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SEMESTER V PSM 301 Production Technology of Spices and Plantation Crops (2 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on production technology of important spices and plantation
crops
Theory
Unit I Major spices
Crops: Black pepper, cardamom, turmeric and ginger
Scope and importance –state, Indian and global scenario – classification –institutions
– commodity boards involved in research and development – import - export potential.
Principles of organic production – GAP and GMP.
Origin and distribution – area and production – composition and uses – soil and
climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and nutrient management – weed
control – training and pruning - mulching – intercropping – shade regulation –application of
growth regulators – harvest and yield –post harvest handling – processing - value addition
and storage.
Unit II Seed spices and herbal spices
Crops: Coriander, fenugreek, fennel, cumin, paprika, curry leaf, thyme, celery and
parsley
Origin and distribution – area and production – composition and uses – soil and
climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and nutrient management – weed
control – mulching – intercropping – shade regulation – application of growth regulators –
harvest and yield –post harvest handling – processing - value addition and storage
Unit III Tree spices and minor spices
Crops: clove, nutmeg, cinnamon, tamarind, all spice, kokum and vanilla,
Origin and distribution – area and production – composition and uses – soil and
climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and nutrient management - weed
control – training and pruning - mulching - shade regulation - mixed cropping -
intercropping, multi-tier cropping - cover cropping -– application growth regulators-
harvest and yield- post harvest handling – processing - value addition and storage.
Unit IV Major plantation crops
Crops: Coffee, tea, rubber, and cashew
Origin and distribution –area and production- composition and uses – soil and
climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation and planting systems -
methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -
weed control – training - pruning - mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation –
application of growth regulators – soil management – liming. Special horticultural practices
– tipping– top working- handling –harvest and yield - post harvest handling - processing –
value addition and storage.
Unit V Palms and cocoa
Crops: Coconut, arecanut, oil palm, palmyrah and cocoa
Origin and distribution –area and production- composition and uses – soil and
climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation - planting systems and
methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -
weed control – training - pruning - – mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation –
application of growth regulators –harvest and yield - post harvest handling - processing –
value addition and storage.
Practical
Spices: Identification of varieties - practices in propagation – main field preparation
and lay out –seed treatment– sowing / planting -irrigation and nutrient management – use
of herbicides and plant growth regulators – training and pruning - study of maturity indices
– harvesting – curing. Visit to processing, essential oil and oleoresin extraction units – visit
to spices research stations– Visit to private spice gardens raised under conventional system
and precision farming system. Visit to organic spice gardens and industries.
Plantation crops: Raising nursery - propagation – softwood grafting in cashew -
mother palm and seed nut selection of coconut – nursery preparation – sowing of seed nuts
– nursery management – practice in manuring and root feeding in coconut – drip and
fertigation – nutrient schedule – cropping systems and intercropping in coconut, arecanut
and palmyrah- visit to coffee board - study of varieties - nursery management –
intercropping and top working – harvesting and processing in coffee – visit to plantations
with multi tier cropping systems, high density planting systems - visit to cashew,
rubber and cocoa fields – visit to private plantations and working out cost economics
Lecture schedule
1. Scope and importance of spices – state, national and global scenario of spice
production – export and import of spices. Principals of organic production, GAP and
GMP
2. Classifications - spice development in India –institutions and commodity boards
involved in spices research and development.
3. Black pepper - importance - origin and distribution - area and production -
composition and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting –
irrigation and nutrient management - weed control – training - pruning – mulching -
intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and
yield – post harvest handling - processing - value addition and storage.
4. Cardamom - importance - origin and distribution - area and production -
composition and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting –
irrigation and nutrient management - weed control – mulching - intercropping -
shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post
harvest handling -processing - value addition and storage.
5. Turmeric – importance - origin and distribution - area and production - composition
and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting – irrigation and
nutrient management - weed control – mulching - intercropping - application of
growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest handling - processing - value
addition and storage .
6. Ginger - importance - origin and distribution - area and production - composition
and uses – soil and climate - varieties - propagation - planting – irrigation and
nutrient management - weed control – mulching - intercropping - shade regulation –
application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest handling -
processing - value addition and storage.
7. Coriander – importance - origin and distribution – area and production –
composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –
irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping –
shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post
harvest handling - value addition and storage.
8. Fenugreek and fennel - importance-origin and distribution – area and production –
composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –
irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping –
application of growth regulators – harvest and yield- post harvest handling –value
addition and storage.
9. Cumin– importance - origin and distribution – area and production – composition
and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and
nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping – application of
growth regulators – harvest and yield - post harvest handling – value addition and
storage.
10. Paprika – importance - origin and distribution – area and production – composition
and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and
nutrient management – weed control – mulching – intercropping – application of
growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest handling - value addition and
storage.
11. Curry leaf – importance - origin and distribution – area and production –
composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –
irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – training – pruning – mulching
– intercropping – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest
handling – processing - value addition and storage.
12. Thyme, celery and parsely – importance - origin and distribution – area and
production – composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation –
planting – irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – mulching –
intercropping – application of growth regulators – harvest and yield – post harvest
handling - value addition and storage.
13. Clove and nutmeg – importance - origin and distribution – area and production –
composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –
irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – training - pruning – mulching -
intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators – harvest and
yield – post harvest handling - processing - value addition and storage
14. Cinnamon and tamarind - importance- origin and distribution – area and production
– composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –
irrigation and nutrient management – weed control – training and pruning –
mulching - intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –
harvest and yield – post harvest handling - processing - value addition and storage
15. All spice and kokum - importance-origin and distribution – area and production –
composition and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting –
irrigation and nutrient management – weed control - training - pruning –
intercropping – harvest and yield - post harvest handling – value addition and
storage
16. Vanilla – importance - origin and distribution – area and production – composition
and uses – soil and climate –varieties – propagation – planting – irrigation and
nutrient management – weed control – training–processing - mulching –
intercropping – shade regulation – harvest and yield –post harvest handling –
processing - value addition and storage
17. Mid semester examination
18. History and development – scope and importance – state, national and global
scenario of plantation crops.
19. Area and production of plantation crops – export and import potentials – role in
national and state economy – institutions and commodity boards involved in
research and development of plantation crops.
20. Coffee - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition
and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods
– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -
weed control – training - pruning - – mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation
–application of growth regulators – soil management – liming. Special horticultural
practices – tipping– top working- handling –harvest and yield - processing – value
addition and storage.
21. Tea - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition and
uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation – planting systems and methods –
multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management - weed
control – training - pruning – mulching - cover cropping - shade regulation –
application of growth regulators – soil management – liming. Special horticultural
practices – tipping – top working- handling –harvest and yield - processing – value
addition and storage.
22. Rubber - origin and distribution – area and production- composition and uses – soil
and climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation – planting
systems and methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and
nutrient management - weed control – training - pruning – mulching - cover
cropping – intercropping - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –
soil management – liming – harvest and yield - processing – value addition and
storage.
23. Cashew - origin and distribution – area and production- composition and uses – soil
and climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation – planting
systems and methods – gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management - weed
control – training - pruning – mulching - cover cropping - intercropping - shade
regulation – application of growth regulators – Special horticultural practices – top
working – harvest and yield - processing – value addition and storage.
24. Coconut - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition
and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods
– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -
weed control – mulching - cover cropping – intercropping – multispecies cropping
system - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –harvest and yield -
post harvest handling - value addition and storage
25. Arecanut - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition
and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods
– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -
weed control – mulching - cover cropping – intercropping – multispecies cropping
system - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –harvest and yield -
processing - value addition and storage
26. Oil palm -importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition
and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods
– multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management -
weed control – mulching - cover cropping – intercropping – multispecies cropping
system - shade regulation – application of growth regulators –harvest and yield –
processing - value addition and storage
27. Palmyrah - importance – origin and distribution – area and production- composition
and uses – soil and climate – varieties – propagation– planting systems and methods
– gap filling - irrigation and nutrient management - weed control – mulching - cover
cropping -application of growth regulators – special cultural practices - tapping ,
tending –harvest and yield - post harvest handling - value addition and storage.
28. Cocoa - Origin and distribution –area and production- composition and uses – soil
and climate – varieties – propagation– seed and vegetative propagation – planting
systems and methods – multi-tier cropping systems - gap filling - irrigation and
nutrient management - weed control – training - pruning - – mulching - cover
cropping- multispecies cropping system - shade regulation – application of growth
regulators –harvest and yield - processing – value addition and storage.
29. GAP in spices
30. GAP in plantation crops
31. Organic production of spices
32. Organic production of plantation crops
33. Role of commodity boards in plantation crops
34. IPR issues in spices and plantation crops
Practical schedule
1. Identification of major spices and plantation crops varieties - rapid multiplication
technique and nursery management in black pepper.
2. Seed spices – main field preparation – manuring - use of herbicides- seed treatment –
sowing and irrigation.
3. Turmeric and ginger - main field preparation – rhizome selection - treatment and
planting - nutrient, water and weed management –maturity indices, harvesting and
curing.
4. Tamarind and curry leaf - practices in propagation - nursery preparation and
maintenance - planting - nutrient, water and weed management –maturity indices
and harvest .
5. Tree spices – practices in propagation – manuring – harvest. Visit to spices gardens
6. Coffee – study of varieties - nursery management- training and pruning –
intercropping – harvesting and processing in coffee. Visit to coffee board – curing
unit
7. Coconut and arecanut - mother palm and seed nut selection - preparation of nursery
- sowing of seed nuts and nursery management.
8. Coconut – practice in manuring- study of nutritional disorders and correction - root
feeding of coconut tonic.
9. Harvesting, curing and cleaning of seed spices.
10. Cashew - raising nursery and practicing grafting techniques
11. Visit to HRS Pechiparai and rubber plantations - identification of spice crops and
varieties – tapping of latex – processing of rubber.
12. Visit to cashew, cocoa farmers field and cashew processing unit
13. Visit to spices processing, essential oil and oleoresin extraction units
14. Extraction of essential oil and oleoresin in spices
15. Visit to spices board and e- auction center for cardamom.
16. Working out cost economics of major spice crops
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Nybe, E.V., N. Miniraj and K.V. Peter, 2007. Spices – Horticulture Science Series Vol.
5. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
2. Parthasarathy,V.A., P.K.Chattopadhyay and T.K. Bose 2006.Plantation Crops. Vol
I and II. ParthasankarbasuNayaUdyog, Kolkata.
3. Ravindran, P.N., K.N. Shiva, Johny. A. Kallupurackal and K. Nirmalbabu, 2006.
Advances in Spices Research. Agrobios, India.
Further reading
1. Jitendra Singh, 2008. Spices and Plantation Crops. Aavishkar Publishers and
Distributors, Jaipur.
2. Alice Kurian and K.V. Peter, 2007. Commercial Crops Technology, Horticultural
Sciences Series Vol-8. ed. by K.V. Peter, New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi.
3. Shanmugavelu, K.G., N. Kumar and K.V. Peter, 2005. Production Technology of Spices
and Plantation Crops. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur.
4. Tiwari, R.S and AnkurAgarwal 2004. Production technology of spices. International
book distributing Co., Lucknow.
5. Chadha, K. L, (ed.) 2001. Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR Publication, New Delhi
6. Pruthi, J.S, 2001.Minor Spices and Condiments. Crop management and
Postharvest technology. ICAR publication, New Delhi.
7. SanjeevAgarval, E.V. DivakaraSastry and R.K. Sahrama, 2001. Seed Spices: Production,
quality and export. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur.
8. Pruthi, J.S, 1998. Major Spices of India. Crop management and Postharvest
technology. ICAR publication, New Delhi.
9. Chadha, K.L and P. Rethinam (ed.) 1994. Advances in Horticulture. Vol. 10 & 11. Spices
and Plantation Crops, ICAR publications, New Delhi.
10. Kumar, N, Md. Abdul Khader, P. Rangasamy, and I. Irulappan, 1994. Spices,
Plantation Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic plants, Rajalakshmi Publications,
Nagercoil
11. Purseglove, J. W., E.G. Brown, C. L. Green and S. R. J. Robbins. 1991. Spices, Vol. I and
II. Longman Scientific and Technical, England.
Journals
1. Indian journal, arecanut, spices and medicinal plants
2. Journal of plantation crops
3. Journal of spice india
4. Indian journal of horticulture
5. Indian journal of agriculture sciences
6. Journal of spices and aromatic crops.
Web resources
1 http://www.indiastat.com
2 http://www.cabi.org/
3 www.aicc.gov.ap
4 http://www.spices.rec.in
5 www.iisr.org
6 www.kissankerala.ner
7 www.coconutboard.nic.in
FLG 301 Protected and Precision Horticulture (2 + 1) (Team teaching – Horticulture & Remote sensing)
Aim
To impart knowledge on the precision and protected cultivation of vegetables, fruits
and flower crops.
Theory
Unit IScope, importance and methods of protected cultivation
Scope and importance of protected cultivation - different growing structures of
protected culture viz., green house, poly house, net house, poly tunnels, screen house,
protected nursery - environmental factors influence on green house production - cladding /
glazing / covering material - ventilation systems - cultivation systems including nutrient
film technique / hydroponics / aeroponic culture - growing media and nutrients.
Unit II Protected cultivation technology for fruit and vegetable crops
Crops: Tomato, capsicum, cucumber, gherkins, strawberry and melons
Hi-tech protected cultivation techniquesviz., soil sterilization - solarization-
fumigation -growing media preparation - bed formation - training and pruning - special
horticultural practices - drip and fertigation –mulching- plant growth regulators -
integrated pest and disease management - harvest and yield - storage - postharvest
management
Unit II Protected cultivation technology for flower crops
Crops:Dutchrose, chrysanthemum, carnation, gerbera, lilium, anthurium, orchids, cut
foliages(draecena, Spathiphyllum) and fillers (limonium/asparagus)
Hi-tech protected cultivation techniquesviz., soil sterilization - solarization- fumigation -
growing media preparation - bed formation - training and pruning - special horticultural
practices - drip and fertigation –mulching- plant growth regulators - integrated pest and
disease management - harvest and yield - storage - postharvest management
Unit IV Concepts and introduction to precision horticulture
Scope and importance of precision horticulture - principles and concepts -remote
sensing - sensors - aerial photographs and interpretation - data processing and image
classification – geo-referencing - role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -GIS
softwares - Global Positioning Systems (GPS) - thematic maps - spatial variability - mobile
mapping system and its application in precision farming - Site Specific Nutrient
Management (SSNM).
Unit V Precision farming techniques for horticultural crops
Crops:Banana, grapes, tomato, chilli, bhendi, bitter gourd, cauliflower, cabbage,rose,
jasmine, chrysanthemum, marigold, turmeric, coriander, coleus and glorylily.Precision
farming technique viz.,protray seedlings - field preparation - raised bed formation -row
planting - drip irrigation - mulching- fertigation system - training systems – growth
regulators – plant protection – harvesting – grading and packing system.
Practical
Study of different kinds of protected structures - designs, components and
construction - types and structures of auto control systems in green house - heating and
cooling systems -different media, solarization and fumigation - special horticultural
practices for vegetables / flowers under protected cultivation - positioning systems viz., GPS
and positioning accuracy- utilization of GIS software - grid soil sampling - imagery
classification- visual image interpretation - canopy management in precision farming –
water use efficiency in annuals, perennials and landscape horticulture - visit to protected
cultivation units -project preparation for precision farming in vegetable/ flower crops.
Lecture schedule
1. Importance and scope of protected cultivation.
2. Different growing structures of protected culture viz., poly house, net house, poly
tunnels and screen house.
3. Study of environmental factors influencing protected culture, roofing materials and
ventilation systems.
4. Cladding / glazing / covering and roofing materials and ventilation systems.
5. Nutrient film techniques, hydroponics, aeroponic culture
6. Growing media and nutrients for protected cultivation.
7. Micro irrigation and fertigation management in protected culture.
8. Protected cultivation techniques for tomato
9. Green house cultivation techniques for cucumber, gherkins and melons.
10. Protected cultivation techniques for capsicum and strawberry
11. Integrated pest and disease management for vegetable crops in protected cultivation.
12. Integrated pest and disease management for flower crops in protected cultivation.
13. Protected cultivation techniques for roses and gerbera
14. Protected cultivation techniques for chrysanthemum and carnation.
15. Protected cultivation techniques for lilium, anthurium and orchids.
16. Protected cultivation techniques for cut foliages (draecena, spathiphyllum) and fillers
(limonium/asparagus)
17. Mid semester examination
18. Precision horticulture – definition, principles and concepts.
19. Geographic information system (GIS) and its application in precision farming.
20. Global positioning system (GPS) and its application in precision farming.
21. Mobile mapping systems and its application in precision farming.
22. Precision equipments for seeding and chemical application
23. Role of computers in developing comprehensive system needed in site specific
nutrient management (SSNM) system and postharvest process management (PPM)
24. Remote sensing and its application in precision farming.
25. Georeferencing and photometric correction
26. Sensors for information gathering, geostatistics and robotics in horticulture
27. Design, layout and installation of drip and fertigation in precision farming
28. Information and data management, crop growth models and GIS based modeling.
29. Precision farming techniques for grapes and banana.
30. Precision farming techniques for tomato, chilli and bhendi.
31. Precision farming techniques for bitter gourd, cauliflower and cabbage.
32. Precision farming techniques for coleus and gloriosa.
33. Precision farming techniques for rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum and marigold
34. Precision farming techniques for turmeric and coriander.
Practical schedule
1. Study of different protected structures – designs, components, orientation and
construction of greenhouse.
2. Types and structures of auto control system in green house.
3. Study of heating and cooling systems in green house.
4. Study of different media, solarization and fumigation for green house cultivation.
5. Study of special cultural practices for production of vegetable crops under protected
cultivation.
6. Study of special cultural practices for flower crops under protected cultivation.
7. Designing and layout of protected cultivation unit
8. Visit to protected culture units.
9. Project preparation of protected cultivation of important horticultural crops.
10. Positioning systems understanding of GPS, positioning accuracy specifications and
utilization of GIS software.
11. Study of soil salinity, soil compaction, soil test crop response (STCR) and gird soil
sampling.
12. Practicing design and layout of precision farming system
13. Canopy management in precision farming
14. Water use efficiency in annual, perennials and landscape horticulture
15. Visit to commercial computerized irrigation control unit.
16. Project preparation of precision cultivation in important horticultural crops
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Books
1. Adams, C.R. K.M. Bandford and M.P. Early. 1996. Principles of Horticulture.
CBS publishers and distributors. Darya ganj, New Delhi.
2. Joe.J.Hanan. 1998. Green houses: Advanced Technology for Protected
Horticulture, CRC Press, LLC. Florida.
3. Paul V. Nelson. 1991. Green house operation and management. Ball publishing
USA.
Further reading
1. David Reed. 1996. Water, media and nutrition for green house crops. Ball publishing USA.
2. Lyn. Malone, Anita M. Palmer, Christine L. VIoghatJachDangeermond. 2002. Mapping out world: GIS lessons for Education. ESRI press.
Journals
Journal of horticulture science Journal of horticultural technology Journal of floriculture today Journal of hi-tech horticulture
Web references www.icar.org.in/ciphet.html www.jains.com www.gisdevelopment.net www.lasercladding.com www.epa.gov.
VSC 301 Crop Production - I (0 + 1)
Aim
To provide hands on practical exposure on production technologies of horticultural
crops
Practical
Practical training on cultivation of vegetable / flower / spice crops - production of
any one of the transplanted crop (tomato/ brinjal/ chilli/ marigold/ gomphrena)– seed
treatment – raising nursery - sowing seeds- field preparation- transplanting – manuring –
irrigation - weed control - inter culture - plant protection and harvesting – postharvest
handling – seed extraction - maintenance of cultivation sheet - working out benefit/cost
ratio.
Practical Schedule
1. Practiceing in seed treatment
2. Sowing/ raising nursery
3. After care for transplanted crops
4. Nursery maintenance – irrigation- weeding –
5. Nursery maintenance - Plant protection - fertilizer and growth regulator application
6. Practicing application of FYM and main field preparation - basal dressing of manures
and fertilizers - formation of beds
7. Practicing pre emergence herbicide application and transplanting of horticultural
crops.
8. Practicing scheduling of irrigation and gap filling operation in transplanted crop.
9. Mid term evaluation
10. Practicing top dressing and earthing up operation in transplanted crop.
11. Practicing PGR preparation and application
12. Pesticide, fungicide application and other inter cultural operations in transplanted
crop.
13. Practicing assessment of harvesting indices and harvesting.
14. Seed extraction, processing,
15. Cleaning, grading, packaging
16. Working out of cost economics of crop production
17. Practical examination
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Azhar Ali Farooqi, B.S. Sreeramu, K.N. Srinivasappa - 2005 Cultivation of spice
crops. Universities press India Pvt., Ltd., Hyderabad.
2. Battacharjee, S.K., & L.C. De, 2003. Advanced commercial floriculture (Vol. I&II),
Aavishkar publishers and distributers, Jaipur.
3. Bose, T.K., LP. Yadav, P. Pal, P. Das. V.A. Parthasarathy. 2002. Commercial flowers
(Vol. I&II), NayaProkash, Kolkatta.
4. Hazra, P. and M. G., Som. 1999. Technology for vegetable production and
improvement, NayaPrakash, Kolkatta.
5. Nem Pal Singh, A.K. Bharadwaj, Abnish Kumar and K.M.Singh.2004. Modern
technology on vegetable production. International Book Distributing company,
Lucknow.
6. Pal, A.K., A.B. Sarangi and U. Thapa. 2006. Varieties of horticultural Crops. Agro-
tech Publishing Academy, New Delhi.
7. Prem Singh Arya. 2002. A text book of vegetable culture, Kalyani publishers, New
Delhi.
Journals
1. Indian journal of horticulture
2. Journal of Indian farming
3. Journal of Indian agriculture
4. Kissan world
Web resources
1. www.ashs.org
2. www.ag.vidho.edu/mg/handbook/mgh 19.pdf
3. www.ikisan.com
4. http://www.hort.purdue.edu
5. http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu
6. http://www.avrdc.org
7. http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology
8. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu
9. http://www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub//vegetables
SST 321 Seed Production Techniques In Horticultural Crops (1 + 1)
Aim
To teach the students about the techniques involved in quality seed production of
varieties and hybrids in horticultural crops and make them seed entrepreneurs.
Theory
Unit I Introduction to seed production
Seed production - importance - seed and crop production - variety and hybrid seed
production - factors influencing seed production - synthetic seed production techniques.
Unit II Seed production in tropical vegetable crops
Seed production in tomato, brinjal and chillies - bhendi, cowpea, lablab and cluster
bean – pumkin, ashgourd, bittergourd, ribbedgourd, snakegourd and bottlegourd - onion -
amaranthus - moringa.
Unit III Seed production in temperate vegetable crops
Seed production in cabbage, cauliflower - carrot, beetroot - peas and french beans -
potato.
Unit IV Seed production in annual flowers and medicinal plants
Seed production in flower crops - marigold, petunia and cockscomb - medicinal
plants -ashwagandha, periwinkle, senna and davana.
Unit V Seed production in spices, plantation and fruits crops
Seed production in spices - coriander and fenugreek - seed handling in plantation
crops - cocoa, coffee and coconut - fruit crops - papaya.
Practicals
Planting design for hybrid seed production - morphological varietal descriptive
characters - identification of contaminants - purity maintenance - practicing emasculation
and dusting techniques (tomato / brinjal / okra) - study on pre germinated seed and ethrel
spray in cucurbits - fruit grading for seed quality - practicing different seed extraction
methods - visit to vegetable seed industry - practicing seed grading techniques - visit to seed
production plots of temperate vegetables - practicing seed upgradation techniques - study
on seed production standards for vegetative propagules - nursery techniques for vigourous
seedlings production - germination enhancement techniques in flower and medicinal crops -
practicing pre storage seed treatment and packing - seed storage godown maintenance -
study on recalcitrant seed storage - practicing synthetic seed production technology.
Lecture schedule
1. Seed production - importance - seed and crop production – variety and hybrid seed
production
2. Factors influencing seed production
3. Synthetic seed production technology for horticultural crops
4. Seed production in tomato, brinjal and chillies
5. Seed production in bhendi, cowpea, lablab and cluster bean
6. Seed production in pumpkin, ashgourd, bittergourd, ribbedgourd, snakegourd and
bottlegourd
7. Seed production in onion, amaranthus and moringa
8. Seed production in cabbage and cauliflower
9. Mid semester examination
10. Seed production in carrot and beetroot
11. Seed production in peas and french beans
12. Seed production in potato
13. Seed production in marigold, petunia and cockscomb
14. Seed production in ashwagantha, periwinkle, senna and davana
15. Seed production in coriander and fenugreek
16. Seed handling techniques in cocoa, coffee and coconut
17. Seed handling techniques in papaya
Practical Schedule
1. Planting design for hybrid seed production
2. Study of morphological varietal descriptive characters - identification of
contaminants - purity maintenance
3. Practicing emasculation and dusting techniques (tomato / brinjal / okra)
4. Practicing pre-germination techniques - enhancing floral ratio and improving seed
set in cucurbits
5. Fruit grading for seed quality
6. Practicing different seed extraction methods
7. Visit to vegetable seed industry
8. Practicing seed grading techniques
9. Visit to seed production plots of temperate vegetables
10. Practicing seed upgradation techniques
11. Study on seed production standards for vegetative propagules
12. Nursery techniques for vigourous seedlings production
13. Germination enhancement techniques in flower and medicinal crops
14. Practicing pre storage seed treatment, packing and seed storage godown
maintenance
15. Study on recalcitrant seed storage
16. Practicing synthetic seed production technology
17. Final practical examination
REFERENCES
Books
1. P.Geetharani, V.Swaminathan and V.Ponnuswami. 2012. Seed Technology of
Horticultural Crops. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi – 6.
2. K.Vanangamudi and K.Natarajan. 2008. Advances in Seed Science and Technology.
Vol.V. Quality Seed Production in Spices, Plantation, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops.
Agrobios (India). Jodhpur, India. Section : Part 2. Plantation Crops.
3. K.Vanangamudi, M.Prabu and S.Lakshmi. 2012. Advances in Seed Science and
Technology. Vol. VII. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, India. Section : II Ornamental and
Loose Flowers.
Journals
1. Asian seed and planting material
2. Seed Research
3. Journal of Asian Horticulture
4. Indian Horticulture
5. Agriculture and industry survey
6. Seed Science and Technology
7. Journal of Seed Science Research
Web resources
1. www.dare.gov.in 2. http:sfci.nic.in 3. www.iar.org.in/Directorate1.htm 4. www.apsa.org 5. www.seedassociationofindia.com 6. www.apaseed.com 7. www.apaseed.org
CRP 321 Applied Crop Physiology (1 + 1)
Aim
To impart knowledge on laboratory techniques and analytical procedures for
estimation and interpretation of data for various physiological parameters associated with
crop production, abiotic stresses and plant growth regulators.
UNIT I Stress physiology
Classification of Environmental stress - Drought stress –Drought tolerance
mechanisms-Physiological traits associated with drought -osmotic adjustment, stress
proteins -Water use efficiency – carbon isotope discrimination - concept -Mitigation -
Flooding - Physiological adaptations -Temperature stress - High and Low Temperature -
Tolerance mechanisms - Functions of HSPs and CSPs - Physiological traits associated with
high and low temperature-Salt stress - Physiological basis of tolerance mechanisms -
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)- Role of scavenging systems –– Heavy metal toxicity to
plants- Phytoremediation-Impact of Global warming on crop productivity
UNIT II Environmental physiology
Physiological adaptation of crops to UV radiation- Impact of UV radiation on Crop
Productivity . Heavy metal toxicity to plants- Phytoremediation-Impact of Global warming
on crop Productivity
UNIT III Nutritional physiology
Diagnosis and correction measures for nutritional disorders including Macro, Micro
nutrients in Cereals, millets, Pulses, Oilseeds ,Fiber and sugar crops, Fruits ,Vegetables
Flowers, Spices and plantations, medicinal and aromatic crops-Importance of beneficial
elements – Na, Si, Se,Co – remedies for nutritional disorders -chelates
UNIT IVHormonal physiology
Role of hormones in plant growth and yield enhancement, stress management and
quality improvement - Auxins, Gibberlins, Cytokinins- - Abscisic acid, Ethylene and -
Brassinosteroids -Role of other phytohormones -triacontanol, polyamines, jasmonates and
salicylic acid- New generation PGRs - 1- MCP, Triazoles, strigalactone, pro-hexadione ca
UNIT V Post harvest physiology
Environmental factors influencing senescence, ripening and post harvest life of fruits
and vegetables and fruits-Physiological and biochemical aspects of senescence and fruit
ripening- Regulatory role of ethylene in senescence and ripening- Pre and post harvest
measures to influence shelf life of fruits, flowers and vegetables.
Lecture schedule
1. Classification of Environmental stresses - Drought – types- Drought resistance and
tolerance mechanisms- adaptations - Physiological traits associated with drought -
osmotic adjustment
2. Reactive Oxygen Species- scavenging enzymes- stress proteins -Water use efficiency
– carbon isotope discrimination- concept -Mitigation techniques
3. Flooding - Physiological mechanism of adaptation- physiological traits associated
with flooding- Role of ethylene
4. Temperature stress: High and Low Temperature -Tolerance mechanisms -
Functions of HSPs and CSPs - Physiological traits associated with high and low
temperature
5. Salt stress - Physiological basis of tolerance mechanisms –adaptations- Physiological
traits associated with salt stress
6. Physiological adaptation of crops to high and low light and UV radiation
7. Impact of heavy metals on physiology and productivity of crops –Phytoremediation-
8. Mid-term Test
9. Diagnosis and correction measures for nutritional disorders including Macro, Micro
nutrients in Cereals, millets, Pulses, Oilseeds
10. Diagnosis and correction measures for Nutritional disorders in Fiber and sugar
crops, Fruits and Vegetables.
11. Diagnosis and correction measures for Nutritional disorders in Flowers, Spices and
plantations, medicinal and aromatic crops
12. Importance of beneficial elements – Na, Si, Se,Co- Effect of crop specific application
of beneficial elements
13. Role of hormones in plant growth and yield enhancement, stress management and
quality improvement - Auxins, Gibberlins, Cytokinins,
14. Role of hormones in plant growth and yield enhancement, stress management and
quality improvement - Abscisic acid, Ethylene and Brassinosteroids
15. Role of other phytohormones -triacontanol, polyamines, jasmonates and salicylic
acid
16. New generation PGRs - 1- MCP, Triazoles, strigalactone, pro-hexadione ca
17. Environmental factors influencing senescence, and ripening - Physiological and
biochemical aspects of senescence and fruit ripening- Factors affecting post harvest
life of fruits- measures for enhancing the shelf life of fruits, vegetables and flowers.
Practicals
1. Application of Instrumentations in crop physiology
2. Screening techniques for identification of drought tolerant genotypes
3. Screening techniques for identification of salt tolerant genotypes
4. Identification of stress induced injuries in crops
5. Measurement of water use efficiency
6. Estimation of anti oxidant enzymes activity – Catalase
7. Estimation of Membrane stability index
8. Bio assay for cytokinins
9. Demonstration on effect of PGRs on flowering/germination/propagation
10. Demonstration of enhancing the shelf life though PGRs
11. Diagnosis of nutritional disorders and their amelioration measures in Agricultural
crops
12. Diagnosis of nutritional disorders and their amelioration measures in Horticultural
crops
13. Nutrient application techniques including root feeding, foliar application, fertigation and hydrophonics
14. Estimation of Macro nutrients in plant samples 15. Estimation of micro and secondary nutrients 16. Field Visit to post harvest storage facilities 17. Practical Exam.
REFERENCES
Text Books
1. Jain, V.K. 2007. Fundamentals of plant physiology, S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Pandey, S. N. and B. K.Sinha, 2006. Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing House Private Limited, New Delhi.
3. Purohit, S.S, 2005. Plant physiology, Student edition, Jodhpur. Further reading
1. Taiz. L. and Zeiger. E., 2010 (Fifth edition). Plant Physiology. Publishers: Sinauer Associates, Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
2. Methods and Techniques in Plant Physiology by Bhattacharya, A. & Vijaya Luxmi, 2015. 212 pages, New India Publishing Agency.
3. Methods in Plant Physiology by WE Loomis, CA Shull 1937. 472 pages, cab direct.org
Journals 1. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands 2. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, Indian Society for Plant Physiology, India 3. Journal of Environmental Biology, Triveni Enterprises, India 4. Journal of Morphology, Wiley-Liss, United States 5. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad
De Navarra, Spain 6. Photosynthesis Research, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands 7. PhysiologiaPlantarum, Blackwell Publishing Inc., United Kingdom 8. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Springer India 9. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Gauthier-Villars, France 10. Plant Production Science, Crop Science Society of Japan, Japan
Web resources 1 http://www.plantphys.org 2 http://www.Biologie.Uni-hamburg.de/b-online 3 http://4e.plantphys.net
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