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Which of the following exhibits kinetic energy?

A. A ball rolling down a ramp

B. The bonds that hold food molecules together

C. A bike rider waiting for a red light to turn green

D. A compressed spring

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Chemical energy is stored in a match tip. In the photo, what has this chemical energy been converted into?

A. Electrical and mechanical energy

B. Thermal and electromagnetic energy

C. Electromagnetic and nuclear energy

D. Only electromagnetic energy

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The world’s most abundant fossil fuel is:

A. CoalB. OilC. Natural gasD. Uranium

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Pyramid Game!

• Pair up with another student

• One student will look away from the screen

• The other student will provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

• The student who cannot see the words will have to guess what words are on the screen

Pyramid Game!• Pair up with another

student• One student will look away

from the screen• The other student will

provide only the definitions of the words shown to the right

• The student who cannot see the words will have to guess what words are on the screen

• Coal• Damage to

environment by extracting fossil fuels

• Use for oil• Kinetic energy• combustion

Which of the following is NOT caused by the burning of fossil fuels?

A. Air pollutionB. Water pollutionC. Release of carbon

dioxideD. A meltdown

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In a nuclear power plant, which process is used to generate electricity?

A. The burning of coalB. The burning of

natural gasC. Nuclear fusionD. Nuclear fission

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Which of the following is NOT a renewable source of energy?

A. WindB. SunlightC. CoalD. Wood

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