social & environmental benefits
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Social Benefits and
Environmental Impact
from Tourism
Dr. James Manalel
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SOCIAL BENEFITS
OF TOURISM
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Social Benefits
Tourism development in new areas creates
jobs for local people
Khajurao a remote tourist centre in theheart of MP creates employment for villagers
People ofKulu and Manali region in the
Northern Himalayas plenty of jobs to rural
people in hotels and guest houses
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Social Benefits
Jobs to the local people
Employment to the villagers
Jobs to hotels and guest houses
Tourism related activities
Facilities for rural people
Entertainment for rural people
Amount collected can be used for the benefitsof host communities
Redistribution of wealthMore income and new jobs to the localpopulation
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Socio Cultural Benefits
The socio-cultural impacts of tourism described hereare the effects on host communities of direct andindirect relations with tourists, and of interaction withthe tourism industry.
For a variety of reasons, host communities oftenare the weaker party in interactions with their guestsand service providers, leveraging any influence theymight have.
These influences are not always apparent, as theyare difficult to measure, depend on value judgmentsand are often indirect or hard to identify.
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Socio cultural Benefits -- negative
The impacts arise when tourism brings
about changes in value systems and
behaviour and thereby threatens
indigenous identity.
Furthermore, changes often occur in
community structure, family relationships,collective traditional life styles,
ceremonies and morality.
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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts
of Tourism-1
Damage to family structures and subsistence
food production.
Displacement of local people to make way forairports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and
other attraction sites, and other tourism
development projects.
Encouragement of behaviors such as begging,
touting, and other harassment of visitors.
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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts
of Tourism-2
Encouragement of urbanization and emigration.
Friction and resentment between local people
and visitors because of overcrowding and lack ofaccess for residents to recreational areas and
facilities.
Increase in health risks through diseases suchas AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.
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Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts
of Tourism-3
Increase in drug abuse and prostitution.
Open antagonism and crimes against visitors.
Commercialization of traditional welcome and
hospitality customs.
Loss of cultural identity.
Overcrowding and damage to archaeologicaland historical sites and monuments.
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Socio cultural Benefits
But tourism can also generate
positive impacts as it can serve as asupportive force for peace, foster
pride in cultural traditions and help
avoid urban relocation by creating
local jobs.
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Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism
May encourage attempts to keep culture and
traditions alive.
Traditional ways and goods may be restoredbecause visitors are interested and are willing
buyers of these.
Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local
cultures alive.
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Promoting mutual knowledge and
understanding
Basis for reaching a greater level ofrespect and confidence among all people
across the world
Search for peace based on justice andrespect of individual and national
aspirations
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Recognition of fundamental rights
Adoption of social policy which led to
the workers gaining annual paidholiday
Recognition offundamental right ofthe human being to rest and leisure
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Protection of tourism Resources
Space, facilities, and values
Deterioration and destruction of tourismresources: need to stop
Need to protect the natural resources andenvironment
Protecting the historic and cultural sites
Tourism resources are part of the heritage of
mankindNeed to take steps to ensure their preservation
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Spiritual element in tourism
The total fulfillment of man
It creates opportunities for better
understanding of each others way
of life and institutions
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Image building
Afford opportunity to understand eachother better and faster cooperation
Improve the image of a country
Brings about positive changes for bothresidents as well as visitors
Visitors seek spiritual guidance from India
Economic prosperity and climaticconditions attract visitors.
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Educational significance
Much of the international tourism haseducational significance
Close friendly relations between people ofdifferent countries and cultures
Better knowledge about host countriesFurther technological change
Brings about religious tolerance
Promotes spiritual activities
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Cultural significance
Indias primary attraction has been itsculture, its arts, architecture, music, danceand history
Indias rich cultural heritage
Spiritual tourism in India
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
The quality of the environment,
both natural and man-made, is
essential to tourism.
However, tourism's relationship
with the environment is complex.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
Tourism involves many activities that can
have adverse environmental effects.
Many of these impacts are linked with theconstruction of general infrastructure such as
roads and airports, and of tourism facilities,
including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops,
golf courses and marinas.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM
The negative impacts of tourism development cangradually destroy the environmental resources on whichit depends.
On the other hand, tourism has the potential to createbeneficial effects on the environment by contributing toenvironmental protection and conservation.
It is a way to raise awareness of environmental valuesand it can serve as a tool to finance protection of naturalareas and increase their economic importance.
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TOURISM'S THREE MAIN IMPACT AREAS
Three main impact areas:
natural resources,
pollution,
physical impacts
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DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Water resourcesWater, and especially fresh water, is one of themost critical natural resources.
The tourism industry generally overuses waterresources for hotels, swimming pools, golf coursesand personal use of water by tourists.
This can result in water shortages and degradationof water supplies, as well as generating a greatervolume of waste water..
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Pressure on Local resources
Tourism can create great pressure onlocal resources like energy, food, andother raw materials that may already bein short supply.
Greater extraction and transport of theseresources exacerbates the physical impacts
associated with their exploitation.
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On Local resources
Because of the seasonal character of the
industry, many destinations have ten
times more inhabitants in the high
season as in the low season.
A high demand is placed upon these
resources to meet the high expectationstourists often have (proper heating, hot
water, etc.).
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Land Degradation
Important land resources include
minerals, fossil fuels, fertile soil, forests,
wetland and wildlife.Increased construction of tourism and
recreational facilities has increased the
pressure on these resources and onscenic landscapes.
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Land Degradation
Forests often suffer negative impacts of
tourism in the form ofdeforestation
caused by fuel wood collection and landclearing.
For example, one trekking tourist inNepal(an
area already suffering the effects of deforestation) -can use four to five kilograms of wood a day.
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POLLUTION
Tourism can cause the same forms ofpollution as any other industry:
air emissions,noise,
solid waste and littering,
releases of sewage,
oil and chemicals, even architectural/visualpollution.
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Transport Emissions
Transport emissions and emissions fromenergy production and use are linked to acid
rain, global warming and photochemicalpollution.
Air pollution from tourist transportation hasimpacts on the global level, especially from
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related totransportation energy use. And it cancontribute to severe local air pollution.
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Noise pollution
Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses, aswell as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and
jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of modern life.
In addition to causing annoyance, stress, and evenhearing loss for humans, it causes distress towildlife, especially in sensitive areas.
For instance, noise generated by snowmobiles cancause animals to alter their natural activity patterns.
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Solid waste and littering
In areas with high concentrations of tourist activitiesand appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is aserious problem and improper disposal can be a majordespoiler of the natural environment - rivers, scenicareas, and roadsides.
For example, cruise ships in the Caribbean areestimated to produce more than 70,000 tons of wasteeach year.
Today some cruise lines are actively working to
reduce waste-related impacts.Houseboats in Alleppey backwaters.
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SewageHotels, recreation and other facilities oftenleads to increased sewage pollution.
Wastewater has polluted seas and lakessurrounding tourist attractions, damaging theflora and fauna.
Sewage runoff causes serious damage tocoral reefs.
Changes in salinity and siltation can have
wide-ranging impacts on coastal environments. Sewage pollution can also threaten the healthof humans and animals.
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Aesthetic Pollution
Often tourism fails to integrate its structures withthe natural features and indigenous architecture ofthe destination.
Large, dominating resorts of disparate design canlook out of place in any natural environment andmay clash with the indigenous structural design.
A lack of land-use planning and buildingregulations in many destinations has facilitatedsprawling developments along coastlines, valleysand scenic routes.
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PHYSICAL IMPACTS
Attractive landscape sites, such as sandybeaches, lakes, riversides, and mountain topsand slopes, are often transitional zones,characterized by species-rich ecosystems.
Typical physical impacts include the
degradation of such ecosystems.
An ecosystem is a geographic area including all theliving organisms (people, plants, animals, and microorganisms), their physical surroundings (such as soil,water, and air), and the natural cycles that sustain them.
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PHYSICAL IMPACTS
The ecosystems most threatened withdegradation are ecologically fragile areas suchas alpine regions, rain forests, wetlands,mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds.
The threats to and pressures on theseecosystems are often severe because suchplaces are very attractive to both tourists anddevelopers.
Eg. Negative impact on coral reefs because of scubadiving.
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Physical impacts of Tourism Development
Construction activities and infrastructuredevelopment
The development of tourism facilities such asaccommodation, water supplies, restaurants and
recreation facilities can involve sand mining,beach and sand dune erosion, soil erosion andextensive paving.
In addition, road and airport construction can lead
to land degradation and loss of wildlife habitatsand deterioration of scenery.
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Positive Environmental
Impacts of Tourism
Greater protection of specific ecosystems.
More control of harmful economic activities
such as logging and commercial fishing.Part of visitor expenditures may be
reinvested in research and better
conservation programs.Greater understanding among local
residents of environmental issues.
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Summary of adverse impacts on the
natural environment-1
A. Pressure on Natural Resources
1. Energy depletion
2. Water supply
3. Land use
4. Soil erosion
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Summary of adverse impacts on the
natural environment-2
B. Harm to wildlife/habitat and biodiversity
loss
1. Trampling and clearance of vegetation
2. Loss of forest cover
3. Disturbance to wildlife
4. Damage to coral reefs
5. Damage to species
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Summary of adverse impacts on the
natural environment-3
C. Pollution
1. Air pollution
2. Untreated wastewater
3. Solid waste and litter
4. Noise pollution
5. Aesthetic pollution
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Keralas wetlands vanishing -1
Wetlands are vanishing in the State andErnakulam district has lost around 50 per cent ofits wetlands between 1993 and 2005, says areport of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board.
Wetlands have shrunk to 175 sq km in 2005from the 376 sq km of 1993 in Kochi, accordingto the board.
Kerala lost 94 per cent of its mangroves in just
22 years. The State had 70,000 hectares ofmangroves in 1975 and this has dwindled to4200 hectares in 1997.
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Keralas wetlands vanishing -2
The State just cannot afford to lose any more ofits mangrove vegetation considering theecosystem services they render especially forthose living in the coastal areas.
According to experts, one hectare of mangroveforest would give ecosystem service wortharound Rs. 12 lakh every year.
The use of mangroves in preventing the damagecaused by tsunamis were also highlighted by theexperts, board officials pointed out.
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Mangrove Ecosystem
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