simple present tense and past tense
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Simple Present Tense
English Grammar Rules
The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is regular, true or normal.
We use the present tense:
1. For repeated or regular actions in the present time period.
• I take the train to the office.
• The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
• John sleeps eight hours every night during the wee.
2. For facts.
• The !resident of The "#$ lives in The White %ouse.
• $ dog has four legs.
• We come from #wit&erland.
3. For haits.
• I get up early every day.
• 'arol rushes her teeth twice a day.
• They travel to their country house every weeend.
!. For things that are al"a#s $ generall# true.
• It rains a lot in winter.
• The (ueen of England lives in Bucingham !alace.
• They speak English at wor.
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%er &on'ugation ( Spelling
We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive )without the T*+.
In general, in the third person we add S in the third person.
Su'ect %er The Rest of the sentence
I - you - we - they spea - learn English at home
he - she - it spea s - learns English at home
The spelling for the verb in the third person differs depending on the ending of that verb:
. /or verbs that end in )*+ )&,+ )S,+ )SS+ )-+ or ) we add )ES in the third person.
• go 0 goes
• catch 0 catches
• wash 0 washes
• iss 0 isses
• fi1 0 fi1es
• bu&& 0 bu&&es
2. /or verbs that end in a consonant / 0, we remove the 0 and add )ES.
• marry 0 marries
• study 0 studies
• carry 0 carries
• worry 0 worries
3*TE: /or verbs that end in a vo"el / 0, we 4ust add )S.
• play 0 plays
• en4oy 0 en4oys
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• say 0 says
egative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense
To mae a negative sentence in English we normally use 5ont or 5oesnt with all verbs
E6'E!T To e and 4odal vers )can, might, should etc.+.
• $ffirmative: 7ou spea /rench.
3egative: 7ou don5t spea /rench.
7ou will see that we add don5t between the sub4ect and the verb. We use 6on5t when the sub4ectis , #ou, "e or the#.
• $ffirmative: %e speas 8erman.
3egative: %e doesn5t spea 8erman.
When the sub4ect is he, she or it, we add doesn5t between the sub4ect and the verb to mae a
negative sentence. 3otice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence)because it is in third person+ disappears in the negative sentence. We will see the reason why
below.
egative &ontractions
6on5t 9 6o not
6oesn5t 9 6oes not
I don5t lie meat 9 I do not lie meat.
There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in spoen English.
7ord *rder of egative Sentences
The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in English in the !resentTense using 6on5t or 6oesn5t.
Su'ect don5t$doesn5t %er8 The Rest of the sentence
I - you - we - they dont have - buy
eat - lie etc.cereal for breafast
he - she - it doesnt
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;erb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive 9 The infinitive without T*
before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is 4ust the have part.
<emember that the infinitive is the verb before it is con4ugated )changed+ and it begins with T*./or e1ample: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to spea etc.
E9amples of egative Sentences "ith 6on5t and 6oesn5t:
• 7ou don5t spea $rabic.
• John doesn5t spea Italian.
• We don5t have time for a rest.
• It doesn5t move.
• They don5t want to go to the party.
• #he doesn5t lie fish.
;uestions in the Simple Present Tense
To mae a =uestion in English we normally use 5o or 5oes. It has no translation in #panish
though it is essential to show we are maing a =uestion. It is normally put at the beginning of the=uestion.
• $ffirmative: 7ou spea English.
(uestion: 6o you spea English>
7ou will see that we add 6* at the beginning of the affirmative sentence to mae it a =uestion.
We use 6o when the sub4ect is , #ou, "e or the#.
• $ffirmative: %e speas /rench.
(uestion: 6oes he spea /rench>
When the sub4ect is he, she or it, we add 6*ES at the beginning to mae the affirmative
sentence a =uestion. 3otice that the letter S at the end of the verb in the affirmative sentence
)because it is in third person+ disappears in the =uestion. We will see the reason why below.
We 6*5T use 6o or 6oes in =uestions that have the verb To e or 4odal %ers )can, must,might, should etc.+
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7ord *rder of ;uestions "ith 6o and 6oes
The following is the word order to construct a basic =uestion in English using 6o or 6oes.
6o$6oes Su'ect %er8 The Rest of the sentence
5o I - you - we - they have - need
want etc.a new bie>
5oes he - she - it
;erb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive 9 The infinitive without T* before the verb. Instead of the infinitive To have it is 4ust the have part.
<emember that the infinitive is the verb before it is con4ugated )changed+ and it begins with T*.
/or e1ample: to have, to eat, to go, to live, to spea etc.
E9amples of ;uestions "ith 6o and 6oes:
• 6o you need a dictionary>
• 6oes ?ary need a dictionary>
• 6o we have a meeting now>
• 6oes it rain a lot in winter>
•6o they want to go to the party>
• 6oes he lie pi&&a>
Short <ns"ers "ith 6o and 6oes
In =uestions that use do-does it is possible to give short answers to direct =uestions as follows:
Sample ;uestions
Short <ns"er
=<ffirmative>
Short <ns"er
=egative>5o you lie chocolate> 7es, I do. 3o, I dont.
5o I need a pencil> 7es, you do. 3o, you dont.
5o you both lie chocolate> 7es, we do. 3o, we dont.
5o they lie chocolate> 7es, they do. 3o, they dont.
5oes he lie chocolate> 7es, he does. 3o, he doesnt.
5oes she lie chocolate> 7es, she does. 3o, she doesnt.
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5oes it have four wheels> 7es, it does. 3o, it doesnt.
%owever, if a =uestion word such as "ho, "hen, "here, "h#, "hich or ho" is used in the
=uestion, you can not
Simple Past Tense
English Grammar
The Simple Past Tense, often 4ust called the Past Tense, is easy to use in English.
If you already now how to use the Present Tense, then the Past Tense will be easy.
In general, the Past Tense is used to tal about something that started and finished at a definite
time in the past.
,o" to form the Past Tense in English
The main rule is that for every verb in English, there is only one form of it in the past tense.
)The e1ception is the !ast tense of To Be, which has two forms: was and were+
This is totally different from other languages such as #panish, /rench, Italian etc. where youchange the verb ending for every sub4ect.
/or e1ample: The past tense of the verb want is wanted .
Wanted is used as the past tense for all sub4ects-pronouns.
• I wanted
• 7ou wanted
• %e wanted
• #he wanted
• It wanted
• We wanted
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• They wanted
#o you 4ust have to learn one word to be able to use it in the past tense. In this case we 4ust
needed to learn the one word wanted which can be used for all sub4ects )or people+.
Past Tense Regular %ers
To change a regular verb into its past tense form, we normally add 0E5 to the end of the verb.
• play 0 played
• coo 0 cooed
• rain 0 rained
• wait 0 waited
There are some e1ceptions with a slight change in spelling which you can see here:
#pelling of words ending in E5.
E9amples of sentences using regular vers in the past tense
• @ast night I pla#ed my guitar loudly and the neighbors complained.
• #he kissed me on the chee.
• It rained yesterday.
• $ngela "atched T; all night.
• John "anted to go to the museum.
3ote: There are three different ways of pronouncing the 0ed at the end of a verb in the past tense.
We recommend reading our guide about the pronunciation of 0E5 at the end of words.
egative sentences in the Past Tense
We use didn5t =did not> to mae a negative sentence in the past tense.
This is for regular $35 irregular verbs in English.)E1ception is To Be and ?odal ;erbs such as Can+
'ompare the following:
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!resent: They don5t live in 'anada.
!ast: They didn5t live in 'anada.
The main verb )live in the e1ample above+ is in its base form )of the infinitive+. The au1iliary DIDN'T shows that the sentence is negative $35 in the past tense.
3*TI'E: The only difference between a negative sentence in the present tense and a negative
sentence in the past tense is the change in the au1iliary verb.
Both don5t and doesn5t in the present tense become didn5t in the past tense.
'ompare the negative sentences in the e1amples below:
!resent: 7ou don5t need a mechanic.!ast: 7ou didn5t need a mechanic.
!resent: 7ou don5t wal to wor.!ast: 7ou didn5t wal to wor.
!resent: %e doesn5t spea Japanese.!ast: %e didn5t spea Japanese.
E9amples of negative sentences in the Past Tense
• I didn5t want to go to the dentist.
• #he didn5t have time.
• 7ou didn5t close the door.
• %e didn5t come to my party.
• They didn5t study so they didn5t pass the test.
• We didn5t sleep well last night.
;uestions in the Past Tense
We use did to mae a =uestion in the past tense.This is for regular $35 irregular verbs in English.
)E1ception is To Be and ?odal ;erbs such as Can+
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'ompare the following:
!resent: 6o they live in /rance>
!ast: 6id they live in /rance>
The main verb )live
in the e1ample above+ is in its base form )of the infinitive+. The au1iliary DID shows that the =uestion is in the past tense.
3*TI'E: The only difference between a =uestion in the present tense and a =uestion in the past
tense is the change in the au1iliary verb.
Both 6o and 6oes in present tense =uestions become 6idn5t in past tense =uestions.
'ompare the =uestions in the e1amples below:
!resent: 6o you need a doctor>
!ast: 6id you need a doctor>
!resent: 6o you ride your bie to wor>
!ast: 6id you ride your bie to wor>
!resent: 6oes he live in Italy>
!ast: 6id he live in Italy>
We can also use a =uestion word )Who, What, Why etc.+ before 5I5 to as for more
information.
• 5id you study> 0 7es, I did.
• 7hen did you study> 0 I studied last night.
• 7here did you study> 0 I studied at the library.
<ead more about short answers in the past tense.
E9amples of ;uestions in the Past Tense
• 6id you go to wor yesterday>
• 6id they arrive on time>
• 6id she lie the surprise>
• Where did she go>
• What did you do yesterday>
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• What did you say> A I didnt say anything.
• Why did we have to come>
rregular %ers in the Past Tense
Irregular verbs are *3@7 irregular in affirmative-positive sentences.)$n e1ception to this is with the verb T* BE in the !ast Tense+.
/or e1ample: The past tense of 8* is WE3T.
It does not end in 0E5 so it is considered irregular.
The word went is used for all sub4ects 0 I, you, we, they, he, she, it.
• I "ent to the beach
• %e "ent to the par.
• #he "ent to the &oo.
• They "ent to the library.
B"T, as we mentioned before, it is only in its irregular form )went + in sentences that areaffirmative-positive.
'ompare the following using 8* in the past tense.
• They "ent to the beach
• They didnt go to the beach AAA Didn't shows that we are taling in the past tense.
• 5id they go to the beach> AAA Did shows that we are taling in the past tense.
$nother e1ample with an irregular verb.
The past of E$T is $TE.
• 7ou ate my cae.
• 7ou didnt eat my cae.
• 5id you eat my cae>
Present vs Past Tense Summar# &hart
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Past Tense rregular %ers ?ist
English Grammar Rules
Part *ne
The following is a list of Irregular ;erbs in English:
%er Past Simple Past Participle
arise arose arisen babysit babysat babysat
be was - were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
bend bent bent
begin began begun
bet bet bet
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bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
brea broe broen
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drin dran drun
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
free&e fro&e fro&en
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
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hurt hurt hurt
eep ept ept
now new nown
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
mae made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
=uit =uit =uit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shae shoo shaen
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sin san sun
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
spea spoe spoen
spend spent spent
spin spun spun
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
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steal stole stolen
stic stuc stuc
sting stung stung
strie struc struc
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
tae too taen
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
thin thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wae woe woen
wear wore worn
win won won
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
write wrote written
8 ,<G A %ang has two different meanings. The first is to attach )or hang+ something in a high
position )e.g. on the wall or on a hoo+. In this case we use the above verbs %angA%ungA%ung.
B"T when %ang means to ill someone by putting a rope around someones nec and leaving
them in a high position without any support, we use different verbs: %angA%angedAhanged. Thisverb is typical of public e1ecutions in the past. )e.g. They hanged him in the main s=uare.+
88 ?E A @ie has two meanings. When it means to put your body in a hori&ontal position
)normally on a bed+ it uses the @ieA@ayA@ain verbs.
B"T it is regular @ieA@iedA@ied when it has the other meaning of not to say the truth.
888 RE<6 A Even though they are written the same, the pronunciation is different in the !astTense and !ast !articiple form.
Part T"o
The following verbs can be regular or irregular:
%er Past Simple Past Participle
burn burned *< burnt burned *< burnt
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dream dreamed *< dreamt dreamed *< dreamt
learn learned *< learnt learned *< learnt
smell smelled *< smelt smelled *< smelt
The second form )burnt, dreamt etc.+ is more common in British English.
Part Three
;erbs that have the same form in !resent, !ast and !ast !articiple form:
%er Past Simple Past Participle
bet bet bet
broadcast broadcast broadcast
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put
=uit =uit =uit
read read read
set set set
shut shut shut
spread spread spread
$ll of the verbs above are written and pronounced the same in the three forms E6'E!T for
Read which is written the same but pronounced differently.
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Simple Past
f t g+ p
FORM
C;E<BDed or irregular verbs
E1amples:
• You called Debbie.
• Did you call Debbie?
• You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE Complete! "#tio$ i$ t%e Past
"se the #imple !ast to e1press the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the
past. #ometimes, the speaer may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one
specific time in mind.
E1amples:
• & saw a mo'ie yester!ay.
• & didn't see a play yester!ay.
• Last year( & traveled to )apa$.
• Last year( & didn't travel to *orea.
• Did you have !i$$er last $ig%t?
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• S%e washed %er #ar.
• e didn't wash %is #ar.
USE , " Series of Complete! "#tio$s
We use the #imple !ast to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen st,
2nd, Frd, Gth, and so on.
E1amples:
• & fnished -or( walked to t%e bea#%( a$! ound a $i#e pla#e to s-im.
• e arrived from t%e airport at /011( checked i$to t%e %otel at 2011( a$! mett%e ot%ers at 1011.
• Did you add 3our( pour i$ t%e mil( a$! t%e$ add t%e eggs?
USE 4 Duratio$ i$ Past
The #imple !ast can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. $ duration is alonger action often indicated by e1pressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all
year, etc.
E1amples:
• & lived i$ 5ra6il for t-o years.
• S%au$a studied )apa$ese for 7'e years.
• 8%ey sat at t%e bea#% all !ay.
• 8%ey did not stay at t%e party t%e e$tire time.
• 9e talked o$ t%e p%o$e for t%irty mi$utes.
• "0 o- lo$g did you wait for t%em?50 9e waited for o$e %our.
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USE : abits i$ t%e Past
The #imple !ast can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the
same meaning as used to. To mae it clear that we are taling about a habit, we often add
e1pressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
E1amples:
• & studied Fre$#% -%e$ & -as a #%il!.
• e played t%e 'ioli$.
•
e didn't play t%e pia$o.
• Did you play a musi#al i$strume$t -%e$ you -ere a i!?
• S%e worked at t%e mo'ie t%eater after s#%ool.
• 8%ey $e'er went to s#%ool( t%ey al-ays skipped #lass.
USE ; Past Fa#ts or <e$erali6atio$s
The #imple !ast can also be used to describe past facts or generali&ations which are no longer
true. $s in "#E G above, this use of the #imple !ast is =uite similar to the e1pression used to.
E1amples:
• S%e was s%y as a #%il!( but $o- s%e is 'ery outgoi$g.
• e didn't like tomatoes before.
• Did you live i$ 8e=as -%e$ you were a i!?
• People paid mu#% more to mae #ell p%o$e #alls i$ t%e past.
&MPOR8">8 9%e$Clauses appe$ First
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'lauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. #ome
clauses begin with the word when such as when I dropped my pen... or when class began...
These clauses are called whenAclauses, and they are very important. The e1amples below contain
whenAclauses.
E1amples:
• When I paid her one dollar( s%e a$s-ere! my @uestio$.
• S%e a$s-ere! my @uestio$ when I paid her one dollar.
WhenAclauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the
#imple !ast. Both of the e1amples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and
then, she answered my =uestion. It is not important whether when I paid her one dollar is at the
beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. %owever, the e1ample below has a
different meaning. /irst, she answered my =uestion, and then, I paid her one dollar.
E1ample:
• & pai! %er o$e !ollar when she answered my question.
"DAER5 PL"CEME>8
The e1amples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, 4ust, etc.
E1amples:
• You just #alle! Debbie.
• Di! you just #all Debbie?
"C8&AE B P"SS&AE
E1amples:
• 8om repaired t%e #ar. Active
• 8%e #ar was repaired by 8om. Passive
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FORM
C;E<B D s-es in third person
E1amples:
• You speak E$glis%.
• Do you speak E$glis%?
• You do not speak E$glis%.
'omplete @ist of #imple !resent /orms
USE Repeate! "#tio$s
"se the #imple !resent to e1press the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a
habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be
something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
E1amples:
• & play te$$is.
• S%e does not play te$$is.
• Does %e play te$$is?
• 8%e trai$ leaves e'ery mor$i$g at / "M.
• 8%e trai$ does not leave at 2 "M.
• 9%e$ does t%e trai$ usually leave?
•
S%e al-ays orgets %er purse.
• e $e'er orgets %is -allet.
• E'ery t-el'e mo$t%s( t%e Eart% circles t%e Su$.
• Does t%e Su$ circle t%e Eart%?
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USE , Fa#ts or <e$erali6atio$s
The #imple !resent can also indicate the speaer believes that a fact was true before, is true now,
and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaer is correct about the fact. It is also
used to mae generali&ations about people or things.
E1amples:
• Cats like mil.
• 5ir!s do not like mil.
•
Do pigs like mil?
• Califor$ia is i$ "meri#a.
• Califor$ia is not i$ t%e U$ite! *i$g!om.
• 9i$!o-s are ma!e of glass.
• 9i$!o-s are not ma!e of -oo!.
• >e- Yor is a small #ity. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 4 S#%e!ule! E'e$ts i$ t%e >ear Future
#peaers occasionally use #imple !resent to tal about scheduled events in the near future. This
is most commonly done when taling about public transportation, but it can be used with other
scheduled events as well.
E1amples:
• 8%e trai$ leaves to$ig%t at PM.
• 8%e bus does not arrive at "M( it arrives at PM.
• 9%e$ do -e board t%e pla$e?
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• 8%e party starts at / o#lo#.
• 9%e$ does #lass begin tomorro-?
USE : >o- >o$Co$ti$uous Aerbs
#peaers sometimes use the #imple !resent to e1press the idea that an action is happening or is
not happening now. This can only be done with 3onA'ontinuous ;erbs and certain ?i1ed ;erbs.
E1amples:
• & am %ere $o-.
• S%e is not %ere $o-.
• e needs %elp rig%t $o-.
• e does not need %elp $o-.
• e has %is passport i$ %is %a$!.
• Do you have your passport -it% you?
"DAER5 PL"CEME>8
The e1amples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever,
still, 4ust, etc.
E1amples:
• You only spea E$glis%.
• Do you only spea E$glis%?
"C8&AE B P"SS&AE
E1amples:
• O$#e a -ee( 8om cleans t%e #ar. Active
• O$#e a -ee( t%e #ar is cleaned by 8om. Passive
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