signal transduction mechanisms chemical messengers and receptors
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Signal Signal Transduction Transduction MechanismsMechanismsChemical Messengers and Chemical Messengers and ReceptorsReceptors
Cell SignalsCell Signals
What kinds of environmental factors do What kinds of environmental factors do cells respond to?cells respond to?
Chemical SignalsChemical Signals
What is the difference between hormones and What is the difference between hormones and parcrine factors?parcrine factors?
Signal TransductionSignal Transduction
What elements are involved in cell signaling?What elements are involved in cell signaling?
Signal TransductionSignal Transduction
What is the difference between a What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic hydrophilic and a hydrophobic messenger?messenger?
What kinds of substances fall into each of What kinds of substances fall into each of these categories?these categories?
Signal TransductionSignal Transduction
What exactly do we mean by signal What exactly do we mean by signal transduction?transduction?
Signal TransductionSignal Transduction
What is true about the attachment What is true about the attachment between ligand and receptor?between ligand and receptor?
What is meant by receptor affinity?What is meant by receptor affinity?
What is KWhat is Kdd??
Signal TransductionSignal Transduction
What is meant by receptor down What is meant by receptor down regulation?regulation?
Why is a knowledge of receptor function Why is a knowledge of receptor function so important?so important?
G Protein-Linked G Protein-Linked ReceptorsReceptors
What is a G protein?What is a G protein? What does this type of receptor look like?What does this type of receptor look like?
Structure of G ProteinsStructure of G Proteins
Why are many G proteins considered Why are many G proteins considered heterotrimeric?heterotrimeric?
G ProteinsG Proteins
What are some of the effects of activated What are some of the effects of activated G proteins?G proteins?
Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP
How does c-AMP act How does c-AMP act as a second as a second messenger in the messenger in the cell?cell?
Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP
What are some of the observed effects of What are some of the observed effects of c-AMP in cells?c-AMP in cells?
Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP
What do the organisms that cause What do the organisms that cause cholera and pertusis have in common?cholera and pertusis have in common?
G ProteinsG Proteins
Besides c-AMP what other second Besides c-AMP what other second messengers depend upon G proteins?messengers depend upon G proteins?
G ProteinsG Proteins
How is inositol How is inositol triphosphate and triphosphate and diacylglycerol diacylglycerol formed?formed?
Inositol Triphosphate & Inositol Triphosphate & DiacylglycerolDiacylglycerol
What cell functions are regulated by these What cell functions are regulated by these second messengers?second messengers?
Calcium IonsCalcium Ions
How is the CaHow is the Ca+2 +2 concentration in cells concentration in cells regulated?regulated?
Calcium IonsCalcium Ions
How do we know that CaHow do we know that Ca+2 +2 are involved in are involved in cell signaling mechanisms?cell signaling mechanisms?
Calcium IonsCalcium Ions
How does CaHow does Ca+2+2 exert its effects in the cell? exert its effects in the cell?
Calcium IonsCalcium Ions
What role does an What role does an increase in Caincrease in Ca+2+2 play play in the development in the development of animals?of animals?
Calcium IonsCalcium Ions
What role does CaWhat role does Ca+2 +2 play in plant cell play in plant cell function?function?
Calcium IonsCalcium Ions
How are G proteins involved in smooth muscle How are G proteins involved in smooth muscle relaxation?relaxation?
Protein Kinase Protein Kinase Associated ReceptorsAssociated Receptors
What do all of these receptors have in What do all of these receptors have in common?common?
Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors
What do we know What do we know about the structure of about the structure of these receptors?these receptors?
Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors
What are non-receptor tyrosine kinases?What are non-receptor tyrosine kinases?
Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors
What happens when What happens when this receptor is this receptor is activated?activated?
Fibroblast Growth FactorFibroblast Growth Factor
What role does this growth factor play in What role does this growth factor play in embryonic development?embryonic development?
Growth FactorsGrowth Factors
What do these different pathways have in What do these different pathways have in common?common?
Growth FactorsGrowth Factors
In what way is cancer related to growth In what way is cancer related to growth factors?factors?
HormonesHormones
How do we differentiate an endocrine How do we differentiate an endocrine from a paracrine hormone?from a paracrine hormone?
between a paracrine hormone and a between a paracrine hormone and a growth factor?growth factor?
HormonesHormones What are some physiological functions What are some physiological functions
controlled by hormones?controlled by hormones?
Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones
In general, how do these hormones affect In general, how do these hormones affect the body?the body?
What are some of the specific effects of What are some of the specific effects of these hormones?these hormones?
Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones
What kinds of receptors respond to these What kinds of receptors respond to these hormones?hormones?
Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones
On what tissues do we find On what tissues do we find αα receptors? receptors?
ββ receptors? receptors?
Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones
What are some of the cell functions regulated What are some of the cell functions regulated by epinephrine via the c-AMP pathway?by epinephrine via the c-AMP pathway?
Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones
How specifically does epinephrine influence How specifically does epinephrine influence the breakdown of glycogen?the breakdown of glycogen?
Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones
In what way do the In what way do the αα and and ββ receptors act receptors act antagonistically?antagonistically?
How are responses to hormones How are responses to hormones coordinated?coordinated?
Paracrine HormonesParacrine Hormones
What does histamine do and why is it What does histamine do and why is it importantimportant
Paracrine HormonesParacrine Hormones
What role do prostaglandins play in blood clot What role do prostaglandins play in blood clot formation?formation?
Cell Signaling and Cell Signaling and ApoptosisApoptosis
How is apoptosis different from necrosis?How is apoptosis different from necrosis?
Cell Signaling and Cell Signaling and ApoptosisApoptosis
How are caspases related to apoptosis?How are caspases related to apoptosis?
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