skeletal study tips

SKELETAL STUDY TIPSANATOMYIsengard

Study Plan of ACTION Look over all labeling & notes from pp. 2-6 In your

notebook. ( It would help to cover tables and labels and have

someone quiz you). Look at the Chapter 5 Summary p. 157 and focus on your

weakpoints. Ask Mrs. Isengard when in doubt! Hematopoiesis-Red Blood Cell formation (Where does it

occur?) Classify between axial and appendicular skeleton bones. Distinguish between shapes of bones-flat, irregular, long

and short. Draw the parts of an Osteon-Bone Structure (Haversian

Canal) Distinguish between Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts Provide an example of each kind of skeletal joint (starts on

p. 145)

Joint Mobility & Bone Growth

Joint Mobility: Synarthrotic (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely movable)

Differences between Spongy & Compact Bone p.118 Stages of Bone Cell Formation & Repair p. 122 & 124 Bone Projections (Example, Foramen, Trochanter,

Tuberosities (Table p. 119) Bone Growth (Epiphyseal Plates/ Fontanelles) Why

are these important and where are they located? Distinguish between true, floating and false # of ribs Distinguish and vertebrae (general location)-CTLSC

(p.132)

Record this Image (Osteon)

BONE MARKINGSEvery bump, groove, and hole has

a name on your bones

Bone Markings Two types of bone markings:

Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone

Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone

Joint Projections 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection

Condyle

Joint Projections 2) Head: bony

expansion on a narrow neck

3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Joint Projections 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone

Ligament/Tendon Projections

1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest)

2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle

ULNA

3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection

4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection

5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection

(only on femur)

Proximal Tibia

6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection

Thoracic Vertebrae

DEPRESSIONS Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass

through.

1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube

Depressions2) Fossa: shallow

basin

3) Fissure: narrow, slit-like opening

Depressions4) Sinus: Cavity

within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes

5) Foramen: Round or oval opening

Foramen Magnum

Depressions6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow

depression

Review:Projections1) Condyle2) Head3) Facet4) Ramus5) Crest6) Epicondyle7) Tubercle8) Tuberosity9) Trochanter10) Spine

Depressions1) Meatus2) Fossa3) Fissure4) Sinus5) Sulcus or Groove or Furrow

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

Bone and cartilage = 2 strongest and most supportive tissues

Embryos = all hyaline cartilage entirely replaced in young child by

bone the only cartilage remaining in adult is

in nose, ears, parts of ribs, joints

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

Bone formation = ossification except for flat bones, hyaline cartilage

serves as a template

2 step process hyaline cartilage template is completely

covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

enclosed cartilage is digested away leaving the medullary cavity

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

By birth, only 2 hyaline cartilage areas remain

articular cartilage – stays for life Epiphyseal plates – provide longitudinal

growth for childhood

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

As new cartilage is continually formed on external face of articular cartilage the old underneath is broken down and replaced by bony matrix. controlled by growth hormones and sex

hormones ends during adolescence as epiphyseal

plates are converted to bone

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

Bone is dynamic (not static) remodeling in response to

o Calcium levels in bloodo Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton

calcium levels drop → parathyroid releases PTH → activates osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) → break down matrix → release calcium → calcium levels are homeostatic

calcium levels are too high → calcium is deposited in bone matrix as calcium salts

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

Remodeling – occurs at sites where bones bear the most weight and where bulky muscles are attached, projections are formed Osteoblasts lay down new matrix and become trapped in it; once trapped = osteocytes

BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING

control of this process o PTH determine IF bone is to be broken down in response to need for more calcium in blood

o stresses of muscles and gravity determine WHERE bone matrix is to be broken down or formed

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES

Lack of calcium or vitamin D needed to absorb calcium

Sample Test Questions Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas

spongy bone is characterized by ________. A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses

B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones

C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous

E)having red marrow; having osteons

Sample Test Questions Compact bone is characterized by ________, whereas spongy

bone is characterized by ________. A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses

B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones

C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous

E)having red marrow; having osteons

Sample Test Questions A structure found on the femur is the:

A) intertrochanteric crest

B) lateral malleolus

C) intercondylar fossa

D) anterior crest

E) medial malleolus

Sample Test Questions A structure found on the femur is the:

A) intertrochanteric crest

B) lateral malleolus

C) intercondylar fossa

D) anterior crest

E) medial malleolus

Sample Test Questions The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________,

wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________.

A) vitamins; minerals

B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones

C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts

D) minerals; vitamins

E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Sample Test Questions The process of long bone growth is controlled by ________,

wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ________.

A) vitamins; minerals

B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones

C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts

D) minerals; vitamins

E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Sample Test Question The foramen magnum passes through the:

A) axis

B) occipital bone

C) temporal bone

D) coxal bone

E) atlas

Sample Test Question The foramen magnum passes through the:

A) axis

B) occipital bone

C) temporal bone

D) coxal bone

E) atlas