session 6.2 rubber monoculture or agroforestry
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YI Zhuangfang 依庄防 , World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), China
Center for Montain Ecosystem StudiesKunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Rubber monoculture or rubber agroforestry: are there implementable policy-supports based on result from spatially explicit models?
Traditional & non-traditional rubber-growing regions
Li and Fox, 2012
Rubber agroforestry only exists in Thailand Indonesia (Old Rubber) etc. now, but it’s been gradually conversed into rubber monoculture or plantations of other cash crops.
Study Site
Yunnan,China
Data from: World Agroforest center, China Program and KIB
Man-made plantations: rubber monoculture and rubber agroforestry
Rubbermonoculture
Rubber agroforestry
Rubber Expansion
87,226 ha 153,613 ha 438,015 (23%)
Data from: Agro-forest center ChinaData from: World Agroforest center, China Program and KIB
The trend of Rubber plantations
1400m*****
< 600
600-700
700-800
800-900
900-1000
1000-
1100
1100-
1200
1200-
1300
1300-
1400
1400-
1500
1500-
1600
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
3
Inferior rubber plantations
Medium-favorable rubber plantations
Favorable rubber plantations
Rubber plantations have already been expanded to 1600m
Questions
1. Which is more cost-efficient between rubber monoculture and rubber agroforestry?
2. Which has better ecological functions/values?
3. Is there a balance between economic return and ecological functions/values? And which is more implementable based on existing policy-support?
Question 1
1. Which is more cost-efficient between rubber monoculture
and rubber agroforestry?
1. Compiling the cost and productivity observations from field surveys, interviews and literatures;
Methodology and Data
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 300
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Rubber productivity among different cropping systems
Jungle rubber rubber agroforestry(tea+fruit trees)rubber monoculture
Rubber in KG/ha
Rubber monoculture gets highest rubber productivity but also the highest overall cost
Data source: Feng (2007); Wuland and Joshi (2013); Wibawa, unpublished.
2. Simulating the land use scenarios based on land use map in 2010, including non-rubber scenarios:1) (Non-Rubber), 2)Conservation Oriented Scenario(COS), 3) land use map in 2010, 4) 2010 Agroforestry, 5)Business-as-usual Scenario (BAU), 6)BAU Agroforestry, 7)Economic Oriented Scenario (EOS), and8) EOS Agroforestry.
Methodology and Data
1) 2) 4)
5) 6) 7) 8)
3)
Care about forests Current situation
The futureOnly rubber
Answer to questi on 1
1000000000
2000000000
3000000000
4000000000
5000000000
6000000000
7000000000
8000000000
9000000000
10000000000
We calculated the economic returns for each land use scenario, and we found: plant more rubber (EOS, Economic Oriented Scenario) would have more economic return from rub-ber. However, we are going to lose all ecosystem services in the future, e.g. clean water, biodiversity etc.
Question 2
2. Which has better ecological functions/values?
Existing carbon markets
Climate change, 1997 Kyoto Protocol, 2007 Bali Action.
US
Europe
Australia
China: to reduce 40-45% of carbon emission
a) Beijing Environmental Exchange
b) China Environment & Energy Network in Shanghai
c) Tianjin Climate Exchange
d) A new domestic market will be established in Guangdong province
Landuse and
cover types
Carbon
Storage(t/ha)
Landuse and
cover types
Carbon
Storage
(t/ha)
Seasonal rainforest 122 Paddy field 5
Mantane rainforest 116 Tea plantations 14
Evergreen broad-leaf forest 105 Favorable RP 35
Pinus forest 32 Unfavorable RP 15
Alnus forest 60 Residential area 0
Mossy evergreen broad
-leaf forest
80 Water body 0
Shrub and grass land 15
Carbon storage of different types of land use and land cover
Li et al 2008; Xi 2009;Song and Zhang 2010; Zhang et al. 2011
Answer to questi on 2
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
60000000
70000000
80000000
90000000
100000000
Plant less rubber, we will gain more carbon storage
Question 3
3. Is there a balance between economic return and ecological functions/values? And which is more implementable based on existing policy-support?
Rubber monoculture or rubber agroforestry?
Economically, only carbon market would bring more economic returns to compete with rubber profit. So we combine both rubber profit with carbon value for each land use scenario. We found 1. When the carbon
market brings higher carbon market, people would benefit more from maintaining and protecting forest.
2. The easiest way for Xishuangbanna to go in the future would be 2010 agroforestry
20$/ ton
10$/ ton 30$/ ton
Non-rubber COS
2010 Land use
Map
2010 Agrofores
try BAU
BAU Agrofores
try EOS
EOS A
grofores
try0
2000000000
4000000000
6000000000
8000000000
10000000000 Carbon price is 5$/ ton
0 2000000000 4000000000 6000000000 8000000000
10000000000
Non-rubber COS
2010 Land use
Map
2010 Agrofores
try BAU
BAU Agrofores
try EOS
EOS A
grofores
try0
2000000000 4000000000 6000000000 8000000000
10000000000 12000000000 14000000000 16000000000
0
5000000000
10000000000
15000000000
20000000000
25000000000
Answer to question 3
Non-rubber
COS
2010 Land use
Map
2010 Agrofore
stry
BAU
BAU Agroforestr
yEO
S
EOS A
grofore
stry
0
2000000000
4000000000
6000000000
8000000000
10000000000
12000000000
14000000000
16000000000
Rubber Agroforestry would bring more benefits overall, including rubber and carbon economic returns, than rubber monoculture from rubber.The low-hanging-fruit for Xishuangbanna would be “go for rubber agroforestry first (2010 Agroforestry scenario)” and then “switch to conservation oriented scenario gradually when the carbon market gets better in the future”
1st
2nd
Conclusion and discussion
Rubber agroforestry would potentially benefit better than rubber monoculture;
However, the benefits only come from:
- better clone of crops combination in the agroforestry, e.g. plant new rubber clone 77-4, 77-2 instead of old clone GT1; and to select high market value indigenous timber and fruit species;
- Future environmental market, especially, carbon market would play a big role for supporting agroforestry;
- Higher education and training for farmers will be needed to better manage their agroforestry and to improve household socioeconomic and ecological benefits.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!
If you have further questions please contact: Zhuangfang Yi Yi.zhuangfang@gmail.comyizhuangfang@mail.kib.ac.cnFacebook: Zhuangfang Nana YiPersonal website: https://sites.google.com/site/zhuangfangnanayi
Wish you all a fun staying in Delhi!
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