siting and environmental aspects of a new...
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Joint ICTP-IAEA School on Nuclear Energy Management
I. Rotaru
15 July - 3 August, 2013
Management Proiecte Nuclear, Bucharest, Romania
Siting and Environmental Aspects of a New NPP
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT
FOR A NEW NPP
Dr. Ioan Rotaru
Romania
Invited IAEA Expert
ICTP/IAEA Nuclear Energy Management School
Italy, Trieste, 2013 July-August
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IMPLEMENTATION OF NUCLEAR POWER
• Implementation of a nuclear power program involves several complex and interrelated activities with long duration.
• IAEA recommendations (guidance):
» “Milestones in the Development of National
Infrastructure for Nuclear
Power” (NG-G-3.1/2007)
provided an overview of
the overall program to
develop the national
infrastructure for nuclear
power.
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IAEA MILESTONE DOCUMENT (1)
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IAEA MILESTONE DOCUMENT (2)
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (1)
• Environmental protection are policies and procedures aimed at conserving the natural resources, preserving the current
state of natural environment and, where possible, reversing its
degradation.
• Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organizational or
governmental levels, for the benefit of the natural environment
and humans.
• Environmental protection should receive careful attention as a national nuclear program is contemplated.
• Stakeholders should be involved in all environmental protection activities, but the involvement timeline differs from one country
to another.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (1)
• Environmental protection should be a high priority goal during all NPP project phases, namely: design, construction, normal operation,
and in terms of accident conditions, and decommissioning activities.
• Environmental studies should be performed to ensure that environmental laws and regulations can be met.
• Two types of the impact assessments are known and carried out:
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): assess the
consequences of polices and programs
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): assess the
consequences of individual projects.
• SEA does not replace or reduce the need for project-level EIA, but it can help to streamline and focus the incorporation of environmental
concerns into the decision-making process, often EIA being a more
effective process.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (2)
• Environmental studies should:
identify and assess the potential direct and indirect
environmental impacts of the planned nuclear facilities
on the selected site and its surroundings
identify environmental radiological sensitivities and any
gaps between the projected environment quality
condition during construction and operation and the
environmental conditions without the plant.
• This comparison should then be used to plan the development of capabilities to prevent, mitigate and monitor
any significant changes in the environmental.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SCOPE (1)
Scope of the study should cover the effects of any potential
impact on key environmental component such as:
land use
water
meteorology
air quality
ecology
culture
socio-economics
radiological
waste
impact from accident conditions
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SCOPE (2)
• Environmental studies should also address the long term issues of:
potential contamination,
changes to the population density and land usage,
future ability to restore the affected locations to unrestricted use.
• Economic implications of environmental restrictions both in terms of limiting activities, providing funds for future
restoration, and for the solution of any possible specific issue
should be analyzed.
• Studies should address all environmental issues, not just those associated with the use of nuclear materials, in order to
provide the public with all the facts.
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SCOPE (2)
Learned lessons: Environmental Impact Assessment for the accident situations can be performed only
when:
• the postulated NPP accidents have been defined;
• safety studies (accident analyses) were performed and accident conditions were determined.
National environmental and safety regulatory frameworks need to be well
coordinated and responsibilities between the regulators clearly defined.
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SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS
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Environmental
Assessment (EIA)
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CONTENT OF EIA STUDY (EXAMPLE)
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EXPERIENCE WITH THE EIA STUDY
• Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA) study is one of the key requirements in obtaining environmental license prior to
apply the license of construction and operation nuclear
power plant
• EIA covers the aspect of physic, geology, biology, chemistry, social, economy, culture as well as public health
impact due to the NPP project.
• Implementation of the EIA study should be more professional, accountability, and integrity so that this
instrument can be used as an effective decision making
process
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ENVIRONMENTAL LICENCE
• Environmental licence is a pre-requisite document/ requirement for applying for a construction licence of a
Nuclear Power Plant
• Steps for obtaining the Environmental licence:
Developing EIA
Assessing EIA
Applying and obtaining the Environmental Licence from
Environmental Authority.
• Public participation in this process will be assure through an announcement of project plan and public consultation
made by the Environmental Authority.
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ACTIVITIES IN PHASE 1
Existing environmental laws and regulations may
need to be reviewed and enhanced to cover nuclear
facility construction and operation (radiological
impact).
Responsibilities of the Regulatory Body and other
environmental agencies should be clearly defined.
Formal environmental studies and reports should be
conducted early, beginning with NPP site selection
process.
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ACTIVITIES IN PHASE 2
Environmental studies should be performed for the potential
or selected site for nuclear facilities to ensure that
environmental laws and regulations can be met and
particular environmental sensitivities identified.
Particular environmental sensitivities should be addressed
in the Bid Invitation Specification where unique plant design
provisions or construction techniques are necessary to
address those sensitivities.
Early knowledge of the environmental characteristics of the
intended sites for the first NPP and the identification of
design or construction provisions to address them are the
main activities of this Phase.
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ACTIVITIES IN PHASE 3
Identification of specific environmental requirements
and their inclusion in the licensing conditions for
NPP operation.
Complete characterization of the NPP site and its
surroundings to create a baseline condition.
Development and full implementation of
Environmental Monitoring Programs in
accordance with international standards.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS ON NPP SITING
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NPP siting process for nuclear power plants will be strongly influenced by
specific environmental considerations for the regions or sites of interest .
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ENVIRONMENTAL AND NPP SITING
Environmental effects are important factors of the
NPP site selection and characterization process.
Specific environmental considerations typically
involve the protection of air, water, wildlife (flora and
fauna) and cultural resources.
Obtaining the necessary environmental permits may
differ considerably for various potential NPP sites.
Finding a site with less environmental concerns will
not only shorten the permitting process, but it will also
reduce the NPP construction and operation costs.
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STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT (1)
Who are the stakeholders? A stakeholder is usually defined as
anyone who feels impacted by an activity, whether physically or
emotionally.
There are “statutory” and “non-statutory” stakeholders.
Statutory stakeholders therefore include the regulator, local or
national planning authorities, various service related bodies (e.g.
power, water and emergency planning) and national and local
government entities involved in policy making and implementation.
Non-statutory stakeholders include those organizations and
individuals who feel in whatever way impacted or affected by an
activity, including local communities and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs).
First step in an effective stakeholder involvement process is the
development of an appropriate strategy and a plan to implement the
strategy.
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STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT (2)
• Open communication with stakeholders should address all of the benefits of nuclear power, nationally and locally, as well as risks,
commitments and obligations.
• Environmental issues to be discussed with stakeholders may include:
Reducing the environmental impact of fossil fuels;
Benefits to the area can include jobs, tax revenues, economic
output, labour income and incentives to the local community
Explaining plans for long term preservation of the environment;
Compensation for damage or potential damage to local industry
(fishery for example);
Cost sharing for local infrastructure building;
Land use after decommissioning;
Water supply.
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STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT (3)
Stakeholder involvement is a mandatory component of various
international conventions and treaties that detail the role of
Governments and developers in Strategic Environmental Assessment
(SEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), not just for nuclear
facilities (NPP).
Development of a major national policy such as the introduction of a
nuclear power program is subject to SEA requirements, and NPP
project is subject to EIA requirements.
Not all States are signatories to the relevant conventions and treaties
such as Aarhus, Espoo, EURATOM or various EU Directives, which
represent examples of how to involve the stakeholders (including
public), both nationally and in neighboring countries.
Taking those examples into consideration, the levels of stakeholder
involvement should be determined by the States themselves.
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