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“Small-scale Biomass gasification in world: current projects, barriers and perspectives" (9:30-10:30).

Suani Teixeira Coelho Research Group on Bioenergy - GBIO

Bogota, 17 de septiembre de 2015

Research Group on Bioenergy – GBio (former CENBIO)

• Coordination: prof Suani Coelho

• Special Contribution: prof J. Goldemberg

• 10 Contributors - 2015 – 1 PD fellow – Alessandro S. Pereira – 1 PhD – Vanessa Pecora – 4 PhD candidates – Javier Escobar;

Adriano Violante; Manuel Moreno; Luis G. Tudeschini

– 4 MSc candidates – Fernando Oliveira; Naraisa Coluna; Dafne P. Silva; Danilo Perecin

Summary

• World energy matrix and inequalities

• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy access in world

• Traditional biomass x modern biomass

• Why gasification?

• Types of gasifier

• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba

• Barriers and proposals

World energy supply (IEA, 2015)

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf

Energy Access in the World

Energy Access

• The United Nations Secretary General Advisory group on energy and climate change (AGECC) – 1.5 billion people

without electricity access worldwide

– 3 billion people using traditional biomass for cooking and heating

Summary

• World energy matrix and inequalities

• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy access in world

• Traditional biomass x modern biomass

• Why gasification?

• Types of gasifier

• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba

• Barriers and proposals

Source: REN21-2014

Biomassa Moderna vs Biomassa Tradicional (Karekezi, Lata & Coelho, 2004)

• Tecnologias tradicionais de uso da biomassa (“biomassa tradicional”):

– Combustão direta (ineficiente) de madeira, lenha,

carvão vegetal, resíduos agrícolas, resíduos de animais e urbanos.

– Usos: cocção, aquecimento, secagem e produção de carvão.

– Principalmente Africa, Asia, AL/C

• Tecnologias “aperfeiçoadas” de uso da biomassa (“biomassa aperfeiçoada”): – Tecnologias mais eficientes de combustão direta

de biomassa (fogões e fornos).

Biomassa Moderna vs Biomassa Tradicional (Karekezi, Lata & Coelho, 2004)

• Tecnologias modernas de uso da biomassa (“biomassa moderna”): tecnologias avançadas de conversão de biomassa

– Geração de eletricidade a partir de bagaco de cana, madeira e resíduos rurais/urbanos

– Uso de biocombustíveis – Programa do Álcool no Brasil.

Summary

• World energy matrix and inequalities

• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy access in world

• Traditional biomass x modern biomass

• Why gasification?

• Types of gasifier

• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba

• Barriers and proposals

Conversion efficiencies

Process Otto or Diesel Rankine Brayton Combined

Thermoelectric

power plant 40 a 46% 30 a 35% 35 a 45% 57%

Cogeneration

(CHP) 62% 50% 70 a 75% 70 a 75%

Diagram of a gas turbine jet engine

Compressor Turbina

To

generator

Feed water

Process

steam

Exhaust gases

Exhaust gases Air

fuel

Combustion chamber

Heat

recovery

Brayton cycle/cogeneration

Air compressor

Gas turbine

fuel

C TG

To

generator

Process steam

Condenser

To generator

Feed water Exhaust

Exhaust

gases

Air

c.c .

Heat

recovery

steam

turbine

Combined cycle

GE H series power generation gas turbine: in combined cycle configuration, this

480-megawatt unit has a rated thermal efficiency of 60%

Microturbines (30 – 200 kW) GN, biogas

Microturbine Capstone

30 kW biogas –

CENBIO - SABESP -

FINEP

Daniel Henrique Soares. GASEIFICAÇÃO DE BIOMASSA DE MÉDIO E GRANDE

PORTE PARA GERAÇÃO DE ELETRICIDADE: UMA ANÁLISE DA SITUAÇÃO

ATUAL NO MUNDO. Monografia. PECE/EPUSP. 2012

Gasification worldwide

(From GTC, 2012)

Summary

• World energy matrix and inequalities

• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy access in world

• Traditional biomass x modern biomass

• Why gasification?

• Types of gasifier

• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba

• Barriers and proposals

Gasification – chemical reactions I. Pirólise

Biomassa + Calor Coque + Gases + Alcatrão + Condensáveis (1)

II. Oxidação do Carbono

C + ½ O2 = CO (2)

C + O2 = CO2 (3)

III. Gaseificação

- Reações Heterogêneas

C + CO2 = 2 CO (Reação de Bouduard) (4)

C + H2O = CO + H2 (Reação de gás de água ou reação carbono vapor) (5)

C + 2 H2 = CH4 (Reação de formação de metano) (6)

Gasification – chemical reactions

- Reações Homogêneas

CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 (Reação de “deslocamento” da água) (7)

CH4 + H2O = CO + 3 H2 (8)

IV. Craqueamento do Alcatrão

Alcatrão + Vapor + Calor = CO + CO2 + CH2 (9)

V. Oxidação Parcial dos Produtos da Pirólise

(CO + H2 + CH4) + O2 = CO2 + H2 (10)

Fonte: Nogueira et all 2000

Biomass gasification

Characteristics Variations

Calorific power of the produced gas

Low: Up to 5 MJ / Nm³ (997 kcal / kg)

Medium: 5 to 10 MJ / Nm³ (997-1993 kcal / kg)

High: 10 to 40 MJ / Nm³ (1993-7972 kcal / kg)

Type of precursor gasifier Air, water vapor, oxygen, hydrogen

Fixed: parallel current or countercurrent

Type of bed

Fixed bed: downdraft, updraft

Fluidized bed: Bubbling or circulating bed

Pressure of work Under or atmospheric pressure

Pressurized (up to 6 MPa)

Type of biomass Agricultural waste, industrial or municipal

Biomass in natura, pelletized or pulverized (depending on the type of bed)

Components Concentration (%)

CO 8 a 25

H2 13 a 15

CH4 3 a 9

CO2 5 a 10

N2 45 a 54

H2O 10 a 15

Average composition of syngas

Biomass gasifiers

(IRENA, 2012)

Daniel Henrique Soares. GASEIFICAÇÃO DE BIOMASSA DE MÉDIO E GRANDE PORTE PARA

GERAÇÃO DE ELETRICIDADE: UMA ANÁLISE DA SITUAÇÃO ATUAL NO MUNDO.

Monografia. PECE/EPUSP. 2012

• Fixed bed – up to 200 kW

– Downdraft

– Updraft

• Fluidized bed (medium scale 200 kW ~ 10 MW); large scale (under development)

• Atmospheric

• Pressurized

Fixed bed gasifiers

Fixed bed updraft

Fixed bed Downdraft

High tar content – 20-100g/Nm3 (used in

boilers)

Fixed bed - UPDRAFT

Fixed bed down draft Biomassa

Cinzas

Ar (60 %)

Ar (40 %)

Gás sujo

Preaquecimento

da biomassa

Lavagem

primária do gás

Lavagem

secundária do gás

Gás para motor

Gás para flare

Fonte: Ushima, 2003 – Projeto CENBIO/Gaseifamaz

Fluidized bed gasifiers

Fixed bed x fludized bed gasifiers

Fixed bed Fluidized bed

Size 1 kW – 200 kW > 200 kW

Tar content 100 g/Nm³ (updraft)

1g/Nm³ down draft

10 g/Nm³

Biomass Water content < 20%

Biomass size (uniform < 6

cm)

Water content < 65%

Biomass size (5 a 10 cm)

End use for the synthesis

gas

Otto/diesel engines Otto engines

Gas turbines (clean gases)

Source: TPS, Sweden

Fluidized bed gasifiers

Fonte: Sydkraft, Varnamo, Suécia.

Pressurized fluidized bed gasifier - Värnamo

• CFB gasifier pressurized – Sydkraft – Foster Wheeler, EDF, Energy E2, Sweden, EU

• Gas turbine Alstom Thyphoon modif.

• 6 MWe + 9 MWth

• Several types of biomass

• Shut down in 1999

Pressurized fluidized bed gasifier - Värnamo

Pressurized fluidized bed gasifier – Maui, Hawaii

• CFB gasifier pressurized – IGT – NREL - DOE

• 5 MWe • Sugarcane bagasse (in natura) • Cancelled • Problems – biomass feeding system

and gas cleaning Maui, Hawaii. Source CENBIO, 1998 Interbio, 2001

Atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier - Germany

• CFB gasifier (Lurgi) (circulated fluidized bed)

• Atmospheric – heating system (100 MW th)

• Cement industry – Rudersdorf – Alemanha

• Source: H. Stassen – Interbio,

2001

Atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier (TPS)

Steam

Turbine

Flue

Gas

Preparation Dryer

Chimney

Fuel Gasifier

Dolomite

Cracker

Heat

Recov. Steam

Ge nerat.

Ash

Gas Turbin e Air

Air

Electricity

Compressor

Filter Scrubber

Cooling

Liquid

s

Effluents

Ash, Dol

Sand

Process Developed by

TPS-Termiska Processer AB

Atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier ARBRE project - UK

• CFB atmospheric gasifier.

• Shut down

• Technical difficulties

• Economic difficulties (biomass poduction cost)

Biomass CHP Plant Güssing – Using Gasification for Power Generation. M. Bolhàr-Nordenkampf 1, R. Rauch1, K. Bosch1, C. Aichernig2, H.

Hofbauer1. 1 Institute of Chemical Engineering, Getreidemarkt 9 /166, A-1060 Vienna, Austria, Tel. +43-1-58801 159 33, Fax : +43-1-58801 159 99,

bolhar@mail.zserv.tuwien.ac.at. 2 Repotec Umwelttechnik GmbH, Europastrasse 1, A-7540 Güssing/Austria

http://members.aon.at/biomasse/thailand.pdf

BTL process

• BTL process (biomass-to-liquids)

• Biomass gasification

• Synthesis gas: CO+ H2

• Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process

Fisher Tropsch Unities

(1) CHOREN (Freiberg, Alemanha) – closed (Feb 2012) – financial problems (purchased by Linde Co. but still closed).

(2) CHRISGAS process (Värnamo, Sueden) – financial problems (closed 2010). Lack of incentives.

(3) GÜSSING (Austria) – small FT unit under development

Problems with large scale gasification

Summary

• World energy matrix and inequalities

• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy access in world

• Traditional biomass x modern biomass

• Why gasification?

• Types of gasifier

• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba

• Barriers and proposals

Fixed bed gasifiers Case studies: India, Brasil, Cuba

India: HOSAHALLI VILLAGE

• 218 inhabitants – 35 households;

• 1990 – 20 kw biomass gasification system;

• 4 ha eucalyptus plantation

• Suppy to the village: lighting, powder production, irrigation system (8 ha);

• Diesel replacement: 50%

India: HOSAHALLI VILLAGE

India: HOSAHALLI VILLAGELI

India: HOSAHALLI VILLAGE

No water cleaning system

Remote villages – Brazilian Amazonia

• Costs for diesel oil (transportation by boat);

• Diesel engines are donated but diesel oil is not affordable;

• Different manufacturers from India, China, etc

• O&M is difficult

• No productive activities

Brazilian Isolated System Energy production from agricultural residues

Joint Project Brazil (CENBIO-IPT/USP) – India (IISc)

• 700 people - 180 households;

• Cupuassu crops 100 ha;

• Before the power plant - cupuassu

fruits sold in natura (low added value)

• Need to improve economic activities

• 20 kWe installed power for freezing

systems

• Agricultural residues: cupuassu husks

Brazilian Amazon Aquidaban village

Tests at Institute for Technological

Research – IPT – São Paulo

Tests at Institute for Technological Research – IPT – São Paulo

(eucalyptus)

PCS (MJ/Nm³) 5,7

Potência Térmica (kW) 67,1

Potência Elétrica (kWe) 20

Vazão de Alimentação (kg/h) ~18

Vazão de Descara de Cinzas (kg/h) 1,3

Tests at Institute for Technological Research – IPT – São Paulo

• Development of water

cleaning system

• Easy to operate

• To avoid tar

contamination from

inadequate water

disposal

Tests at Institute for Technological Research – IPT –

São Paulo

Abrigo do sistema de gaseificação construído pelos moradores de Aquidabam

Samuel Benchimol Award

Category: Environment

Wood gasification for power production

Source: S. Coelho, Project Technical Reviewer - 2014

Cocodrillo Power Plant – Isla de la Juventud Wood fixed bed gasifier • 50 kW installed • Indian Institute of Science (India) • Different types of wood • Local grid – small community

Source: S. Coelho, Project Technical Reviewer - 2014

La Melvis Power Plant – Nueva Gerona - Isla de la Juventud Wood fixed bed gasifier • 2 x 250 kW • Ankur (India) • Different types of wood • Local main grid

Source: S. Coelho, Project Technical Reviewer - 2014

Summary

• World energy matrix and inequalities

• Difficulties for adequate and affordable energy access in world

• Traditional biomass x modern biomass

• Why gasification?

• Types of gasifier

• Case studies: India, Brazil, Cuba

• Barriers and proposals

www.iee.usp.br/agrener

Muchas gracias!

Obrigada!

GBIO/IEE/University of Sao Paulo www.iee.usp.br/gbio

suani@iee.usp.br