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Introduction
Types of Crops
The crops are of the following types depending upon the season in which they
are grown:
A. Kharif
B. Rabi
Kharif Crops
• The crops which are grown in the monsoon season in the month of June-September
are known as Kharif crops. For eg., maize, millet, and cotton.
• The seeds are sown at the beginning of monsoon season and harvested at the end of
the monsoon season, usually in the month of October-November.
• Such crops require a lot of water and hot weather for proper growth.
Rabi Crops
The name “Rabi” means “spring” – a word derived from Arabic.
The crops that are grown in the winter season and harvested in the spring, i.e., from
the month of October to March are called Rabi crops.
Wheat, gram, and mustard are some of the Rabi crops.
Various agricultural practices are carried out to produce new crop varieties.
Such crops require a warm climate for the germination and maturation of seeds.
They, however, require a cold climate for their growth.
Cash Crops
A cash crop is the one that is cultivated to be sold in the market to earn profits from
the sale.
Most of the crops grown today worldwide are cash crops cultivated for selling in the
national and international markets.
Examples - Coffee, cocoa, tea, sugarcane, cotton, and spices
Tobacco
India is the 2nd largest producer and exporter after China and Brazil respectively.
Leading Tobacco Producing States –
Gujarat
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka
West Bengal
Tobacco is a cash crop, a cash crop is the one that is cultivated to be sold in the market
to earn profits from the sale.
Tobacco is a tropical crop in origin but it is grown in subtropical and temperate regions
of the world.
Normally, it requires about 100 to 120 days, frost-free climate with an average
temperature of 20 °C to 30 °C between transplanting and harvesting
Gram
Gram is a Rabi Crop.
Rabi crops are known as winter crops. They are grown in the month of
October or November. The crops are then harvested in spring. These crops
require frequent irrigation because these are grown in dry areas
Soil - For cultivation of gram, loam or heavy loam, maar and
pandua soil in which proper arrangement for water drainage is
available are suitable.
Leading Gram Producing States –
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Karnataka
Varities of Grams In India
1. Green Gram Beans, Spilt Green Gram and split and skinned
green gram (Mung or Moong)
2. Black Eyed Beans (Chawli or Lobia)
Pulses
Pulses: India is the largest consumer and producer of pulses in the
world. Pulses can survive even in dry conditions. These are
leguminous crops and help in improving soil fertility by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen.
Pulses – Rabi Crops
Leading Pulses Producing States –
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka
Rice
Rice is Kharif Crop.
Kharif crops are the crops that are grown at the end of monsoon or at
the beginning of the winter season.
Geographical Indications
Wayanad Jeerakasala Rice, Wayanad Gandhakasala Rice, Kaipad Rice,
Navara Rice, Palakkadan Matta Rice, Pokkali Rice(Kerala)
Kalanamak Rice (Uttar Pradesh)
Joha Rice of Assam
Ajara Ghansal Rice, Ambemohar Rice (Maharashtra)
Tulaipanji Rice, Gobindabhog Rice (West Bengal)
Chak-Hao (Black Rice) (Manipur)
Katarni Rice (Bihar)
Leading Rice Producing States
West Bengal
Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Sugarcane
Cash crop – sugarcane
Sugarcane, which is the primary source of sugar, khandsari and gur in India,
belongs to the bamboo family and is indigenously grown in the country
It needs hot and humid climate with average temperature between 21° to
27°Cand rainfall varying from 75 to 150 cm.
Soils - Sugarcane can grow is a variety of soils including black cotton soils,
loams, brown or reddish loams, clayey loams and even laterites. It can, in fact,
tolerate any kind of soil that retains moisture. However, deep rich loamy soil is
ideal for it to thrive and grow.
Major Sugarcane Producing States
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Jowar (Sorghum)
It is Kharif Crop
Sorghum plants are very hardy and can withstand high temperature and
drought.
It may be successfully grown under atmospheric temperature ranging
between 15 0C to 40 0C and annual rainfall ranging from 400 to 1000 mm.
Sorghum is grown on a variety of soil types
but the clayey loam soil rich in humus is
found to be the most ideal soil.
Major Jowar Producing States
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Geographical Indications - Mangalwedha Jowar (Maharashtra)
Tur (Arhar)
Tur – Rabi Crop
Pigeon pea is predominantly a crop of tropical areas mainly cultivated in semi arid
regions of India.
Pigeonpea can be grown with a temperature ranging from 260C to 300C in the rainy
season (June to October) and 170C to 220C in the post rainy (November to March) season
It is successfully grown in black cotton soils, well drained with a p H ranging from 7.0 -
8.5
Major Tur Producing States
Maharashtra
Madhya Pradesh
Karnataka
Gujarat
Geographical Indications - Navapur Tur Dal (Maharashtra), Gulbarga Tur
Dal(Karnataka)
Cotton
It is a Kharif Crop and cash crop of India
Cotton, a semi-xerophyte, is grown in tropical & sub tropical conditions. A
minimum temperature of 15 degree C is required for better germination at
field conditions
Cotton is grown on a variety of soils ranging from well drained deep alluvial
soils in the north to black clayey soils of varying depth in central region and in
black and mixed black and red soils in south zone.
Cotton is semi-tolerant to salinity and sensitive to water logging and thus
prefers well drained soils.
Major Cotton Producing States
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Telangana
Andhra Pradesh
Rapeseed/Toria and mustard are the third most important edible oilseed
crops of the world after soybean and oil palm.
Require cool and dry weather and a fair supply of soil moisture during the
growing period and a dry clear weather at the time of maturity.
Rapeseed and Mustard
In India they are grown in Rabi season from September-October to
February-March.
Soil - Sandy loam to clay loam soils but thrive best on light loam soils.
Do not tolerate water logging conditions or heavy soils Soil having neutral
pH is ideal for their proper growth and development.
Major Rapeseed and Mustard
Producing States
Rajasthan
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Wheat
It is the most important cereal crop in the north and north-western parts of
the country.
It is a rabi crop that requires 50-75 cm of annual rainfall.
Soil - Wheat is grown in a variety of soils of India.
Soils with a clay loam or loam texture, good structure and moderate water
holding capacity are ideal for wheat cultivation.
Major Wheat Producing States
Uttar Pradesh
Punjab
Madhya Pradesh
Haryana
Rajasthan
Geographical Indication - Bhalia Wheat (Gujarat)
Sunflower
Safflower is a cool (rabi) season crop. The optimum temperature for
germination is about 15.5oC.
Safflower requires fairly deep, moisture retentive and well drained soils.
The crop is fairly tolerant to saline condition and grows well under residual
moisture in paddy fallows.
Major Sunflower Producing States
Karnataka
Bihar
Odisha
Tamil Nadu
Lentil (Masur)
In India, its mostly consumed as ‘Dal’ by removal of outer skin and
separation of cotyledons. It is a Rabi Crop
Lentil requires cold climate. It is very hardy and can tolerate frost and
severe winter to a great extent.
It require cold temperature during its vegetative growth and warm temperature at the
time of maturity. The optimum temperature for growth is 18-300 C
Well drained, loam soils with neutral reaction are best for lentil cultivation. Acidic soils
are not fit for growing lentil..
Recommended sowing time for Rainfed : First fortnight of October in Central and South
India and second fortnight of October in North India;
Major Masur Producing States
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
West Bengal
Bihar
Jharkhand
Groundnut
Major Groundnut Producing States
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Bajra
Agro climatic requirement for bajra cultivation: Bajra grows well in dry and
warm climatic conditions and its drought tolerant crop which requires low
annual rainfall ranging between 40 cm to 60 cm.
Ideal temperature for bajra cultivation is between
20ᵒ to 30ᵒc
Moist weather is advantageous during its vegetative growth. In North India,
bajra is grown as kharif crop and in some southern parts is grown as summer
crop providing irrigation.
Soil - Bajra can be grown in wide range of soil. However, it thrives best in
black cotton soils, sandy laom soils having well drainage.
Major Bajra Producing States
Rajasthan
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Soyabean
Soyabean is considered one of the most stable kharif crops of India.
The temperature ranging from 26.5 to 30°C is considered favorable for most of
the soyabean varieties
Best season to grow soybean: – Best season to plant soybean from 3rd week of June of
mid of July.
Soil - Soybean requires well drained and fertile loamy soils with a ph range between 6.0
and 7.5 are most favorable for its cultivation.
Major Soyabean Producing States
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Coconut
Climatic condition for coconut farming: – The coconut palm is found to grow under
varying climatic conditions.
It is essentially a tropical plant.
However, a rainfall of about 2000 mm per year, well distributed throughout, is ideal
for proper growth and maximum production.
Coconut is grown under different soil types such as loamy, late rite, coastal
sandy, alluvial, clayey and reclaimed soils of the marshy low lands.
Major Coconut Producing States
Kerala
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Geographical Indication - Eathomozhy Tall Coconut (Tamil Nadu)
Cashewnut
Soil and climate
It grows up well in all soils. Red sandy loam is best suited. Plains as well as hill slopes
upto 600 - 700 feet elevation are suitable.
Season
June – December is optimum for cultivation.
Major Cashewnut Producing States
A. Maharashtra
B. Andhra Pradesh
C. Odisha
D. Karnataka
Geographical Indication - Vengurla Cashew (Maharashtra)
Cumin
Major Cumin Producing States
Gujarat
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Turmeric
Soil and climate
A friable well drained red loamy soil in wet or garden lands under tropical
conditions is ideal.
It can be grown in regions receiving an annual rainfall of 1500 m
Major Turmeric Producing States
Telangana
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu
Gujarat
Geographical Indications - Waigaon Turmeric (Maharashtra), Erode Turmeric
(Tamil Nadu), Kandhamal Haldi’, Sangli turmeric
Coriander
Major Coriander Producing States
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Gujarat
Assam
Tea
Agro climatic conditions for Tea farming: – Tea plantation requires a moderately humid
and hot and climatic condition. Tea plantation thrives well in humid a hot weather
condition.
Time of Tea planting: – Planting can be done in April-June and September-October or
October-November with adequate irrigation. Periods of heavy rains should be avoided.
Soils - Tea plantation thrives well in deep, well drained, friable loamy soils.
Virgin forest soils that are rich in humus and iron are the best suited soils for tea
plantations and large proportion of potash and phosphorus in the main soil gives
special flavor to tea as is the case in Darjeeling
Major Tea Producing States
Assam
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Kerala
Tripura
Geographical Indications
Darjeeling Black Tea (West Bengal)
Kangra Tea (Himachal Pradesh)
Green tea and White tea of Darjeeling
Coffee
Soil and climate
Soil should be deep, friable, open textured rich in plant nutrients with plenty of
humus and of slightly acidic nature (pH – 4.5 to 6.5)
Season
Planting spreads from June - December
India’s coffee growing regions have diverse climatic conditions, which are well suited for
cultivation of different varieties of coffee.
Some regions with high elevations are ideally suited for growing Arabicas of mild quality
while those with warm humid conditions are best suited for Robusta.
Major Coffee Producing States
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Andhra Pradesh
Geographical Indications (Karnataka)
1. Monsooned Malabar Arabica Coffee
2. Monsooned Malabar Robusta Coffee
3. Coorg arabica coffee
4. Wayanad Robusta coffee
5. Chikmagalur Arabica coffee
6. Araku valley Arabica coffee
7. Bababudangiri arabica coffee
Chillies
Geographical Indication
A. Khola chilli (Goa)
B. Bydagi Chilli (Karnataka)
C. Guntur Sannam Chilli (Andhra Pradesh)
D. Mizo Chilli ( Mizoram)
E. Bhiwapur Chilli ( Maharashtra)
The chili is a plant of tropical and sub tropical region it grows well in warm and humid
climate and a temperature of 20-25ᵒC.
Chili can be grown in a range of soils, but black soils which retain moisture for long
periods are suitable for rain fed crop whereas well drained soils, deltaic soils and
sandy loams are good under irrigated condition.
Major Chilli Producing States
Telangana
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Odisha
Garlic
Climatic requirements for garlic faming :– Garlic grows favorably in areas
with Type I climate, which is characterized by a wet season that usually
occurs from May to October and a dry season from November to April.
Garlic does not grow well in areas with excessive rainfall.
Major Garlic Producing States
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Gujarat
Punjab
Pepper
Soil and climate - Pepper is grown mainly as a rainfed crop. Pepper requires
heavy rainfall (150 - 250 cm) high humidity and warm climate.
Thrives best on virgin soils rich in humus content and the crop can be grown
at elevations up to 1500 m.
Season - June – December
Major Pepper Producing States
Kerala
Karnataka
Assam
Tamil Nadu
Cardamom
Climate and soil
The crop thrives well in regions which receive a well-distributed annual rainfall of 1500-
2500 mm with a mean temperature of 15°C to 35°C and 600-1200 m above MSL.
Cardamom grows luxuriantly in forest loam soils, which are generally acidic in nature
with a pH range of 5.5-6.5.
Growth of cardamom is enhanced, when planted in humus rich soils with low to medium
available phosphorous and medium to high available potassium.
Major Cardamom Producing States
Kerala
Sikkim
Karnataka
Nagaland
Geographical Indications –
1. Alleppey Green Cardamom (Kerala)
2. Coorg Green Cardamom (Karnataka)
3. Sikkim Large Cardamom (Sikkim)
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