social structures during the roman republic offices, assemblies, and religion
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Social Structures during the Roman Republic
Social Structures during the Roman Republic
Offices, Assemblies, and ReligionOffices, Assemblies, and Religion
Political OrderPolitical Order 4th century to end of the Republic Direct participation of citizens All roles performed under the watch of the public
eye Officials dealt directly with those they governed -
lack of a bureaucracy Government dominated by a few elite families
4th century to end of the Republic Direct participation of citizens All roles performed under the watch of the public
eye Officials dealt directly with those they governed -
lack of a bureaucracy Government dominated by a few elite families
Government Offices Government Offices Quaestors
Formed in the mid 5th century Oversaw public money Supervised the treasury (Temple of Saturn) and the
fund that generals took on campaigns Aediles
Elected annually Two plebian and two patrician (curule aediles) Maintained temples, city streets, markets Judged disputes that arose in the markets
Quaestors Formed in the mid 5th century Oversaw public money Supervised the treasury (Temple of Saturn) and the
fund that generals took on campaigns Aediles
Elected annually Two plebian and two patrician (curule aediles) Maintained temples, city streets, markets Judged disputes that arose in the markets
Government Offices Government Offices Praetor
Elected annually Originally one, then two (242 BC), then more as the
empire expanded Office opened to plebians through the Conflict of
Orders Leading officials in Rome when consuls were absent
on campaign Acted as judge Different praetors had different roles Propraetor - govern a province Wore the toga praetexta, held imperium, 6 lictors
Praetor Elected annually Originally one, then two (242 BC), then more as the
empire expanded Office opened to plebians through the Conflict of
Orders Leading officials in Rome when consuls were absent
on campaign Acted as judge Different praetors had different roles Propraetor - govern a province Wore the toga praetexta, held imperium, 6 lictors
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Government Offices Government Offices
Consul 2 consuls chosen each year Generals of the army Made sacrifices, presided over meetings of the
senate, addressed assemblies, listened to complaints, made judgments
Proconsul - govern a province Toga praetexta, curule, imperium, 12 lictors
Consul 2 consuls chosen each year Generals of the army Made sacrifices, presided over meetings of the
senate, addressed assemblies, listened to complaints, made judgments
Proconsul - govern a province Toga praetexta, curule, imperium, 12 lictors
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Government OfficesGovernment Offices Tribune of the Plebs
Office formed during the Conflict of Orders Most important of the lesser officeholders Had the right to summon citizens to vote Ability to block public actions that they thought were
unlawful or inappropriate Veto power over consuls (except when appointing a
dictator) Protects the Plebians They could not prevent praetors and consuls from
acting as they wished outside the city of Rome (so they could not interfere with campaigns)
Tribune of the Plebs Office formed during the Conflict of Orders Most important of the lesser officeholders Had the right to summon citizens to vote Ability to block public actions that they thought were
unlawful or inappropriate Veto power over consuls (except when appointing a
dictator) Protects the Plebians They could not prevent praetors and consuls from
acting as they wished outside the city of Rome (so they could not interfere with campaigns)
Government OfficesGovernment Offices
Censor 2 censors Elected very 5 years, held office for 18 months Counted citizens and assigned them to
centuries and tribes Based on place of residence, property, dependents,
and even character Selected the 300 senators based on rank
Highest ranking senator was given the title princeps senatus
Censor 2 censors Elected very 5 years, held office for 18 months Counted citizens and assigned them to
centuries and tribes Based on place of residence, property, dependents,
and even character Selected the 300 senators based on rank
Highest ranking senator was given the title princeps senatus
Dictator Dictator Elected in times of emergencies Senate would declare that a dictator was needed,
and the consuls would select one In power for 6 months All other magistrates, except Tribune of the
Plebs, were suspended 24 lictors, highest imperium Magister Equitum - master of the horses
appointed as second in command 6 lictors, praetor role
Elected in times of emergencies Senate would declare that a dictator was needed,
and the consuls would select one In power for 6 months All other magistrates, except Tribune of the
Plebs, were suspended 24 lictors, highest imperium Magister Equitum - master of the horses
appointed as second in command 6 lictors, praetor role
Imperium and Auspicium Imperium and Auspicium Imperium
a special right to command Religious association Gave magistrates authority to lead armies and punish
offenders Imperium limited by office and presence of higher
offices Auspicium
Right to seek the approval of the gods for their tenure in office and their official actions
Rituals of divination known as auspices, read by augurs
Imperium a special right to command Religious association Gave magistrates authority to lead armies and punish
offenders Imperium limited by office and presence of higher
offices Auspicium
Right to seek the approval of the gods for their tenure in office and their official actions
Rituals of divination known as auspices, read by augurs
Cursus Honorum Cursus Honorum
Problem with same people holding officesOrder of public offices Minimum age for each office (patricians
could subtract 2 years from minimum age) Though rarely allowed in the 1st century BC
It was a mark of great political success to obtain a position in suo anno Cicero - “new man,” elected to consul in suo
anno
Problem with same people holding officesOrder of public offices Minimum age for each office (patricians
could subtract 2 years from minimum age) Though rarely allowed in the 1st century BC
It was a mark of great political success to obtain a position in suo anno Cicero - “new man,” elected to consul in suo
anno
Cursus HonorumCursus Honorum 10 years of military duty (20-30)
Military Tribune - 24 legion commanders Quaestor (30) Aedile (36)
Not required to move on to next step Praetor (39) Consul (42)
Highest office Censor (usually had to have served as consul)
10 years of military duty (20-30) Military Tribune - 24 legion commanders
Quaestor (30) Aedile (36)
Not required to move on to next step Praetor (39) Consul (42)
Highest office Censor (usually had to have served as consul)
The Senate The Senate
300 menusually all office holders were senators,
usually lifelong membershipMet when summoned by consul, praetor,
or tribunes of the plebs Advisory role to the officials of RomeGradually assumed more active role
300 menusually all office holders were senators,
usually lifelong membershipMet when summoned by consul, praetor,
or tribunes of the plebs Advisory role to the officials of RomeGradually assumed more active role
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Assemblies Assemblies Open to all male citizens Not representative Voted on officeholders, laws, and trials Officials determined the agenda, citizens
only discussed and voted Contiones - occasions just for discussion
and debate Comitia and concilia - voting All assemblies met in Rome (or near)
Open to all male citizens Not representative Voted on officeholders, laws, and trials Officials determined the agenda, citizens
only discussed and voted Contiones - occasions just for discussion
and debate Comitia and concilia - voting All assemblies met in Rome (or near)
Comitia Centuriata Comitia Centuriata Organization mirrored the army Elected consuls, praetors, and censorsVoted on matters of war and peace Only an official with imperium could
summon the assembly Voting done by century (determined by
class) Each century got one vote Favored upper classes
Organization mirrored the army Elected consuls, praetors, and censorsVoted on matters of war and peace Only an official with imperium could
summon the assembly Voting done by century (determined by
class) Each century got one vote Favored upper classes
Comitia TributaComitia Tributa Organized by tribes
4 tribes in the city 31 in the country
One vote per tribe no matter how many people in assembly
Elected quaetors, curule aediles, and military tribunes
Had the power to try cases (though taken away in later reforms)
Legislative power
Organized by tribes 4 tribes in the city 31 in the country
One vote per tribe no matter how many people in assembly
Elected quaetors, curule aediles, and military tribunes
Had the power to try cases (though taken away in later reforms)
Legislative power
Concilium Plebis Concilium Plebis
Assembly for plebeians Passed laws, elected magistrates (tribunes
and plebeian aediles), and tried judicial cases
Organized based on tribes
Assembly for plebeians Passed laws, elected magistrates (tribunes
and plebeian aediles), and tried judicial cases
Organized based on tribes
Religion Religion Not separated from governmental institutions Cheif magistrates performed major rites of the
city Officials were often advised by priests Pontifex (pontifices) exercised general
supervision over the religion, rites, and the Roman calendar
9 pontifices by 3rd century, 15 in 1st century Headed by the pontifex maximus
Not separated from governmental institutions Cheif magistrates performed major rites of the
city Officials were often advised by priests Pontifex (pontifices) exercised general
supervision over the religion, rites, and the Roman calendar
9 pontifices by 3rd century, 15 in 1st century Headed by the pontifex maximus
Religion Religion
Augurs Auspices which confirmed officials power in
the eyes of the gods Vestal Virgins Wives of pontifex maximus and the priest
of Jupiter (flamen Dialis) took part in some of their husbands ritual responsibilities
Augurs Auspices which confirmed officials power in
the eyes of the gods Vestal Virgins Wives of pontifex maximus and the priest
of Jupiter (flamen Dialis) took part in some of their husbands ritual responsibilities
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