spanish basics
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¡Buenos días!
bway-nohs dee-ahs
Hello! / Good morning!
¡Buenas tardes!
bway-nahs tard-ays
Good afternoon!
¡Buenas noches!
bway-nahs noh-chays
Good evening! / Good
night!
¡Hola! / ¡Chao!
oh-lah / chow
Hi! / Bye!
Adiós.
ah-dee-ohs
Good bye.
Por favor.
por fah-bor
Please.
Hasta la vista / Hasta
luego.
ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-
stah loo-ay-go
See you / See you later.
Hasta pronto.
ah-stah prohn-toh
See you soon.
Hasta mañana.
ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah
See you tomorrow.
(Muchas) Gracias.
(moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs
Thank you (very much).
De nada. day nah-dah
You're welcome.
Bienvenidos byen-veh-nee-dohs
Welcome
Lo siento loh see-ehn-toh
I'm sorry
Con permiso / Perdón /Disculpe
kohn pehr-mee-soh /
pehr-dohn /dees-kool-
peh
Excuse me / Pardon me
¡Vamos! bah-mohs
Let's go!
¿Cómo está usted?
koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted
How are you? (formal)
¿Cómo estás?
koh-moh ay-stahs
How are you? (informal)
¿Qué tal?
kay tahl
How's it going?
Bien / Muy bien
bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn
Good / Very good
Mal / Muy mal / Más o
menos
mahl / moy mahl / mahs
oh may-nohs
Bad / Very bad / OK
Sí / No see / noh
Yes / No
¿Cómo se llama usted?
koh-moh say yah-mah oo-
sted
What is your name?
(formal)
¿Cómo te llamas?
koh-moh tay yah-mahs
What is your name?
(informal)
Me llamo... / Mi
nombre es...
may yah-moh / mee
nohm-breh ess
My name is...
Mucho gusto.
/ Encantado.
moo-choh goo-stoh / en-
Igualmente.
ee-guahl-mehn-tay
Same here. / Same to
Señor / Señora /
Señorita
sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah /
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cahn-tah-doh
Nice to meet you.
you. sayn-yor-ee-tah
Mister / Mrs. / Miss
¿De dónde es usted? day dohn-day ehs oo-sted
Where are you from?
(formal)
¿De dónde eres? day dohn-day eh-rehs
Where are you from?
(informal)
Yo soy de...
yoh soy day
I'm from...
¿Cuántos años tiene
usted?
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-
ay-nay oo-sted
How old are you? (formal)
¿Cuántos años tienes?
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-
ayn-ays
How old are you?
(informal)
Yo tengo _____ años.
yoh tayn-goh _____
ahn-yohs
I am _____ years old.
¿Habla usted español?ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-
yol
Do you speak Spanish?
(formal)
¿Hablas inglés?
ah-blahs een-glehs
Do you speak English?
(informal)
(No) Hablo... noh ah-bloh
I (don't) speak...
¿Entiende usted? /
¿Entiendes? ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-
tyen-dehs
Do you understand?(formal /informal)
(No) Entiendo. noh ehn-tyen-doh
I (don't) understand.
Yo (no lo) sé. yoh noh loh seh
I (don't) know.
¿Puede ayudarme? pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh
Can you help me? (formal)
Claro / Claro que sí klah-roh / klah-roh keh
see
Sure / Of course
¿Cómo? koh-moh
What? Pardon me?
¿Dónde está / Dónde
están... ?
dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahn
Where is ... / Where are ... ?
Aquí / Ahí
ah-kee / ah-eeHere / There
Hay / Había...
eye / ah-bee-ah There is / are... / There
was / were...
¿Cómo se dice ____ en
español? koh-moh seh dee-seh ___
en eh-spahn-yol
How do you say ____ in
Spanish?
¿Qué es esto? keh ehs ehs-toh
What is that?
¿Qué te pasa? keh teh pah-sah
What's the matter (with
you)?
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No importa. noh eem-por-tah
It doesn't matter.
¿Qué pasa? keh pah-sah
What's happening?
Sin novedad. seen noh-veh-dahd
Nothing much.
No tengo ninguna idea. noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah
ee-deh-ah
I have no idea.
¡Buena idea! bweh-nah ee-deh-ah
Good idea!
¡Pase! pah-seh
Go ahead!
Estoy cansado / enfermo. eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-
fehr-moh
I'm tired / sick.
Tengo hambre / sed. tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed
I'm hungry / thirsty.
Tengo calor / frío. tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-
oh
I'm hot / cold.
Estoy aburrido. eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh
I'm bored.
No me importa. noh meh eem-por-tah
I don't care.
No se preocupe.noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh
Don't worry
Está bien. ehs-tah bee-ehn
That's alright. / It's ok.
Me olvidé. meh ohl-vee-deh
I forgot.
Tengo que ir ahora. tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-
rah
I must go now.
¿Listo?
lees-toh Ready?
Quizás / Depende.
kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh Maybe / It depends.
Todavía no.
toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet.
¡Qué chistoso! keh chees-toh-soh
How funny!
¡Que le vaya bien!
keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn
Have a nice day!
¡Nos vemos! nohs veh-mos
We'll see you!
¡Salud! sah-lood
Bless you!
¡Felicitaciones! feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-
nehs
Congratulations!
¡Buena suerte! bweh-nah swehr-teh
Good luck!
Te toca a ti. teh toh-kah ah tee
It's your turn. (informal)
¡Callate! kah-yah-teh
Shut up!
Te amo.
tay ah-moh
I love you. (informal and
singular)
Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. Thisis because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as
well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used whentalking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal
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you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not knowwell, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (aprofessor, for example.)
Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine
forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken bya woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada,enferma, and aburrida
In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru,Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language iscalledcastellano instead of español.
2. PRONUNCIATION
Spanish
Letter English Sound
a ah
e ay
i ee
o oh
u oo
ll y
v b at beginning of word, real soft b between
2 vowels
ñ ny (as in canyon)
r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
rr r with a roll of the tongue
d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
j hard h
g g, sometimes a h
qu K
ai / all / ay Eye
z S
z, ce, ci th (in northern Spain only)
The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be surethat you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end).
Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If aword ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If
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a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-lastsyllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro (bird).
Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many
countries, there are several regional dialects and accents sopronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This tutorial ismostly concerned with the varieties that are spoken in Mexico andSpain.
3. ALPHABET
a ah j hoh-tah r air-ay
b bay k kah rr airr-ay
c say l ay-lay s ay-say
ch chay ll ay-yay t tay
d day m ay-may u oo
e ay n ay-nay v bay chee-kah
f ay-fay ñ ayn-yay w vay doh-blay
g hey o oh x ah-kees
h ah-chay p pay y ee-gree-ay-gah
i ee q koo z say-tah
The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr
to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separateletters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but inLatin America most varieties just use bay and an adjective, such aschica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile).
4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES
Masc. Singular Fem. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Plural
the el (ail ) la (lah) the los (lohs) las (lahs)
a, an un (oon) una (oon-ah) some unos (oon-ohs) unas (oon-ahs)
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this este esta these estos Estas
that ese esa those esos Esas
that aquel aquella those aquellos aquellas
El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when theaccent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or aregenerally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), lafoto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a fewexceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other femininewords end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud.
Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about isnear the person you are addressing. Use the aquelforms when
what you are talking about is far from both you and the person youare addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that.They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrativeadjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to usethe demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add anaccent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa,ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas.
5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
yo yoh I nosotros / nosotras
noh-soh-
trohs /
noh-soh-
trahs
We
tú too you
(informal)vosotros / vosotras
boh-soh-
trohs /
boh-soh-
trahs
you
(informalplural)
él / ella /usted
ail / ay-
yah / oo- sted
he / she /
it / you(formal)
ellos / ellas /ustedes
ay-
yohs / ay-
yahs / oo-
sted-ays
they / they /
you (plural)
Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than oneperson with whom you know well. Use Ustedes for plural you inother Spanish-speaking countries, regardless of formality. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. or Vd.Ustedes can alsobe abbreviated to Uds. or Vds. Another singular informal you in
Spanish (vos instead of tú) is used in several Latin Americacountries (especially Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay), but not in
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Spain. See the article onvoseo at Wikipedia for more informationon where it is used.
Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, asdoes ellas.
Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbsand usually only for emphasis.
6. TO BE & TO HAVE
ser - to be
present past future
soy I am fui I was seré I will be
eres you are fuiste you were serás you will be
es he/she/it is/ you are
fue he/she/itwas / youwere
será he/she/it /you will be
somos we are fuimos we were seremos we will be
sois you are fuisteis you were seréis you will be
son they / youare
fueron they / youwere
serán they / youwill be
estar - to be
present past future
estoy I am estuve I was estaré I will be
estás you are estuviste you were estarás you will be
está he/she/it is/ you are
estuvo he/she/itwas / youwere
estará he/she/it /you will be
estamos we are estuvimos we were estaremos we will beestáis you are estuvisteis you were estaréis you will be
están they / youare
estuvieron they / youwere
estarán they / youwill be
tener - to have
present past future
tengo I have tuve I had tendré I will have
tienes you have tuviste you had tendrás you willhave
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tiene he/she/ithas / youhave
tuvo he/she/it /you had
tendrá he/she/it /you willhave
tenemos we have tuvimos we had tendremos we will
have
tenéis you have tuvisteis you had tendréis you willhave
tienen they / youhave
tuvieron they / youhad
tendrán they / youwill have
Highlighted forms are only used in Spain. Past refers to thepreterite tense (also called simple past.) There is another pasttense called the imperfect, which will be covered in Spanish II.
Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells whatsomething is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used totell the location of something or how someone feels.
Uses of Ser
Identify person/objectInherentcharacteristics
or qualitiesNationality/OccupationTelling timeExpress ownershipImpersonalexpressionsPassive voice
El edificio es untemplo.La casa es grande.Carlos es pobre.Es carpintero.Son las tres.Los libros son deJuan.Es necesario.El teléfono fueinventado por Bell.
The building is atemple.The house is large.Charles is poor.He is a carpenter.It's three o'clock.The books areJohn's.It is necessary.The telephone wasinvented by Bell.
Uses of Estar
Location/positionTemporarycondition/stateState of healthFormprogressivetense
El libro está en lamesa.La ventana estáabierta.Juan está enfermo.Miguel estáestudiando.
The book is on thetable.The window is open.John is sick.Michael is studying.
Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the
meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring , while estar aburrido means to be bored . Others include: ser bueno - to be
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nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to bediscrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brownhair, estar moreno - to be tan.
Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use theverb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):
to beafraid
tener miedo to be in a hurrytener prisa, estar de prisa
to beagainst
estar encontra
to be jealous tener celos
to be at
fault
tener la culpa to be lucky tener suerte
to becareful
tener cuidado to be patient tener paciencia
to be cold tener frío to be sleepy tener sueño
to becurious
ser curioso/a to besuccessful
tener éxito
to be fedup
estar harto/a
to behappy
estar contento/a
to be thirsty tener sed
to be hot tener calor to be tired estar cansado/a
to behungry
tener hambre to be ___ years old
tener ___ años
Tener is also used with the following expressions that use "have" in
English:No tengo ni idea. I have no idea.
¿Tienes un resfriado? Do you have a cold?
Tengo que irme. I have to go.
7. QUESTION WORDS
what qué which cuál(es)
whoquién(es)
how muchcuánto (-a)
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how cómo how many cuántos (-as)
when cuándo whom a quién(es)
where dónde whose de quién(es)
why por qué
8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS
0 cero say-roh
1 uno oo-noh first primero
2 dos dohs second segundo
3 tres trays third tercero
4 cuatro kwah-troh fourth cuarto
5 cinco seen-koh fifth quinto
6 seis says sixth sexto
7 siete see-ay-tay seventh séptimo
8 ocho oh-choh eighth octavo
9 nueve new-ay-vay ninth noveno
10 diez dee-ays tenth décimo
11 once ohn-say eleventh undécimo
12 doce doh-say twelfth duodécimo
13 trece tray-say thirteenth décimo tercero
14 catorce kah-tor-say fourteenth décimo cuarto
15 quince keen-say fifteenth décimo quinto
16 diez y seis dee-ays ee
says sixteenth décimo sexto
17 diez y siete dee-ays ee
see-ay-tay seventeenth décimo séptimo
18diez y
ocho
dee-ays ee
oh-choh eighteenth décimo octavo
19diez y
nueve
dee-ays ee
new-ay-vay nineteenth décimo noveno
20 veinte bayn-tay twentieth vigésimo
21veinte y
uno
bayn-tay ee
oo-noh twenty-first
vigésimo
primero
22veinte y
dos
bayn-tay ee
dohs
twenty-
secondvigésimo
segundo
30 treinta trayn-tah thirtieth trigésimo
40 cuarenta kuar-ain-tah fortieth cuadragésimo
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50 cincuenta seen-kuain-
tah fiftieth quincuagésimo
60 sesenta say-sain-tah sixtieth sexagésimo
70 setenta say-tain-tah seventieth septuagésimo
80 ochenta oh-chain-tah eightieth octogésimo
90 noventa noh-bain-tah ninetieth nonagésimo
100 cien(to) see-ain-(toh) hundredth centésimo
1000 mil meel thousandth milésimo
If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, youuse ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be cientocincuenta y seis. Also you can
use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17,18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but arecombined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as oneword (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need touse y for the rest of the numbers.
Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before anoun.
9. DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday lunes loo-nays
Tuesday martes mar-tays
Wednesday miércoles mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday jueves hway-bays
Friday viernes bee-air-nays
Saturday sábado sah-bah-doh
Sunday domingo doh-ming-oh
day el día dee-ah
week la semana say-mahn-ah
weekend el fin de semana feen day say-mahn-ah
today hoy oy
tonight esta noche es-tah noh-chay
last night anoche ah-noh-chay
yesterday ayer eye-yair
tomorrow mañana mahn-yahn-ah
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my birthday mi cumpleaños mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
next próximo / próxima prok-see-moh / mah
last pasado / pasada pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday anteayer ahn-teh-eye-yair day after tomorrow pasado mañana pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day el día siguiente dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before la víspera vees-peh-rah
Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized inwriting. The definite article is not used after the verb ser , but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR
January enero ay-nair-oh
February febrero fay-bray-roh
March marzo mar-soh
April abril ah-breel
May mayo mi-oh
June junio hoo-nee-oh
July julio hoo-lee-oh
August agosto ah-gohs-toh
September septiembre sayp-tee-aim-bray
October octubre ohk-too-bray
November noviembre noh-bee-aim-bray
December diciembre dee-see-aim-bray
month el mes mais
first of [a month] el primero de [month] pree-mair-oh day _____
year el año ahn-yoh
decade la década deh-kah-dah
century el siglo see-gloh
millennium el milenio mee-leh-nee-oh
The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Alsonotice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of
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the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: elprimero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are alsoall masculine and not capitalized in writing.
¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date?
Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.
11. SEASONS
spring la primavera in spring en primavera
summer el verano in summer en verano
winter el invierno in winter en invierno
autumn el otoño in autumn en otoño
12. DIRECTIONS
to the right a la derecha
to the left a la izquierda
straightahead
todo derecho
north el norte northeast el noreste
south el sur northwest el noroeste
east el este southeast el sureste
west el oeste southwest el suroeste
13. COLORS & SHAPES
red rojo / roja circle el círculo
pink rosado / rosada square el cuadrado
orange anaranjado / anaranjada rectangle el rectángulo
yellow amarillo / amarilla triangle el triángulo
green verde oval el óvalo
blue azul cube el cubo
light blue celeste sphere la esfera
purple morado / morada cylinder el cilindro
violet violeta cone el cono
brown marrón octagon el octágono
black negro / negra box la caja
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gray gris pyramid la pirámide
white blanco / blanca
golden dorado / dorada dark oscuro / oscura
silver plateado / plateada light claro / clara
All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe andthey agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, youusually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simplyadd an -s.
a red house = una casa roja
14. TIME
¿Qué hora es? What time is it?
Es la una. It's one.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro... It's two/three/four...
Es mediodía. It's noon.
Es medianoche. It's midnight.
Son las cinco y cinco. It's 5:05
Son las ocho y cuarto. It's 8:15
Son las diez menos cuarto. It's 9:45
Son cuarto para las diez. It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)
Son las nueve menos diez. It's 8:50
Son diez para las nueve. It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)
Son las tres y media / treinta. It's 3:30
de la mañana in the morning / AM
de la tarde in the afternoon / PM
de la noche in the evening / PM
en punto exactly / sharp
¿A qué hora? At what time?
15. WEATHER
¿Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like?
Hace buen tiempo. The weather's nice.
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Hace mal tiempo. The weather's bad.
Hace frío. It's cold.
Hace calor. It's hot.
Hace sol. It's sunny.Hace viento. It's windy.
Hace fresco. It's chilly.
Está nublado. It's cloudy.
Hay niebla. It's foggy.
Hay neblina. It's misty.
Hay humedad. It's humid.
Hay granizo. It's hailing.
Llueve. It's raining.
Nieva. It's snowing.
Truena. It's thundering.
Llovizna. It's sprinkling.
16. PREPOSITIONS
a at, to al lado de beside, alongside of
con with alrededor de around
contra against cerca de near, close to
de of, from lejos de far from
en in, on delante de in front of
entre between, among debajo de below, under
hacia towards, about en frente de opposite
para for, in order, by detrás de behind
por for, through, along, via encima de above, on top of
sobre on, over hasta till, until
sin without desde from, since
There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles.A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.
Para often drops the second syllable in speech in the Caribbeanand some Latin American countries. In informal writing, it is usuallywritten as pa'
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17. FAMILY & ANIMALS
family la familia cousin (m) el primo
parents los padres cousin (f) la prima
husbandel marido / el
esposo cousins los primos
wifela mujer / la
esposa relatives los parientes
father / dad el padre / el papá stepfather el padastro
mother / momla madre / la
mamá stepmother la madrastra
son el hijo stepbrother el hermanastro
daughter la hija stepsister la hermanastra
children los hijos stepson el hijastro
brother el hermano stepdaughter la hijastra
sister la hermana godfather el padrino
brothers & sisters los hermanos godmother la madrina
only child (m) el hijo único baby el bebé
only child (f) la hija única teenager el adolescente
kid / boy el muchacho boy el niño
kid / girl la muchacha girl la niña
half-brother el medio hermano boys & girls los niños
half-sister la media hermana man el hombre
father-in-law el suegro woman la mujer
mother-in-law la suegra adult el adulto
brother-in-law el cuñado twins (m) los gemelos
sister-in-law la cuñada twins (f) las gemelas
son-in-law el yerno dog el perro
daughter-in-law la nuera cat el gato
grandfather el abuelo bird el pájaro
grandmother la abuela fish el pez
grandparents los abuelos gold fish la carpa dorada
grandson el nieto horse el caballo
granddaughter la nieta goat la cabra
grandchildren los nietos pig el cerdo
uncle el tío cow la vaca
aunt la tía rabbit el conejo
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aunts & uncles los tíos turtle la tortuga
nephew el sobrino mouse el ratón
niece la sobrina deer el ciervo
nieces & nephews los sobrinos duck el pato
18. TO DO / MAKE
hacer - to do or make
present past future
hago hice haré
haces hiciste harás
hace hizo hará
hacemos hicimos haremos
hacéis hicisteis haréis
hacen hicieron harán
19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make itplural: la casa → las casas
2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent,or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel → los papeles
3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es toform the plural: la luz → las luces
4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it inthe plural: el lápiz → los lápices
20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Initial Forms Terminal Forms
singular plural singular plural
my mi mis mío / mía míos / mías
your tu tus tuyo / tuya tuyos / tuyas
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your/his/her/its su sus suyo / suya suyos /suyas
our nuestro /
nuestra
nuestros /
nuestras
nuestro /
nuestra
nuestros /
nuestras
your vuestro /vuestra
vuestros / vuestras
vuestro /vuestra
vuestros /vuestras
your/their su sus suyo / suya suyos /suyas
Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as thevosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in
Spain).Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronounmay be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., deellos and de ellas.
los libros de ellos their books
The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must bepreceded by the definite article, except in direct address. Whenused with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc.
el libro mío my bookQué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son?un amigo mío a friend of mine
21. TO COME & TO GO
venir - to come
present past future
vengo vine vendré
vienes viniste vendrás
viene vino vendrá
venimos vinimos vendremos
venís vinisteis vendréis
vienen vinieron vendrán
ir - to go present past future
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voy fui iré
vas fuiste irás
va fue irá
vamos fuimos iremos vais fuisteis iréis
van fueron irán
Notice that the past tense of ir is the same as the past tense of ser .Context will indicate whether the meaning iswas/were or went .
You can also use ir to express to be going to + an infinitive. You just need to insert a between the conjugation of ir and the infinitive.
Voy a estudiar más. I'm going to study more.Vamos a empezar de nuevo. We're going to start again.
22. TO / IN AND FROM
to a
from de
in en
Remember to use the prepositional contractions (a + el = al and de+ el = del) when a noun with an article follows the preposition.
Vengo de los Estados Unidos. I come from the US.
23. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES
Africa el Africa Indonesia Indonesia
African africano/a Indonesian indonesio/a
Albania Albania Ireland la Irlanda
Albanian albano/a Irishman irlandés/esa
America la América Israel Israel
American americano/a Israeli israelí
Argentina la Argentina Hebrew hebreo/a
Argentine argentino/a Italy Italia
Asia el Asia (f) Italian italiano/a
Asian asiático/a Japan Japón Australia Australia Japanese japonés/esa
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Australian australiano/a Latvia Letonia
Austria el Austria (f) Latvian letón/ona
Austrian austríaco/a Lithuania Lituania
Belgium la Bélgica Lithuanian lituano/a
Belgian belga Luxembourg Luxemburgo
Bolivia la Bolivia Luxembourger luxemburgués/esa
Bolivian boliviano(a) Macedonia Macedonia
Bosnia la Bosnia Macedonian macedonio/a
Bosnian bosnio/a Malta Malta
Brazil el Brasil Maltese maltés/esa
Brazilian brasileño/a Mexico México
Bulgaria la Bulgaria Mexican mexicano/a
Bulgarian búlgaro/a Netherlands los Países Bajos
Canada Canadá Dutch holandés/esa
Canadian canadiense New Zealand Nueva Zelanda
China China New Zealander neozelandés/esa
Chinese chino/a Nicaragua Nicaragua
Chile la Chile Nicaraguan nicaragüense
Chilean chileno/a Norway Noruega
Colombia Colombia Norwegian noruego/a
Colombian colombiano/a Panama Panama
Costa Rica la Costa Rica Panamanian panameño/a
Costa Rican costarricense Paraguay Paraguay
Croatia la Croacia Paraguayan paraguayo/a
Croatian croata Peru Perú
Cuba la Cuba Peruvian peruano/a
Cuban cubano/a Poland la Polonia Czech Republic la República Checa Polish polaco/a
Czech checo/a Portugal Portugal
Denmark Dinamarca Portuguese portugués/esa
Danish danés/esa Romania Rumania
Dominican
RepublicRepública
Dominicana Romanian rumano/a
Dominican dominicano/a Russia Rusia
Ecuador Ecuador Russian ruso/a Ecuadorian ecuatoriano/a Scotland la Escocia
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Egypt Egipto Scottish escocés/esa
Egyptian egipcio/a Serbia Serbia
El Salvador El Salvador Serbian serbio/a
Salvadorean salvadoreño Slovakiala República
Eslovaca
England la Inglaterra Slovak eslovaco/a
English inglés/esa Slovenia Eslovenia
Estonia Estonia Slovene esloveno/a
Estonian estonio/a South Africa Sudáfrica
Europe la Europa South African sudafricano/a
European europeo/a Spain España
Finland Finlandia Spanish español/a
Finnish finlandés/esa Sweden Suecia
France Francia Swedish sueco/a
French francés/esa Switzerland la Suiza
Germany Alemania Swiss suizo/a
German alemán/ana Turkey la Turquía
Great Britain la Gran Bretaña Turk turco/a
British británico/a Ukraine Ucrania
Greece Grecia Ukrainian ucraniano/a
Greek griego/a United
KingdomReino Unido
Guatemala Guatemala United States Estados Unidos
Guatemalan guatemalteco/a Uruguay Uruguay
Honduras Honduras Uruguayan uruguayo/a
Honduran hondureño/a Venezuela Venezuela
Hungary Hungría Venezuelan venezolano/a
Hungarian húngaro/a Wales el país de Gales
Iceland Islandia Welsh galés/esa
Icelandic islandés/esa
India India
Indian indio/a
24. WORK & SCHOOL
accountant el contador musician el músico
actor / actress el actor / la actriz nurse el enfermero
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architect el arquitecto official / civil
servantel funcionario
author el autor optician el óptico
baker el panadero painter el pintor
banker el banquero pharmacist(chemist)
el químico
barber el barbero pharmacist el farmacéutico
bookseller el librero photographer el fotógrafo
businessman el comerciante pilot el piloto
butcher el carnicero plumber el fontanero
carpenter el carpintero policeman el agente de policía
computer
programmer el programador postman el cartero
cook el cocinero priest el cura
customer el cliente professor el profesor
dentist el dentista publisher el editor
doctor el médico / el
doctor salesman el vendedor
electrician el electricista scientist el científico
employee el empleado secretary la secretaria
engineer el ingeniero servant el criado firefighter el bombero shoemaker el zapatero
fisherman el pescador singer el cantante
gardener el jardinero soldier el soldado
grocer el dependiente student el estudiante
hair stylist el peluquero surgeon el cirujano
jeweler el joyero tailor el sastre
journalist el periodista teacher el profesor
judge el juez teacher (grade
school)el maestro
lawyer el abogado typist el mecanógrafo
librarian el bibliotecario waiter / server el camarero
mason el albañil watchmaker el relojero
mechanic el mecánico worker (blue-collar) el obrero
model el modelo writer el escritor
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conoces conociste conocerás
conoce conoció conocerá
conocemos conocimos conoceremos
conocéis conocisteis conoceréis conocen conocieron conocerán
saber - to know facts
present past future
sé supe sabré
sabes supiste sabrás
sabe supo sabrá
sabemos supimos sabremos
sabéis supisteis sabréis
saben supieron sabrán
26. COMMON WORDS
a lot mucho always siempre
very much muchísimo everyday todos los días
a little poco now ahora
very little muy poco usually usualmente
sometimes a veces there ahí
well bien over there allí
after después too bad demasiado malo
poorly mal
27. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS: PRESENTTENSE
Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated,it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters gives you thestem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing , while cant- is thestem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add theseendings to the stems:
-ar -er -i r
o o o
as es es
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a e e
amos emos imos
áis éis ís
an en en
Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here are some more regular verbs:
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
bailar to dance aprender to learn vivir to live
desear to want comer to eat escribir to write
escuchar to listen correr to run compartir to share
estudiar to study leer to read recibir to receive
hablar to speak vender to sell subir to go/come
up
practicar to practice beber to drink
tomar to take /
drink comprender to understand
viajar to travel
Conjugations of regular verbs:
hablar aprender vivi r
hablo aprendo vivo
hablas aprendes vives
habla aprende vive
hablamos aprendemos vivimos
habláis aprendéis vivís
hablan aprenden viven
To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.
No hablo bien el español. I don't speak Spanish well.
To indicate that something just happened, you can use acabar de + an infinitive. Acabar (to finish) is a regular verb.
Acaba de comer. He just ate.
29. VOWEL CHANGES IN PRESENT TENSE
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Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all formsexcept first and second person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to ie, and o of thelast syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while
verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first andsecond plural.
e to ie o to ue e to i ui to uy
pensar - to think
querer - to want, like,
love
cerrar - to close
comenzar - to begin
despertar - to awaken
empezar - to begin
entender - tounderstand
perder - to lose
preferir - to prefer
sentar - to seat
sentir - to regret, feel
contar - to count
poder - to be able
costar - to cost
dormir - to sleep
encontrar - to find,
meet
jugar - to play
morir - to diemostrar - to show
volar - to fly
volver - to return
pedir - to ask
(for)
repetir - to
repeat
seguir - to
follow
servir - to serve
vestir - to dress
construir - to
build
pensar contar pedir construir
pienso cuento pido construyo
piensas cuentas pides construyes
piensa cuenta pide construye
pensamos contamos pedimos construimos
pensáis contáis pedís construís
piensan cuentan piden construyen
A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. Therest of the forms tend to follow the regular pattern:
traer to carry traigo I carrysalir to go out salgo I go out
hacer to do hago I do
saber to know sé I know
dar to give doy I give
ver to see veo I see
tener to have tengo I have
poner to put pongo I put
decir to say digo I sayvaler to be worth valgo I am worth
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remember asleep
acostarse - to goto bed
irse - to goaway/leave
atreverse - to dare levantarse - toget/stand up
bañarse - to takea bath
sentarse - to sitdown
casarse - to getmarried
quedarse - tostay/remain
despertarse - towake up
quejarse - tocomplain
desvestirse - toget undressed vestirse - to getdressed
The reflexive pronouns are me, te, se, nos, os and se and they areplaced before the conjugated verb:
me acuerdo I remember
te acuerdas you remember
se acuerda he/she/you
remember
nos acordamos we remember
os acordáis you remember
se acuerdan they/you
remember
However, when the reflexive verb is in the infinitive and used withanother verb, the reflexive pronoun must still agree with the subjectof the conjugated verb. It is either attached to the end of the
reflexive verb or placed before the conjugated verb:Vamos a casarnos. / Nos vamos a casar. We're going to getmarried.Tengo que irme. / Me tengo que ir. I have to go.Puede quedarse contigo? / Se puede quedar contigo? Can hestay with you?
The verb contarse is used colloquially to ask how's it going (withyou)? ¿Qué te cuentas ?
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30. PERSONAL A
When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it ispreceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the objectthough. Thepronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) requirea as well, when used as the directobject.
Veo a Juan. I see John.Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.
Veo a alguien. I see somebody.
31. PRETERITE TENSE
The preterite tense expresses an action in the past and is alsocalled the simple past in English. It is used to describe events thathave completely finished and are not still happening or that do notindicate repeated actions. It is formed by adding these endings tothe verb stem:
-ar -er / -ir
-é -í
-aste -iste
-ó -ió
-amos -imos
-asteis -isteis
-aron -ieron
Conjugations of regular verbs in the preterite:
hablar aprender vivi r
hablé aprendí viví
hablaste aprendiste viviste
habló aprendió vivió
hablamos aprendimos vivimos
hablasteis aprendisteis vivisteis
hablaron aprendieron vivieron
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Notice that the nosotros forms of -ar and -ir verbs are the same inthe present and preterite tenses.
Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years.Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children.Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit?
32. IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE
A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense:
caber - to fit
cupecupiste
cupo
cupimos
cupisteis
cupieron
caer - to fall
caí caíste
cayó
caímos
caísteis
cayeron
conducir - to drive
condujecondujiste
condujo
condujimos
condujisteis
condujeron
dar - to give
di
diste
dio
dimosdisteis
dieron
decir - to say / tell
dije
dijiste
dijo
dijimosdijisteis
dijeron
estar - to be
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimosestuvisteis
estuvieron
haber - to have
hube
hubiste
hubo
hubimos
hubisteis
hubieron
hacer - to do / make
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteis
hicieron
ir - to go / ser - to be
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
oír - to hear oí
oíste
oyó
oímos
oísteis
oyeron
poder - to be able to /can
pude
pudiste
pudo
pudimos
pudisteis
pudieron
poner - to put / placepuse
pusiste
puso
pusimos
pusisteis
pusieron
querer - to want
quise
quisiste
quisoquisimos
saber - to know facts
supe
supiste
suposupimos
tener - to have
tuve
tuviste
tuvotuvimos
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quisisteis
quisieron
supisteis
supieron
tuvisteis
tuvieron
traer - to carry
traje
trajiste
trajo
trajimos
trajisteis
trajeron
venir - to come
vine
viniste
vino
vinimos
vinisteis
vinieron
ver - to see
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make themeaning clear.
33. IMPERFECT TENSE The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express anaction as going on in the past, as repeated or habitual, or totranslate the English "used to + infinitive." It is also used withmental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The imperfecttends to be used more often than the preterite with these verbs:querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber.
The imperfect is formed by adding these endings to the infinitivestem:
-ar -er / -ir
-aba -ía
-abas -ías
-aba -ía
-ábamos -íamos
-abais -íais
-aban -ían
Regular imperfect tense conjugations:
estar - to be tener - tohave
decir - tosay / tell
estaba tenía decía
estabas tenías decías
estaba tenía decía
estábamos teníamos decíamos
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estabais teníais decíais
estaban tenían decían
Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain.Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad.El vendía radios. He was selling radios.
Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
ser - to be ir - to go ver - to see
era iba
veía
eras ibas veías
era iba veía
éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veían
You can use ir in the imperfect tense to express "was/were going to+ infinitive" similar to its use in the present tense:
Iba a decir "no." I was going to say "no."
34. FOOD AND MEALS
bacon el tocino salad la ensalada
beef la carne de vaca salami el salchichón
beer la cerveza salt la sal
beverage la bebida sandwich el bocadillo
biscuit el bizcocho sauce la salsa
bread el pan sausage la salchicha
breakfast el desayuno soft drinkel refrescogaseoso
butter la mantequilla soup la sopa
cake la torta sour cream la crema agria
candy los dulces steak el bistec
cheese el queso stew el guisado
chicken el pollo sugar el azúcar
chocolate el chupete supper la cena
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chop la chuleta tea (iced) el té (helado)
coffee el café toast las tostadas
cookie la galleta turkey el pavo
cottagecheese el requesón veal la ternera
cotton candyel algodón deazúcar
vegetable la legumbre
cream la crema vinegar el vinagre
custard las natillas water el agua
dessert el postrewhippedcream
la nata montada
dinner la comida wine el vino
duck el pato yogurt el yogur
egg el huevo bag la bolsa
fat la grasa bowl el tázon
flour la harina bottle la botella
fried eggs los huevos fritos box la caja
goose el ganso can la lata
ham el jamón can opener abrelatas
hamburger la hamburguesa carton el tetrabrik
honey la miel chopsticks los palillos
hot dog el perro caliente coffee pot la cafetera
ice el hielo colander el colador
ice cream el helado corkscrew el sacacorchos
jam la jalea cup la taza
juice el jugo / el zumo dish el plato
lamb el cordero fork el tenedor lobster la langosta frying pan la sartén
lollipop el chupete glass el vaso
lunch el almuerzo jar el tarro
meal la comida jug la jarra
meat la carne kettle la caldera
milk la leche knife el cuchillo
milkshake la malteada lid la tapa
mustard la mostaza napkin la servilleta
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muttonla carne decarnero
plate el plato
oil el aceite saucer el platillo
omelet la tortilla saucepan
la cacerola / el
cazo
pepper la pimienta spoon la cuchara
pie el pastel spray can el spray
pork el cerdo table la mesa
rice el arroz tablecloth el mantel
roast el asado teapot la tetera
roll el panecillo tube el tubo
El zumo is used in Spain to refer to fruit juice, while el jugo onlyrefers to juice from meat. In Latin America, el jugorefers to fruit
juice.
35. GUSTAR
Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means toplease and takes an indirect object, so the construction of thesentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only beconjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is
agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.
Me gusta(n) I like Nos gusta(n) we like
Te gusta(n) you like Os gusta(n) you like
Le gusta(n) you/he/she likes Les gusta(n) you/they like
Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan isused with plural nouns. It is also possible to add a + pronoun toemphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. These pronounsare the same as the suject pronouns except a mí and a ti.
Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me arepleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.)A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house.No me gusta. I don't like it.Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.
36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES
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almond la almendra barley la cebada
apple la manzana beans los frijoles / las judías
apricot el albaricoque beet la remolacha
avocado el aguacate broccoli el brócoli
banana el plátano / el cambur cabbage la col
berry la baya carrot la zanahoria
blackberry la zarzamora cauliflower la coliflor
blueberry el arándano celery el apio
cherry la cereza chives la cebollana
chestnut la castaña corn el maíz
coconut el coco cucumber el pepino
currant la grosella eggplant la berenjena
date el dátil garlic el ajo
fig il higo green bean la habichuela
fruit la fruta herbs le hierba
grapefruit el pomelo horse-radish el rabano picante
grapes la uva leek el puerro
hazelnut la avellana lentil la lenteja
kiwi el kiwi lettuce la lechuga
lemon el limón mint la menta
lime la lima mushroom el hongo / la seta
lychee el lichi oats la avena
mango el mango onion la cebolla
melon el melón parsley el perejil
olive la aceituna pea el guisante
orange la naranja pepper el pimiento
papaya la papaya potato la papa / la patata peach el melocotón pumpkin la calabaza
pear la pera radish el rábano
pineapple la piña rhubarb el ruibarbo
plum la ciruela rice el arroz
prune la ciruela pasa rye el centeno
raisin la uva pasa sage la salvia
raspberry la frambuesa seed la semilla
starfruit la carambola spinach la espinaca
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strawberry la fresa sweet potato el camote / la batata
walnut la nuez tomato el tomate
watermelon la sandía turnip el nabo
artichoke la alcachofa wheat el trigo
asparagus el espárrago zucchini el calabacín
Los frijoles, la papa, and el hongo are used in Latin America,whereas las judías, la patata, and la seta are used in Spain. Elchampiñón is also used everywhere for a round, whitemushroom. La callampa is only used in Chile for mushroom.
El cambur is used in Venezuela, where el plátano means plantaininstead of banana.
El camote is mostly used in Mexico and the Andes.
37. TO TAKE OR DRINK
tomar - to take / drink
present preterite future
tomo tomé tomaré
tomas tomaste tomarás
toma tomó tomará
tomamos tomamos tomaremos
tomáis tomasteis tomaréis
toman tomaron tomarán
When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico,tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain,tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to have a
drink and tomar un café - to have a coffee.
38. COMMANDS / IMPERATIVE
To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tenseconjugation for the tú form and change the final -r of the infinitive to-d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms.(More about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros formwhen you mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the
present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only forms
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that differ between affirmative and negative commands are tú andvosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the followingchanges in commands as well: c becomes qu, g becomes gu, andz becomes c.
Affirmative Negative
-ar -er or -i r -ar -er or -ir
tú -a -e -es -as
Usted -e -a -e -a
nosotros -emos -amos -emos -amos
vosotros -ad -ed / -id -éis -áis
Ustedes -en -an -en -an
¡Habla! = Speak! (tú form)¡Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form)¡No comáis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form)¡Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)¡Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form)¡No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)
There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only
irregular for the tú form. The rest of the commands follow thepattern above.
infinitive tú form
decir
hacer
ir
poner
salir
ser
tener
venir
di
haz
ve
pon
sal
sé
tenven
There are several irregular stems that appear in the presentsubjunctive, and therefore in the imperative.
infinitive imperative stem
dar d-
decir dig-
estar est-
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haber hay-
hacer hag-
ir vay-
poder pued- poner pong-
querer quier-
saber sep-
salir salg-
ser se-
tener teng-
traer traig-
venir veng-
39. MORE NEGATIVES
To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, theymust follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word order iseither no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca meansever when it follows a comparative; jamás means ever when itfollows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same thingas no + verb + más (no more, no longer).
más no more, no longer
nada nothing, (not) anything
nadie nobody, (not) anybody
ninguno (a) no, none
tampoco neither, either
ni nor
ni...ni neither... nor
ni siquiera not even
nunca, jamás never, ever
No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance.No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.
40. HOLIDAY PHRASES
Feliz Navidad Merry Christmas
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Feliz Año Nuevo Happy New Year
Feliz Cumpleaños Happy Birthday
Feliz Pascua Happy Easter
Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real
There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completelyinstrumental.
Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Gritode Guerra
by Francisco González Bocanegra
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridón;y retiemble en sus centros latierra Al sonoro rugir del cañón.
Ciña ¡oh patria! tus sienes deolivaDe la Paz el arcángel divino,Que en el cielo tu eternodestinoPor el dedo de Dios se
escribió.Mas si osare un extrañoenemigoProfanar con su planta tusuelo,Piensa ¡oh patria querida!que el cieloUn soldado en cada hijo tedio.
¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua alque intenteDe la patria manchar losblasones!¡Guerra, guerra! Los patriospendonesEn las olas de sangreempapad.¡Guerra, guerra! En elmonte, en el valleLos cañones horrísonostruenen
Y los ecos sonoros resuenenCon las voces de ¡Unión!
Mexicans, at the cry of battlelend your swords and bridle;and let the earth tremble at its center upon the roar of the cannon.
Your forehead shall be girded, ohfatherland, with olive garlandsby the divine archangel of peace,For in heaven your eternal destinyhas been written by the hand of God.But should a foreign enemyProfane your land with his sole,
Think, beloved fatherland, that heavengave you a soldier in each son.
War, war without truce against who wouldattemptto blemish the honor of the fatherland!War, war! The patriotic bannerssaturate in waves of blood.War, war! On the mount, in the valeThe terrifying cannon thunder and the echoes nobly resound
to the cries of union! liberty!Fatherland, before your children becomeunarmedBeneath the yoke their necks in sway,May your countryside be watered withblood,On blood their feet trample. And may your temples, palaces and towerscrumble in horrid crash,and their ruins exist saying:The fatherland was made of one thousand
heroes here.
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¡Libertad!
Antes, patria, que inermestus hijosBajo el yugo su cuello
dobleguen,Tus campiñas con sangre serieguen,Sobre sangre se estampe supie.Y tus templos, palacios ytorresSe derrumben con hórridoestruendo,Y sus ruinas existandiciendo:
De mil héroes la patria aquífue.
¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juranExhalar en tus aras sualiento,Si el clarín con su bélicoacentoLos convoca a lidiar convalor.¡Para ti las guirnaldas deoliva!¡Un recuerdo para ellos degloria!¡Un laurel para ti de victoria!¡Un sepulcro para ellos dehonor!
Mexicanos, al grito de guerraEl acero aprestad y el bridón,y retiemble en sus centros latierra
Al sonoro rugir del cañón.
Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear to exhale their breath in your cause,If the bugle in its belligerent toneshould call upon them to struggle withbravery.
For you the olive garlands!For them a memory of glory!For you a laurel of victory!For them a tomb of honor!
Mexicans, at the cry of battlelend your swords and bridle;and let the earth tremble at its center upon the roar of the cannon.
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