sneha kalpana
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Review of Sneha Kalpana w.s.r. to
Recent Consequences
Dr. K. SHANAKAR RAOAssociate Professor
Dept. of Rasashastra & B.K.National Institute of Ayurveda
Jaipur.
Introduction
Ayurveda
Oldest medical system of the world serving
Sufferings & miseries of mankind Prolongs life span
maintains +health & cure diseases
Ayurvedic Medicaments
______________________________________________________Sl.no. Method/Ingredients Name of Kalpana_________________________________________________________1. Pill Vati kalpana2. Semi solid Avaleha Kalpana3. Fermentation Asava-Arista4. Paste Kalka 5. Exp. Juice Swaras kalpana6. Cold infusion Hima7. Decoction/Boiling Kwath8. Oil Taila kalpana9. Ghrita Ghrita kalpana
Contd..
Ayurveda
Taila Kalpana Ghrita Kalpana\ /
Sneha Kalpana
Aim of Sneha Kalpana
* The rationality behind taking an oil/Ghrita as a base is presumably -To Extract or hold lipid soluble active fractions from the ingredients used.
Need of ReviewAyurvedic physicians
dispense medicines by their own hands *Rapid growth civil. Genuine medicines *De forestation
*Massive growth of population*Depend on industries
OTC demand N.P & H.MEssential oils *Un ethical products Phyto Pharmaceuticals of plants used
embarrassing
Modern medicine Physicians & PatientsTo over come this enigma – Need to know Sneha kalpana
Nomenclature
Sneha : Fat / Fatty Material }Kalpana : Pharma. Process }Sneha
Kal.
“Defined as a process, where various things like-Sneha, Kalka, Kwatha Ksheera and Gandha dravyas are employed for the preparation of Oleagenous medicaments (oil/Ghee)”.
Requirements______________________________________________________Sl.no. Constituents Quantity______________________________________________
1. Sneha dravya (Oil/Grhita) 1 part2. Kalka Dravya (Drugs of Paste) ¼ part3. Dravadravya (Decoc/Juice/Milk etc 4 part
of sneha4. Gandha Dravya (Drugs of perfumers)1/8 or
1/16 with sneha.
Sneha Dravya______________________________________________________Sl.no. Parameters Oil Ghrita_______________________________________ 1. Pure + +
2. Rancidity _ _
3. Period Fresh Old
4. Quantity with 4 times 4times-to kalka
Why Tila Taila is Best
Contd..
- Lignans – acts as anti cholesterol agents.
- Vit. E supplies to the animals.
- Sesamin : protects Liver from the oxidative damage.
Kalka
Pounding drug (s)
with(out) Juice/Liquid
into
Soft bolus/ round lump KalkaFresh Herbs Grind } KalkaDry Drugs add water/any liquid Grind
Machinaries
1. Kharal 2. Stone Mortar
3. Mixer 4. Grinder
Ratio of Kalka___________________________________________________Sl.no. liquids Ratio of Kalka with sneha-----------------------------------------------------------------------------1. General/ water ¼2. Kwatha 1/63. Swarasa 1/84. Ksheer 1/85. Dadhi 1/86. Mamsa rasa & Takra 1/87. Pushpa kalka 1/88. No information ¼ (Kwathdrugs)
SNEHA KASHAYA------------------------------------------------------------------------------S.No. % of drug % water Reduction Kashaya name------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. 1 Pala 24 Parts 1/8 Pana Kashaya2. 1 part 04 Parts 1/5 Gandoosha3. 1 Karsha 1/2 Parts ¼ Paneeya4. 1 Part 04 Parts 1/8 Seka5. 1 Part 03 Parts 1/12 Vrana-Prakshalana6. 1 Part 06 Parts 1/6 Aschyotana7. 1 Part 08 Parts 1/9 Muka-Prakshalana8. 1 Part 08 Parts 1/3 Shodhana9. 1 Part 06 Parts 1/7 Asthapana10 1 Part 03 Parts ½ Vamana 11 1 Part 06 Parts 1/8 Virechana12 1 Part 60 Parts ½ Snana13 1 Part 64 Parts 1/8 Yavagu14 1 Part 04 Parts ¼ Sneha Kshaya
Author % of drugs % of water Reduction Kashaya Name
Sushruta 1 Part1 Part1 Tola
8 Parts16 Parts1 Drona
1/41/41/4
Sneha kashayaSneha kashayaSneha kashaya
Bhoja 1 part 4 parts 1/4 Sneha kashaya
Sharangdhara Mridu 1 partMadhya1part Kathina1 part
4 parts8 parts16 parts
1/41/41/4
Sneha kashayaSneha kashayaSneha kashaya
Chakradutta 1 karsha1 pala1 pala1 Kudava1 prastha1 khari
16 parts
8 parts
4 parts
1/4
1/4
1/4
Sneha kashaya
Sneha kashaya
Sneha kashaya
Ratio of Aqueous Media
_________________________________________________ Sl.no. Media quantity with sneha
_________________________________________________1. General 4 times 2. 5 or
5 equal
3. 5 or 1-4 4 times4. Milk (only) 4 times (water for
samyak paka)5. Milk (1)+ Liquids (3) 4 times6. Dadhi Apply rule of milk7. No specific liquid water
Pharma. Technology involved_________________________________________________Sl.no. Parameters Remarks_________________________________________________1. Drug Coarse
2. Vessels Non reactive
3. Lid Should not applied
4. Temp. Mriduagni
5. Fire wood Specific
Gandha Dravya
For perfuming : Karpoora, Chandana,Kesara Dalchini etc.. Drugs used.
1/6 or 1/8 part of oil
made into fine powder
mixed with oilWhen oil is leuke warm
Gen.Method of Sneha Paka
Oil / Ghee Mild Heat
MurchanaAddition of kalka
Addition of Kwatha / Milk etc..
Ama Paka Moderate HeatTill liquid portion evaporates
Mridu paka Sapta Avartita (7 times)Madhyam paka Dasha Avartita(10 times) Khara paka Chaturdasha Avartita (14) Dagdha paka Ashtavimsha Avartita (28)
Shatavartita Avartita (100) Shatamekottara Avartita (101) Sahasra Avartita (1000 times)
Jaipur Parampara
Oil / Ghee
Murchana
Barjana (fried) of kalka
Addition of Kwatha / Milk etc..Ama Paka Moderate HeatTill liquid portion evaporates
Madhya pakaSneha paka
Duration of sneha Paka
The preparation of medicated oils and Ghritas should not be completed within a day, as longer the duration of preparation more absorption of fat soluble constituents of the drugs (ingredients) takes place. Thus, the potency of the Taila / Ghrita is expected to be enhanced.
Contd…
The duration of Paka period depends on the nature of the liquid substances added to sneha.
For Kwatha, Aranala and Takra - 5 days ; swarasa - 3 days,Dugdha - 2 days & for Mamsarasa - 1 day.
Precautions (Before)
The following precautions to be taken -a) Before processing –
Snehas should be pure, clear and without slurry.
In case of Ghrita preferably old ghee should be taken (Purana ghrita).
Fresh oil to be taken.
Precautions (During)
a) During the process -
Maintain the intensity of fire throughout the
operation in order to get desirable grade of temperature.
Gentle boiling of sneha is to be maintained
continuously.
The mixture is stirred constantly and carefully to
ensure that the kalka does not stick to the bottom of the vessel resulting into carbonization.
Care should be taken to determine the proper
stages of sneha paka.
Precautions (After)
After Sneha paka process:1. In order to obtain optimum quality of oil, the Kalka should be squeezed at hot stage.2. Preserving containers should be free from moisture.perfuming drugs should be added gently with stirring when the oil is leuke warm.
Features of Completed SnehaAt the time of completion following features seen -A) Oil / Ghee -
Oil should yield good amount of foam
(oil), in ghee foam should disappears.
The oil/ghee should emerge color, smell,
taste of the drug.
Oil/ghee should be free from water.
When prepared oil/ghee dropped on fire it
should not produce any crackling sound.
Contd..
A) Kalka -
Kalka contains traces of water, fails to form vartiand sticks to fingers at Mridu paka stage.
In Madhyama paka total absence of water is observed, forms soft, smooth varti without sticking to fingers.
Kalka becomes hard, sandy and disintegrates while preparing varti in Kharapaka.
Stages of Sneha paka
S.No. Name of Pakas-----------------------------------------------------------
1. Ama2. Mridu or Manda3. Madhya or Chikkana4. Khara or Khara chikkana
5. Dagdha6. Vishoshi
Ama PakaAma Paka - This is the first stage of Snehapaka, the word Ama indicates reduced/decreased digestion capacity of Sneha. Ama means the medicated Sneha has not sufficiently assimilated the medicinal properties due to short of heat treatment, water can be seen in both Sneha and as well as in paste; the fluids are at heterogeneous stage.
Mridu Paka
Mridu Paka - The second stage of sneha paka is called Mridu Paka. Where the paste is sticky on touch due to the presence of traces of water, and produces cracking sound when kept on fire. The Sneha collected at this stage is likely to contain less amount of fat- soluble active principles.
Madhya Paka
Madhya Paka - Third stage of sneha paka is called Madhyama Paka. Where the paste still remains soft and not sticky due to the complete disappearance of water- content, Kalka can be made into varti between the fingers and the oil is also free from water content. The oil collected at this stage is likely to be rich in fat soluble contents.
Khara Paka
Khara Paka - The fourth stage of sneha paka is called Khara Paka. Which comes after the stage of Madhyama paka. In this stage, the paste becomes hard, rough due to excess of heating. The oil collected at this stage is meant for external application.
Dagdha Paka
Dagdha Paka - This is the last stage of Sneha paka. Where probably the contents of the Sneha are burnt leaving it of no use for therapeutic purpose. In this paka, the excessive heat treatment leads to loss in the concentration of Tochopherols, Sesamin and Sesamolin (anti-oxidants) and levels of Ca. etc.. The observation of Pharmaceutical study suggests that one should be very careful regarding identification of the particular stage of paka, because the time between the different stages of paka is quite short, especially when the amount of preparation is small.
Clinical uses of stages
Name of Pakas Cha. Su.Sam.-------------------- ----- ----------
Ama Not mentioned Not mentioned Mridu/ Manda Nasya Oral Madhya/Chikkana Oral and enemata Nasya/massage
Khara/ Khara chikkana Massage Enemata otic dropsDgdha Not mentioned Not mentioned.
Vishoshi Not mentioned Not mentioned
Murchana
It is interesting to note that in the ancient texts ( Brihat trayee & Laghu trayee) there were no suggestions about the preliminary treatment of Murchana, which however seems to have introduced some times later (B.R). In view of this in modern practice there is a difference of opinion amongst the Ayurvedic exponents whether murchana is necessity or not for preparing medicated Oil/Ghrita.
Contd..
The previous workers H.C. Tiwari et al, suggesting that murchana is not necessary for preparing medicated oils/Gritas but, Rao K.S. et al. of the opinion that murchana process for oils is beneficial for the human health. This process helps in decreasing the percentage of composition of saturated fatty acids and at the same time it found increased in the percentage composition of unsaturated fatty acids.
Modern method of sneha paka
Some authors mentioned the methods of preparation of Ayurvedic medicated oils in the light of modern technology. Ex. Gandhaka taila. The formula Gandhaka taila prepared by using Tinctures of Z. Officinale, Cinnamum, 90% alcohal and Sulphuric acid.
Modern
On observation it is found that such type of preparations are seems to be highly acidic and corrosive in nature. Hence, it is suggested to follow the classical procedure for the preparation of Sneha by keeping the recent consequences in the mind.
Recent ConsequencesOil/Grita used as base ?Keeping properties in mind Tila Taila & cow’s Ghee considered as best. Kalka should be soft & bolus varti test fails. Should not fry kalka in Sneha preparation as in Rajasthan.Sneha kashaya method should adapted.Kwatha principles should apply while prep. of Sneha Kashaya.Use of aqueous media is for Samyak Paka.Cook on mild temp.Must careful for stage detection.
Need of Standardization
Since the Oil /Ghrita is heated with many drugs during the process of preparation in the Snehakalpana, the analytical values of raw Oil/Ghrita are expected to undergo alterations due to one or more of the following reasons :
* Heat induced changes due to protracted boiling.* Oxidation changes due to open heating or due to presence
of drugs during heating for a long time.* Changes brought about by the incorporation of fat soluble
fractions from the drugs.* Changes brought about by the mixing in of fats or oils other
than ghee.* These changes are expected to be reflected as alterations in
Physico-Chemical constants obtained for Oil/Ghee.
Why foam disappears
Ghrita
Saturated acids
water +heat break down into
Saturated acids + Glycerols (on Hydrolysis)
evaporation of water
Foam does not appear
Why foam appears
Oil
unsaturated fatty acids
heat with water (oxidation)
formation of oxides
releases
foam
on vapour analysis
Vapour,Co2, O2 + Acids
THAN ‘Q’
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