soil acarology (mites) day – 3 felicity crotty. >30 taxa
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Soil Acarology (Mites)Day – 3
Felicity Crotty
>30taxa
5000
1500
25 0
00
6500
730
160 60
0
60 0
00
1600 88
00
5000
2500 10
000
9260
9539
208
300
70
3627
162 77
3
56
52 %
75 %
47 %
50 %
54 %
99 %
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
NE
1
10
100
1000
10 000
100 000
1 000 000
10 000 000
Nem
atod
aP
roto
zoa
Aca
riC
olle
mbo
laD
iplu
raS
ymph
yla
Enc
hytra
eida
eD
ipte
raIs
opte
raFo
rmic
oide
aIs
opod
aC
hilo
poda
Dip
lopo
da
Oth
er A
rach
nida
Ara
neae
Col
eopt
era
Mol
lusc
aO
ligoc
haet
aC
aeci
lian
Sqa
mat
aM
amm
alia
Estimated, undescribed species
Known species
NE
83 %
41 %
75 %
NE
97 %
99 %
72 %
Species number
Body size Source: Decaëns et al. (2006)
But mostly unknown...
What is a Mite?!?Tiny but diverse arachnids related to spiders, are some of the most abundant and diverse groups of invertebrate fauna.
Found in all environments worldwide, from the deserts to the polar regions and everything in between .
The are predators, fungivores, detritivores and even herbivores.
Thus occupying many different niches and speciating to adapt to the ecosystem they are inhabiting
Acari
Parasitiformes Acariformes
Sub-Class
Super-Order
Order Opilloacarida Holothrida Mesostigmata Ixodida Sarcoptiformes Trombidiformes
Sub-Order Sejida
Trigynaspida Monogynaspida Endeostigmata
Oribatida
Sphaerolichida
Prostigmata
Super-Cohort
Palaeosomata
Parhyposomata
BrachypylinaEnarthronota
Mixonomata Desmonomata
Cohort
Cercomegistina
Antennophorina
Microgynina
Heatherellina
Heterozerconina
Uropodina
Gamasina
Astigmata
Labidostommatides
Eupodides
AnystidesEleutherengonides
Anystina
Parasitengonina
Raphignathina
Heterostigmata
Sub-Cohort /Infra-Order
ArctacariaeParasitiae
Epicriiae
Dermanyssiae
Pycnonticae
Poronoticae
Euptyctima
Dichosomata
ParasitiformesMesostigmata
• Cosmopolitan• Most free living
predators• Suborders:
- Sejida-
Trigynaspida-
Monogynaspida
Holothyrida
• In leaf litter, mosses and under stones in moist forests
• rare• Families:
- Holothyridae
- Allothyridae
- Neothyridae
Ixodidae
• Obligate blood sucking parasites
• Common• Families:
- Ixodidae (Hard)
- Argasidae (Soft)
- Nuttalliellidae
Opilioacaridae
• Look superficially like harvestmen
• Found in caves, also under rocks and litter
• Moderately rare• 6 genera; 20
species
ParasitiformesMesostigmata
• Cosmopolitan• Most free living
predators• Suborders:
- Sejida-
Trigynaspida-
Monogynaspida
Holothyrida
• In leaf litter, mosses and under stones in moist forests
• rare• Families:
- Holothyridae
- Allothyridae
- Neothyridae
Ixodidae
• Obligate blood sucking parasites
• Common• Families:
- Ixodidae (Hard)
- Argasidae (Soft)
- Nuttalliellidae
Opilioacaridae
• Look superficially like harvestmen
• Found in caves, also under rocks and litter
• Moderately rare• 6 genera; 20
species
Acariformes
Sarcoptiformes (Oribatida)• Mostly Oribatids
(Endeostigmata also a suborder in this group and Astigmata a cohort within Oribatida)
• Oribatids four supercohorts considered “lower” oribatids – MACROPYLINE one supercohort considered “higher” – BRACHYPYLINE
• Extremely common
Trombidiformes (Prostigmata)• Mostly Prostigmata
(Sphaerolichida also a suborder in this group)
• Prostigmata with five supercohorts (variable family number within)
• Extremely common• Mixture of predators and
herbivores/fungivores• Many have a phoretic
immature stage “chiggers”
Mite Ecology
Day – 3
Felicity Crotty
Almost nothing known of the biology and basic needs of most native speciesAlmost nothing known of the biology
and basic needs of most native species
van Eekeren, Murray & Smeding (2007)
Cyclic interactions
More food for soil biotaImproved habitat for soil biota
Improved soil structureImproved nutrient cyclingImproved water regulation
Greater plant yield (more litter produced)More efficient moisture and nutrient uptakeImproved rooting
Blue = BacterialGreen = FungalRed = Root
Adapted from De Ruiter et al. (1993) J. Appl. Ecol. 30, 95-106
Roots
Phytophagous nematodes
Rhizophagousaphids
Detritus
Fungi
Collembola
Cryptostig.mites
Non-cryptostig.mites
Fungivorousnematodes
Earthworms
Enchytraeids
Bacteriophagousnematodes
Flagellates
Bacteriophagousmites
Amoebae
Predaceousnematodes
Nematode feedingmites
Predaceouscollembola
Predaceousmites
Winter Wheat fields:Netherlands
Bacteria
Trophic patterns in Acari
(Ticks)
(Similar to
harvestm
en)(ra
re)
(macro
pyline)
(brachypyline)
(mainly predators)
Feeding strategies
Saprophagy (phyllophagy) – using parenchymous tissue of dead leaves
Saprophagy (xylophagy) – using woody structural tissue / dead plant parts e.g. Mixonomata species
R. Norton R. Norton
Saprophagy (Phyllo / Xylo)Energy Flow
DIRECT: Assimilation of energy from plant materials (BUT low quality food – high C:N; produce large faecal pellets – little of C is used)INDIRECT: Production of faecal pellets with greater surface area – “material going through digestive tract of total mite population in 1 year, apx equal to 50% of annual litter fall!” Berthet 1964
DIRECT: Assimilation of nutrients from plant materials; Concentration of nutrients (and heavy metals)INDIRECT: Shredding increases nutrient leaching
Nutrient Cycling
Feeding strategies
Mycophagy – feeding on fungal hyphae or spores (usually growing on decaying plant material)
Other strategies include:- Necrophagy- Coprophagy - Bacteriophagy- Nematophagy- Protistivory- Herbivory (root /
living tissue)- Algivory- Omnivory- Predation
Mycophagy / BacteriophagyEnergy Flow
DIRECT: Assimilation of energy from microfloraINDIRECT: Stimulation / suppression of microfloral activities. Dispersal of hyphae/spores. Selective grazing.
DIRECT: Assimilation of nutrients from plant materials; Concentration of nutrients (and heavy metals)INDIRECT: Stimulation or suppression of microfloral activities
Nutrient Cycling
Functional groups of mites (cf. Moore et al. 1988)
Functional Group Description Taxa
General predators Attack anything smaller Mesostigmata
Arthropod predators Attack only Arthropods Many Prostigmata
Nematode Predators Only nematodes MesostigmataSome Oribatida
Fluid feeding fungivore Pierce and suck fluids of fungi, protists
Prostigmata
Engulfing fungivores Ingest bits of fungi, hyphae, algae, spores
OribatidaAstigmata
Root fluid feeders (Herbivores)
Pierce roots and suck fluids Some Prostigmata
Detritivores Ingest dead plant material OribatidaAstigmata
Coprophagous Ingest faecal / exoskeleton material
OribatidaAstigmata
Aboveground communities are affected by both direct and indirect consequences of soil food web.- Indirect (R) detritus food web stimulate nutrient turnover improving plant performance.- Direct (L) soil biota feed on roots and form antagonistic / mutualistic relationships Wardle et al., Science 2004
Microhabitats
• Burrowers• Soil dwellers• Lichen associates• Saxicoles (rock dwellers)• Arboreal – “island soil colonies”• Marine littoral• Fresh water• Insect Associates
Biology
• The majority of the Mesostigmata and Prostigmata are r-strategists with fast reproductive cycles, short lifespans and quick recovery times to perturbations
• Majority of the Oribatids are k-strategists with slow reproductive cycles, long lifespans and are slow to recover to perturbations – may therefore be a good indication group
Mite Glossary
http://itp.lucidcentral.org/id/mites/invasive_mite/
Invasive_Mite_Identification/key/0_Glossary/
Mite_Glossary.htm
JARGON
Body Regions
• -soma = body• Pro- = front• Opistho- = back• Podo- = foot• Gnatho- = jaw/mouth/head• Idio- = distinct / unique
Different order = different words OR even different key• Prosoma = front body
- carapace?- prodorsal- pronotal ≠ notum = back- podonotal
• Opisthosoma = back body- Opisthonotal- Opisthogaster (gaster = stomach)
Mouth parts/head
Legs I & II
Legs III & IV
Abdomen region
Gnathosoma (sometimes referred to as capitulum)
Propodosoma (dorsal surface = prodorsum)
Metapodosoma
Opisthosoma(Opisthonotal if dorsal)
Podosoma
Idiosoma (body)Gaster if ventral or notum if dorsal
Prosoma (= cephalothorax)Aspidosoma is anterior dorsal region
Proterosoma(Anterior of sejugal furrow)
Hysterosoma(Rear of sejugal furrow)Dorsally called notogaster
Mite arbitrary body divisions (JARGON)
JARGON… It’s getting “trichy”
- CHAETOTAXY (setal position / hairs)• Holotrichy – complete complement of setae
thought to be present in ancestral group- Unideficient – lost one setae (f1)
• Neotrichy – setae not in ancestral condition (new hairs)
• Hypertrichy – extra setae
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