sport psychology part i commitment communication concentration bryan mccann lecturer in sport and...
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Sport Psychology Part ISport Psychology Part I
CommitmentCommitmentCommunication Communication
ConcentrationConcentration
Bryan McCann
Lecturer in Sport and Exercise ScienceRobert Gordon University
Trainee Sport and Exercise Psychologist
Session OverviewSession Overview
Introduction
Part 1 – Commitment
Break
Part 2 – Communication
Break
Part 3 – Concentration
Summary, Q&A, homework!
Aims for SessionAims for Session
Application of theory
Sharing knowledge and experience
Increasing coach efficacy
Ground RulesGround Rules
Interactive session
Confidentiality
Questions?
Fun!
About me!About me!
BSc (Hons) Psychology – Glasgow Caledonian University
MSc Sport and Exercise Psychology – Bangor University
Trainee Sport and Exercise Psychologist – BPS Chartered Status
4 years experience working with athletes
Sport Psychology ExperienceSport Psychology Experience
Support for athletes◦Olympic and international skiers◦International and national table tennis players◦International and national swimmers◦International rugby player◦National hockey player◦Youth football players◦Youth football academy
Lecturing and research
About YouAbout You
What makes a great athlete?What makes a great athlete?
Performance ProfilingPerformance Profiling
Physical Psychological Attitudinal Technical
Flexibility Imagery Motivated Basic technique
Balance Self Talk Confident Arm movement
Fitness Focus Control Landing position
Performance ProfilingPerformance Profiling
Quality Definition
Fitness Aerobic/anaerobic
Imagery Uses imagery to improve performance
Confidence Secure in own ability
Motivation Determined to succeed in spite of failure
Basic Technique Perfect core techniques for sport
Performance ProfilingPerformance Profiling
Performance ProfilingPerformance Profiling
Quality Ideal Level (1-10) Actual Level (1-10)
Fitness 10 7
Imagery 9 4
Confidence 10 8
Motivation 10 4
Basic Technique 9 9
Sport PsychologySport Psychology
Application of psychology to sport to assist athletes in:◦Overcoming issues (e.g., injury)◦General performance improvement
Topics include◦Confidence, motivation, anxiety,
communication, control, concentration, coach-athlete relationships, team cohesion, injury rehabilitation, etc
The Sport PsychologistThe Sport Psychologist
One-to-one support
Group delivery◦During sessions◦Dedicated workshops
Through coaches
Case StudiesCase StudiesEach person select athlete they know. Note the following
•Age
•Competition level
•Strengths
•Weaknesses
•Particular issue(s) experienced in the past
•Action taken regarding issue
Harwood (2008) – Coaching Harwood (2008) – Coaching Behaviour DirectivesBehaviour Directives
1. Intentionally promote psychological skill same as physical skill
2. Increase awareness of skill by illustrating good and bad examples
3. Emphasise value of possessing skill
4. Role model skill and employ role model examples
5. Structure sessions so as to train skill
6. Publicly reinforce demonstrations of skill
7. Employ peer reinforcement of skill
8. Review presence of skill
CommitmentWhat does this mean??
CommitmentCommitment
Motivated behaviours◦Physical effort regardless of scoreline◦Persistent involvement in the game◦Elevated levels of effort◦Non-avoidance of difficult skills◦Persistence after failure
Motivation (Commitment)Motivation (Commitment)
Definition:
“The intensity and direction of one’s effort” (Sage, 1977)
Direction – whether a person seeks out, approaches or is attracted to certain situations
Intensity – the amount of effort someone puts in to a certain situation
Motivation (commitment)Motivation (commitment)
Key topics:Achievement motivation
◦Attribution theory
◦Achievement goal theory
Self-determination theory
Punishments and rewards
Flow
Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation
Achievement motivation is a person’s orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill, 2000).
Competitiveness is a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others (Martens, 1986).
Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation
Achievement motivation: Self-comparison of achievement.
Competitiveness: Social evaluation or comparison.
Achievement motivation influences:◦Choice of activities ◦Effort in pursuing goals ◦Intensity of effort◦Persistence in face of failure
Attribution Theory Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1985, 1986)(Weiner, 1985, 1986)
Group discussion:
◦What factors do your athletes cite as being the reasons for their success and/or failures?
Attribution Theory Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1985, 1986)(Weiner, 1985, 1986)
Focuses on how people explain successes and failures
Suggests that all reasons can be classified into a few categories:◦Stability◦Locus of causality◦Locus of control
Attribution Theory Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1985, 1986)(Weiner, 1985, 1986)
Attribution Theory Attribution Theory (Weiner, 1985, 1986)(Weiner, 1985, 1986)
Achievement Goal TheoryAchievement Goal Theory(Nicholls, 1984)(Nicholls, 1984)
Goal Orientation
Task-orientated◦Focus on improving relative to her previous
performances. Perceived ability not based on comparison with others (e.g., PB)
Ego-Orientated (Outcome orientated)◦Success is dependent on performing better
than others, Perceptions of competence are based on reference to others (e.g., winning)
Achievement Goal Theory (Cont.)Achievement Goal Theory (Cont.)
Goal Involvement
Ego involvement◦Situations which induce a state of social
evaluation, accompanied by feelings of anxiety
Task involvement◦Situations which do not induce a state of social
evaluation, accompanied by low feelings of anxiety
Achievement Goal Theory (Cont.)Achievement Goal Theory (Cont.)
Motivational Climate
Mastery climate – athletes receive positive reinforcement when they◦ Work hard◦ Demonstrate improvement◦ Help others through cooperation◦ Believe each players contribution is important
Competitive climate – athletes perceive that ◦ Poor performances and mistakes will be punished◦ High-ability athletes will receive most attention and recognition◦ Competition between team members is encouraged
Achievement Goal Theory (Cont.)Achievement Goal Theory (Cont.)
Goal Orientation(Personality trait)
Goal Involvement(Psychological state)
Motivational Climate(Environment)
1. Task or mastery orientation
a) Effort importantb) Mastery important
1. Task or Mastery Involvement
a) Athlete works hardb) Athlete strives for
mastery
1. Mastery climatea) Effort rewardedb) Cooperation
emphasised
2. Ego or competitive orientationa)Social comparisons importantb)Winning important
2. Ego or competitive involvementa)Athlete defines ability as winningb)Athlete strives to win
2. Competitive climatea)Mistakes punishedb)Competition encouraged
Group DiscussionGroup Discussion
Do you have athletes who are task or ego orientated, and how does this manifest itself?
Do you have athletes who exhibit task or ego involvement in certain situations?
Would you describe your coaching sessions as having a task of ego climate?
Self-Determination TheorySelf-Determination Theory(Ryan & Deci, 2000)(Ryan & Deci, 2000)
Focuses on three basic psychological needs◦ Autonomy◦ Competence◦ Relatedness
“...people are inherently motivated to feel connected to others within a social milieu (relatedness), to function effectively in that milieu (competence), and to feel a sense of personal initiative in doing so (autonomy)”(Deci & Ryan, 1994, p7)
Self-Determination Theory (cont.)Self-Determination Theory (cont.)
Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation
• Pleasure• Fun• Skill learning• Skill improvement• Challenge • Excitement• Etc.
• Social approval• Social status• Rewards• Winning• Beating others• Trophies• Etc.
Self-Determination Theory (cont)Self-Determination Theory (cont)
Intrinsic Motivation
Self-Determination Theory (cont)Self-Determination Theory (cont)
Extrinsic Motivation
Self-Determination Theory (cont.)Self-Determination Theory (cont.)
SDT – Basic Psychological NeedsSDT – Basic Psychological Needs
Competence◦The need to feel confident in one’s ability to carry
out skills
Autonomy◦The need to be in control of oneself and one’s
destiny
Relatedness◦The need to relate to other people, to care for
others and have others care for you
Basic Psychological NeedsBasic Psychological Needs
How do you currently promote:◦Competence◦Autonomy ◦Relatedness
Basic Psychological NeedsBasic Psychological Needs
Competence:◦Goal setting◦Mastery climate
Relatedness◦Peer support ◦Coach-athlete relationship
Basic Psychological NeedsBasic Psychological Needs
Autonomy (Cox, 2012)
◦ Provide athletes with boundaries and choices
◦ Provide a rationale for training tasks
◦ Acknowledge and respect athletes’ perspectives and feelings
◦ Provide opportunities for independent work and taking initiative
◦ Provide feedback about competence that does not control or constrain behaviour
◦ Avoid conscious bullying
◦ Encourage a mastery approach to learning and discourage social comparison
Punishments and RewardsDiscuss existing use of punishments and rewards
Guidelines for reinforcementsGuidelines for reinforcements
Choose effective reinforcers◦ Social◦ Material◦ Activity◦ Special outings
Schedule reinforcements effectively
Reward appropriate behaviours◦ Successful approximations◦ Performance, not just outcomes◦ Effort◦ Emotional and social skills
Guidelines for punishmentsGuidelines for punishments(if they need to be used!)(if they need to be used!)
Consistency Punish behaviour, not person Allow athlete input into punishments Do not use physical activity as a punishment Make punishment not a reward Don’t shout or yell, just inform Do not punish whilst playing Don’t embarrass Use sparingly, but enforce Don’t punish others for a teammates mistake Make sure athletes understand reason for punishment
Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation
Controlling aspect of rewardsControlling aspect of rewards
Controlling aspect of rewardsControlling aspect of rewards
Informational aspect of rewardInformational aspect of reward
Informational aspect of rewardInformational aspect of reward
Creating a Positive Motivational Creating a Positive Motivational ClimateClimate
TARGET acronym (Epstein, 1989; Treasure & Roberts, 1995)
◦Tasks – focus on learning and task involvement◦Authority – allow athletes to participate in decision
making◦Reward – Reward improvement, not social
comparison◦Grouping – Create cooperative learning climates
within groups◦Evaluation – focus these on personal improvement◦Timing – use proper timing for all these conditions
What will you do?What will you do?
How will you...?How will you...?
1. Intentionally promote psychological skill same as physical skill
2. Increase awareness of skill by illustrating good and bad examples
3. Emphasise value of possessing skill
4. Role model skill and employ role model examples
5. Structure sessions so as to train skill
6. Publicly reinforce demonstrations of skill
7. Employ peer reinforcement of skill
8. Review presence of skill
Communication“Actions speak louder than words...”
The Communication ProcessThe Communication Process
Can you identify the 5 steps of communication?1. Decision to send information about something2. Encoding of information by sender3. Channel through which information is
transmitted4. Decoding of message by receiver5. Internal response by receiver to message
Communication TaskCommunication Task
Coach-team CommunicationsCoach-team Communications
Impart
Inspire
Monitor progress team is making
Clarify
Reinforce
Athlete-Athlete communicationAthlete-Athlete communication
Make sure everyone is pulling in same direction
Strategies for improving team harmonyEncourage listening to othersDevelop receiving and giving of feedbackIncrease tolerance of othersAvoid backstabbing and gossipingKeep confrontations privateConflict manage if it cannot be resolved
Coach-Athlete RelationshipCoach-Athlete Relationship
Understand one another Use comfortable communication style Be open, honest, sincere, genuine and consistent Convey rationales for expectations Focus on being positive – role model Work on non-verbal communication Develop empathy skills Reduce uncertainty Recognise importance of managing own emotions Demonstrate open door policy Set aside time to meet with athletes
Coach-Athlete Relationship Coach-Athlete Relationship (Jowett, 2006)(Jowett, 2006)
Three interpersonal constructs of coach-athlete dyad:◦Closeness
Mutual respect, common beliefs, trust, love◦Commitment
Dedication, sacrifice, satisfaction◦Complimentarity
How the coach and athlete complement each other’s strengths in terms of roles, tasks and ability to adapt
Coach-Athlete Relationship Coach-Athlete Relationship (Jowett, 2006)(Jowett, 2006)
Co-orientation◦The degree to which the coach and athlete
agree on the 3 manifestations of the coach-athlete dyad
Mastery-motivational climate and intrinsic motivation linked with co-orientation
Coach-Athlete Relationship Coach-Athlete Relationship (Jowett, 2006)(Jowett, 2006)
What can you do to increase perceptions of the following with an athlete:◦Closeness◦Commitment◦Complimentarity
How will you...?How will you...?
1. Intentionally promote psychological skill same as physical skill
2. Increase awareness of skill by illustrating good and bad examples
3. Emphasise value of possessing skill
4. Role model skill and employ role model examples
5. Structure sessions so as to train skill
6. Publicly reinforce demonstrations of skill
7. Employ peer reinforcement of skill
8. Review presence of skill
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