september 8, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 5 key issue 2 why is...
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April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 5Key Issue 2
Why Is English Related to Other Languages?
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 2
Language Family
A collection of languages related through a common
ancestor that existed long before recorded
history.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 4
Language Branch A collection of
languages, within a language group, related through a
common ancestor that existed several
thousand years ago.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 5
Indo-European(Eight Branches)
- Indo-Iranian- Romance- Germanic- Balto-Slavic
- Albanian - Armenian- Greek- Celtic
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 7
Language Group
A collection of languages, within a branch, that share a common origin in the relatively recent past.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 8
West Germanic Group
Divided into sub-groups. High German is the basis for the modern German language.
English is classified in the low Germanic subgroup.
The North Germanic Group includes Scandinavia languages.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 10
Scandinavian Languages
Derived from Old Norse Swedish
Danish Norwegian Icelandic
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 11
Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-
European language family with the most speakers is indo-
Iranian, . . .More than 100 individual
languages . . . Divided into an eastern group
(Indic) and a western group (Iranian).
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 12
Indic (Eastern) GroupThe most widely used
languages in India as well as in the neighboring
countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh, belong . . .
to the Indic group of the Indo-Iranian branch of
Indo-European.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 13
Hindi The most commonly spoken Indic Language.
1/3rd of Indians speak Hindi. Spoken many different ways. Only one official way to write the language using a script called Devanagari.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 15
Hindi originally a variety of Hindustani spoken in the area of New Delhi, grew into a national
language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 16
Urdu Pakistan’s principal language
Spoken very much like Hindi but is written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 17
India’s 4 most important language
families Indo-European (predominantly in the north).
Dravidian (in the south). Sino-Tibetan (in the northeast).
Austro-Asiatic (in the central and eastern highlands). of the Indian population can speak it.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 18
India’s 18 Languages
India’s constitution was amended to recognize …
- 13 Indo-European, - 4 Dravidian, and - 1 Sino-Tibetan
language. English has an associate status – only 1% of population can speak it.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 20
Western Group – Indo Iranian
The major Iranian group include;
- Persian (sometimes called Farsi) spoken in Iran.
- Pathan spoken in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan.
- Kurdish, used by the Kurds. Written in Arabic alphabet.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 21
Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European
Slavic was once a single language, but differences
developed in the 7th century A.D. when
several groups of Slavs migrated from Asia to
different areas of Eastern Europe.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 22
East Slavic and Baltic Groups
The eastern Slavic languages are the most widely used, primarily Russian.
With the demise of the Soviet Union, the newly independent republics adopted official languages other than Russian.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 23
Russian remains the language of communication among officials of the former Soviet Union.
After Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian (sometimes written Byelorussian) are the two most important East Slavic languages.
The desire to use languages other than Russian was a major drive in the Soviet Union breakup a decade ago.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 24
West and South Slavic Groups
The most spoken West Slavic language is Polish.
Czech and Slovak are quite similar, and speakers of one can understand the other.
Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian are the two most important South Slavic languages.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 25
West and South Slavic Groups
Although Serbs and Croats speak the same language, they use different alphabets.
Slovene is the official language of Slovenia.
Macedonian is used in the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 26
Differences among Serbo-Croatioan
languages Differences are relatively small. Due to cultural identity, differences are being preserved.
Since Yugoslavia broke up, regional differences have increased.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 27
Romance Branch Evolved from the Latin language spoken by the Romans 2,000 years ago.
The most common are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian.
Physical boundaries such as mountains, created barriers to communications between people living on opposite sides.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 29
Other Romance Languages
Romanian, is the principal language of Romania and Moldova.
Two other official Romance languages are Romansh and Catalan.
Sardinian—a mixture of Italian, Spanish, and Arabic—once was the official language of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 30
Romance Dialects Ladin (not Latin) and Friulian (along with the official Romansh) are dialects of Rhaeto-Romantic.
Ladino—a mixture of Spanish, Greek, Turkish, and Hebrew—is spoken by 140,000 Sephardic Jews, most of whom now live in Israel.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 31
Vulgar LatinThe Latin that people in the provinces learned –
not the standard literary form, but the
spoken form.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 32
Creole or Creolized Language
A language that results from the
mixing of the colonizer’s language and the indigenous
language.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 33
Origin of Indo-European
LanguagesThe Proto-Indo-European
cannot be proved, therefore two theories
exists; Kurgan Migration Anatolian Migration
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 34
Kurgan Migration Kurgans date to around 4300 B.C.
Nomadic herders. Domesticated horses between 3500 and 2500 B.C.
Conquered much of Europe and South Asia.
April 21, 2023 S. Mathews 36
Anatolian Migration Lived 2000 years before the
Kurgans and diffused; - Westward to become the
origin of the Romance Branch.- Northward to become the
origin of the Germanic Branch.- Eastward to become the
origin of the Indo-Iranian Branch.
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