social consequences of the first world war inflation: the cost of living doubled in france and great...
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SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR
Inflation: the cost of living doubled in France and Great Britain, and tripled in Germany.Food shortages (especially in Germany, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire).Influx of women into jobs formerly dominated by men.Increased government intervention in the economy.Labor unrest as the war continued (unravelling the German Burgfrieden and French Union sacrée).
The Oratory of Jean Jaurès, 1910:The socialist leader was assassinated by an ill
informed French nationalist on July 31, 1914, just before his party agreed to join the “Sacred Union” for
the war’s duration
The Army Command wanted to arrest all SPD leaders, but Bethmann Hollweg persuaded the Kaiser to promote national reconciliation: “I no longer see parties, I only see Germans!”
The SPD Reichstag delegation voted
unanimously to approve war credits, endorsing the Burgfrieden (truce of the
castle).Here the dead August
Bebel says:“Well done! Defend our
Reich. If I were still alive, I would be among you”
(German postcard, 1914)
Edouard Vuillard, “A Munitions Factory in Lyons: The Forge” (1917):
All countries scrambled to convert factoriesto munitions production.
In France the Socialist Albert Thomas led this effort
When did women gain the right to vote?
1893: New Zealand
1906: Finland
1913: Norway, Denmark
1918: Great Britain, Germany, Austria, USSR, Sweden
1920: USA
1931: Spain
1944/45: France, Italy
1971: Switzerland
1984: Liechtenstein
“On Her their Lives Depend”
(recruitment poster for the British
munitions industry, ca. 1916):Economic
mobilization required the
recruitment of women and government
intervention to prevent strikes.
THE BRITISH MADE MANY PROMISES IN THEIR CAMPAIGN TO DESTROY THE
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• December 1914: Lord Kitchener in Cairo suggests to the Emir of Mecca that he should inherit the Khalifate
• November 1914: The British seize Basra, but their advance suffers defeat at Kut in 1916
• March-December 1915: Failed invasion at Gallipoli
• April 1915: Beginning of the Armenian Massacres
• January 1916: The Sykes-Picot Agreement partitions Arab lands between the French & British empires
• June 1916: Opening of the “Arab Revolt,” advised by Col. T.E. Lawrence
• November 1917: The Balfour Declaration promises to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
LORD KITCHENER SEEKS A NEW “KHALIF” AMONG THE HASHEMITES OF MECCA
Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca since 1908, self-proclaimed King of the Hejaz, 1917-24
Faisal bin al Hussein, elected King of Syria in 1920; appointed King of Iraq, 1921-33
Abdullah bin al-Hussein, Emir of Transjordania, 1921-46, then King of Jordan, 1946-49
A battery of British 60-
pounders shells Turkish positions
A well camouflaged
Turkish 77-mm Krupp cannon
returns fire
The Sykes-Picot
Agreement of 1916:
The British Foreign
Office paid little
attention to the promises
to the Hashemites
Lt. Col. T.E. Lawrence (1888-1935) and “Emir Faisal’s camel-mounted irregulars” (photos in the British
press, 1917)
Theodor Herzl at the Sixth Zionist Congress in 1903 and his famous book published in 1896, The Jewish
State
ZIONISTS IN THE BRITISH CABINET?
Arthur James Balfour: PM 1902-
05; Foreign Secretary 1916-19
Balfour’s advisor, Leopold Amery, became Colonial Secretary, 1924-
29: “I was keen on an advance into Palestine on military grounds, and
the idea of establishing in Palestine a prosperous community bound to
Britain by ties of gratitude and interest naturally appealed to me. I
already had doubts as to the permanence of our protectorate in
Egypt.”
THE BALFOUR DECLARATION(from a letter of November 2, 1917, by Foreign
Secretary Balfour to Lord Rothschild and the Zionist Federation)
“His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”
The Ottoman Empire conscripted 3 million men but could not keep more than 500,000 supplied in
the field
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