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05-21-2013
STRONG-MOTION SEISMIC
INSTRUMENTATION FOR
BUILDINGS
(STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING)
2010 NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (NSCP)
1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE (UBC - ICBO)
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (USGS)
PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF VOLCANOLOGY & SEISMOLOGY (PHIVOLCS)
GeoSIG LTD.
BY
DOMINGO G. LIMETA, JR. AND ALBERTO S. MENDIOLA
SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANT
NONSTRUCTURAL HAZARD MITIGATION - SEISMIC HAZARD REDUCTION PROGRAM
J. BEAP INDUSTRIES, INC. METROPOLITAN MANILA. PHILIPPINES
I. INTRODUCTION
The strong-motion seismic instrumentation intended for the
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of buildings, bridges, dams,
water reservoirs, elevated railways, and skyways is a very complex
task requiring broad and in-depth knowledge about :
• Seismic (Earthquake) Engineering / Seismology.
• Geophysics / Geotechnical Engineering.
• Civil Engineering / Structural Engineering.
• Electronics-Communication / Computer Engineering.
The SHM is another field of engineering & technical specialization
requiring a team of professionals as mentioned above.
In various countries around the world including the Philippines
being prone to Major Earthquake disturbances, there has been an
increasing concern on the SHM technology consisting of digital data
acquisition system being integrated to the internet data
transferring network. Several decades ago, it was recorded by
various government earthquake monitoring agencies and engineers
around the world that many buildings and infrastructures were
damaged and others collapsed due to Major Earthquakes. Other
buildings and infrastructures survived but sustained minor to
severe structural concrete cracks and physical deformations.
Due to the above earthquake scenarios, the need for SHM becomes
very essential requirements and the utmost attention for SHM
becomes decisive.
Presently, the seismic precision & monitoring instruments for SHM
are so advanced due to research progress and developments in the
semiconductors, electronics, and communication technologies to
monitor earthquakes and other natural disturbances, such as
land-slides, ground liquefactions, and volcanic activities creating
ground tremors.
Recently, the J. BEAP INDUSTRIES, INC. signed a Partnership
Agreement with GeoSIG Ltd. of Switzerland for SHM of buildings,
bridges, dams, water reservoirs, elevated railways, and skyways in
the Philippines. GeoSIG Ltd., is one of the world’s well-respected
and well-known designers and manufacturers of Scientific &
Engineering Precision Monitoring Instruments for seismic
(earthquake) and other geo-hazards applications.
Since 1992, GeoSIG, Ltd. and partners around the world have been
composed of highly experience professionals in the field of
Seismology, Earthquake Engineering, Civil Engineering, &
Geophysics, as well as ECE / Computer Systems & Networks
Engineering.
Today, GeoSIG Scientific & Engineering Precision-Monitoring
Instruments for seismology and geophysics are at work in more
than 100 countries around the world.
While BEAP INDUSTRIES, INC., with years of vast experience in the
field of Nonstructural Hazards Mitigation - Seismic Hazards
Reduction Program (NHM-SHRP) has in-depth knowledge in Seismic
(Earthquake) Engineering for more than a decade and the pioneer
in the Philippines. We understand the seismic provisions of the
various Building Model Codes & Standards, understanding of
Seismic Hazard Maps (Peak Ground Acceleration Scenarios,
Intensity Scenarios, Liquefaction Potential Scenarios, Seismic Zones,
Near Source Factor, Philippines Active Fault Parameters, Spectral
Response both Ss & S1, Acceleration g, Seismic Base Shear, Seismic
Horizontal & Vertical Loads, Fundamental Period, Occupancy
Category, Importance Factor, Response Modification Factor,
Amplification Factor, and other seismic parameters, criteria, and
factors making an excellent partner of GeoSIG Ltd.
This engineering / technical article will be focused mainly on the
SHM of buildings. The SHM intended for bridges, dams, water
Page 1
reservoirs, elevated railways, and skyways shall be discussed
separately. They will be presented in our next article.
II. HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENTS
For the past several decades, the Structural Health Monitoring
(SHM) for buildings, bridges, dams, elevated railways, and skyways
were not given an much attention. Many buildings and other
infrastructures mentioned above have no installed or operational
Seismic Monitoring Instruments intended to continuously monitor
their structural health and integrity. Without these instruments, no
monitoring records can be presented to determine the integrity
and serviceability of the building before, during, and most
especially in an aftermath of a Major Earthquake.
However, for the past several years many professionals and
government agencies in the building industries and infrastructures
in Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, New Zealand, United States, Canada,
Italy, Turkey, Switzerland, and other countries believed in the
importance and necessity of SHM for buildings, bridges, dams,
elevated railways, skyways, and to include the thermal & nuclear
power-plants to monitor the effects of Major Earthquakes. They
saw various cracks at the structural concrete elements, structural
drifts, settlements, and other forms of structural deformations.
Today, the modern world is moving ahead for an advance and
comprehensive SHM technological trend. The United States
Geological Survey (USGS) is one of the leading agencies in the
United States, as well as other agencies of various countries. In the
Philippines, the leading agency for monitoring earthquake
disturbances and volcanic activities is the Philippine Institute Of
Volcanology & Seismology (PHIVOLCS) under the Department Of
Science & Technology (DOST). The PHIVOLCS is also in partner with
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA),
Metropolitan Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study
(MMEIRS), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
According to various news (media), the Department Of Public
Works & Highways (DPWH) joined forces with PHIVOLCS for
disaster preparedness. And of course, the National Disaster Risk
Reduction And Management Council (NDRRMC) is also an active
government agency for disaster preparedness.
The USGS also joined efforts with PHIVOLCS in a monitoring and
hazard assessments, “PHIVOLCS-USGS Radio-Telemetered Seismic
Networks.” The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is also working
together with PHIVOLCS.
For the past several decades and before year 2000, the Uniform
Building Code (UBC) was the widely used Building Model Code in
the United States. The 1997 UBC and earlier editions recommended
that for Seismic Zone 3 & Zone 4, a minimum of three
Accelerographs be placed in every building which are over than
6-stories having an aggregate floor area of 60,000 square feet or
more, and every building over 10-stories regardless of the floor
area. The requirement of the UBC was to monitor rather than to
analyze the complete response modes and characteristics.
Based from experiences, the three Tri-Axial Accelerographs
required by the UBC within the building are not sufficient to
perform meaningful model verifications. Rojahn and Matthiesen
concluded that a minimum of twelve Horizontal Accelerometers
would be necessary for high-rise buildings. However, many still
believe that the required numbers of Accelerometers within the
building will depend on the geometrical construction (building’s
shape or figure) and of course the number of floors.
The most crucial building of all buildings requiring absolute SHM is
no other than hospitals and other health-care facilities being
classified as Essential Facilities and Importance Factor = 1.50. It
does not mean that the other buildings will not require SHM.
Page 2
Actually, every building with many occupants shall require seismic
instrumentation intended for SHM.
According to various professionals in the field of Seismic
(Earthquake) Engineering Consultancy, the countries that are now
extensively implementing SHM for buildings and other
infrastructures are :
• United States
• Canada
• Japan
• Taiwan
• Indonesia
• New Zealand
• Turkey
• Italy
• Switzerland. The Philippines will surely catch-up.
III. ABOUT SHM
It is known as Structural Health Monitoring. In this engineering /
technical article, our main focus is for building only. The SHM is the
process of assessing the building’s structural health by detecting
damages before the critical state and to allow rapid assessment
aftermath of Major Earthquake event.
IV. PERFORMANCE GOAL
To improve the safety and reliability of operational building and to
determine the integrity of the building if it can still be able to
operate or resume operation aftermath of Major Earthquake, and
to safeguard human lives (building occupants, personnel, visitors)
that the building is still structurally strong and will not collapse.
V. QUESTIONS FOR THE BUILDING OWNER
The building owner requiring strong-motion seismic
instrumentation intended for SHM must be asked first.
• Besides for seismic application, is the effect of wind load
caused by storm, typhoon, or super-typhoon is to be
Included in the monitoring ?
• What kind of set-up will the building owner prefer to install,
will it be :
Global Sensor Network System ?
or
Local Sensor Network System .?
Of course, the entire cost of the system is always the utmost
concern of the building owner acquiring strong-motion seismic
instrumentation for building’s SHM. Usually, the cost and
justifications will be discussed with the building owner and the
company providing seismic instrumentation and services for
building’s SHM.
The force of earthquakes will be imparted to the buildings and the
effects are to be monitored, the wind load is also being imparted to
the building. But perhaps everyone will agree that for a very strong-
built building, the earthquake force is the most devastating than
wind load. It was historically recorded that the collapse of most
buildings was due to earthquake forces and earthquake generated
liquefaction at the building’s foundation and not the wind load. So
the building owner may perhaps demand for seismic application
only. The random strong ground motions at the building’s
foundation will exhibit base-shear. The series of earthquake
generated lateral forces will be imparted to the building structural
elements and will create building drift. The strong ground motions
Page 3
at the building’s foundation may create building settlement
particularly due to the earthquake generated underground
liquefaction, and the strength of earthquake generated
acceleration g at ground floor, middle floors, and roof-deck level.
The expected scenarios during and aftermath of Major Earthquake
must be clearly explained to the building owner, likewise, the
effects of earthquake forces to the building itself.
The best candidate who can explain to the building owner is the
one who has in-depth knowledge about Seismic (Earthquake)
Engineering, Structural Engineering, and Geophysics or
Geotechnical Engineering, and the one who really understand the
seismic provisions of the applicable Building Model Codes &
Standards.
The Electronics-Communication / Computer Engineers are only to
explain the data acquisition, system’s networks, data transmission,
and the functionality of the seismic instruments and associated
software program, but not about the effects of earthquakes and
behavior of ground motions and building motions.
According to various professionals, there are few companies
offering their services for building’s SHM but lack of in-depth
knowledge about Seismic (Earthquake) Engineering and
understanding of Geo-Hazards and will only bring the building’s
SHM into a halt. Again, in-depth knowledge about seismic
(earthquake), geo-hazards, and the structural understanding of
buildings are needed and a must.
The majority of the building owners may always prefer the Local
Sensor Network System, while others may prefer the Global Sensor
Network System.
Therefore, as much as possible, the strong-motion seismic
instrumentation intended for building’s SHM shall be cost-effective
but excellent functionality and high-performance as always
expected by the building owner and will satisfy the building risk
insurer. In short, cost-effective but will perform the expected task.
VI. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBAL SENSOR NETWORK SYSTEM
AND LOCAL SENSOR NETWORK SYSTEM
According from Prof. Isao Nishimura (Advanced Research Center,
Tokyo City University - 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-
8557, Japan.) the Sensor Network is a system with :
• Building having multiple PCs with Sensors all hook-up to the
Internet, PC with Sensors from another locations, Remote PC
for downloading data which are also hook-up to the Internet.
• Building having PC with multiple Accelerometers with A/D
Converter and Data Logger interfaced to a Gateway Computer
hook-up to the Internet and a PC for setting-up (LAN - Local
Area Network).
There is also an Ordinary Data Acquisition Systems where the
Accelerometer Sensors / Recorder - Digitizers distributed within the
entire building and hook-up to a dedicated Control PC.
The building owner will absolutely select the type of system’s
set-up they prefer and again the bottom line is always the cost of
the entire system and this issue is very important.
VII. HARDWIRE AND WIRELESS DATA ACQUISITION NETWORK
Various professionals say that hard- wire data acquisition system
network is expensive due to the cost per meter of signal cables &
power supply cables that are intended for the Accelerometers and
Recorder-Digitizers
Page 4
distributed within the building. While others say wireless data
acquisition system network is cost-effective due to absence of
signal cables and power supply cables, less cost. But the cost of the
wireless antenna receivers / transmitters are somewhat costly too.
Hard wire system network is much faster and secured. Some
professionals said that it is less-immune while others said
virtually-immune to the surrounding electrical or electronic noises.
Hard wire signal cables have grounding-shield.
Wireless system network send and receive data through radio
waves and no signal cables are required. Some professionals said
that wireless system network is susceptible to electrical &
electronic generated noises or other interfering signals coming
from mobile phones, VHF / UHF mobile radio of security personnel
of the building, and other electrically powered units. Some
professionals stated that the transmitted and received radio wave
signals are being attenuated due to thickness of structural concrete
inside the building.
This issue can be discussed further that both hardwire and wireless
system network have advantages and disadvantages. We will need
the advice of the E.C.E. / Computer Engineers or Technicians, they
know these issues.
VIII. INITIAL ASSESSMENTS OF THE BUILDING SUBJECT FOR
THOROUGH EVALUATIONS
Before executing any works for building’s SHM, selection of Strong-
Motion Accelerometers, Recorders / Digitizers, and other
associated components and accessories, as well as the information
about the building itself must be determined.
Again, the building information should be gathered first. The
location of the building (physical address), the age of the building,
what model codes the building was designed and constructed,
number of floors (total building height), elevation and floor plans,
building’s fundamental period of vibration, type of structural
elements, maximum allowable building drift, allowable inter-story
drift, seismic base shear, and the site soil class.
Seismic Hazard Maps are very crucial too. What is the minimum
and maximum expected peak ground acceleration scenarios in g,
intensity scenarios in MMI, potential liquefaction scenarios,
distance to seismic source if any, seismic source type, seismic zone,
natural ground period, and other pertinent information.
Without the above information, it will be difficult for any Systems /
Network Engineer(s) to immediately carry-out the selection of the
appropriate seismic instrumentation units, and other associated
components which are intended for building’s SHM.
*******************************************************
J. BEAP INDUSTRIES, INC. & GeoSIG Ltd. will now elaborate further the above Section VIII “INITIAL
ASSESSMENTS OF THE BUILDING SUBJECT FOR THOROUGH
EVALUATIONS.”
EXAMPLE :
Name Of Building : CBL Building
Physical Address : 5P Pasay Road, Makati City.
Philippines.
Function : 30-story office building being
occupied by various companies.
Page 5
Approx. Number : More than 300 people but not more
Occupants than 400, including the building’s
operation & maintenance personnel
and security personnel.
Occupancy : Special Occupancy Structure, as per
Category 1997 UBC. The building was designed
and constructed in year 1997 ~ 1998
and become fully operational in year
2003. The building is now 10-years
old.
No. Of Floors : 30-Floor from ground floor + roof-
deck, with three basements, two
for car parks and one for mechanical
and electrical room.
Seismic Zone : 4
Effective Peak : 0.40 g
Ground
Acceleration
Site Soil Class : Class SB
Rock, Shear Wave Velocity 2,500
To 5,000 Feet Per Second. If unkown,
use SD as default.
Seismic Source : A
Type
Distance To Near : Approx. 5-Kilometers but not more
Seismic Source than 10-Kilometers away from the
West Valley Fault System capable to
unleash Major Earthquake Magnitude
7.0 or higher in the Richter Scale.
PGA Scenario : For Makati City the expected PGA =
0.30 g ~ 60 g and may reach up to
1.0 g
Intensity Scenario : For Makati City the expected Intensity
MMI = IX up to X.
Potential : None to low
Liquefaction
Scenario
Sources : PHIVOLCS, MMEIRS,
MMDA, & JICA.
Fundamental : Approx. 1.63 Second or higher
Period
Structural : 8.0 Reinforced Concrete
Response Factor
Importance Factor : 1.0
Max. Building : 355 Feet. from ground floor to
Height roof-deck.
Max. Allowable : Shall Not Exceed 7.10 Inches
Building Drift As per Maximum Inelastic Response
Displacement - 1997 UBC.
Building’s Seismic : Shall be determined by the Design
Base Shear Structural Engineer as per 1997 UBC,
V = (3.0 Ca / R) W
And to include the Vertical
Distribution Of Seismic Loads
Fx = (3.0 Ca / R) wi
Page 6
• If the building’s fundamental period resonates with natural
ground period, the building will have a tendency to collapse.
However, the natural ground period is 0.2 up to 1.0 Second,
while the building’s Fundamental Period is 1.63 Second or
higher.
• If the building will be able to withstand Intensity XII or much
higher, the approximate Minimum Peak Ground Acceleration
will be 0.90 g at short earthquake duration. Then, the
approximate Acceleration at middle floor will be approximately
1.20 g, and at the roof-deck level will be approximately 1.60 g.
• For Nonstructural Elements alone within the roof-deck level
shall not exceed 1.54 g with Ip = 1.00 and up to 2.30 g with
Ip = 1.50, the Acceleration at ground floor will be amplified
way up to the middle floor and amplified further up to the
roof-deck level.
• A Major Earthquake occur, the ground period is 0.2 Second
and the Peak Ground Acceleration is 0.80 g detected by
Accelerometers installed at ground floor with Recorder /
Digitizer recorded is 0.80 g, the Max. Allowable Base Shear
calculated by the Designed Structural Engineer in Percent is
almost being reached, the SHM system will alarm. At the
middle floor, the Accelerometers detected higher than 1.10 g
and recorded by Recorder / Digitizer, and up the roof-deck level
is 1.50 g. Aftermath of Major Earthquake, building inspections
show small cracks at middle floor and few large cracks at the
roof-deck level, something must be done and the services of
the Structural Engineer should be sought. The building should
be retro-fitted to further strengthen the entire structural
elements.
• If the other LVDT Sensors detected and recorded by Recorders /
Digitizers is almost reaching the critical level near or exceeding
the Maximum Allowable Building Drift 7.10 Inches, the SHM
system will alarm. The Inter-Story Drift can be easily
determined once the Maximum Allowable Building Drift is
being measured and detected by the LVDT Sensors.
• If the Structural Engineer established a reference ground level
line, the building settlement can be measured.
• The SHM system hook-up to the GPS and focus at roof-deck of
the building will monitor the building drift and to include the
actual and accidental torsional movement as per ASCE 7-05
& ASCE 7-10.
*******************************************************
Therefore, the SHM for buildings, the following shall be detected,
measured, and recorded.
Acceleration g at ground floor, middle floor, and roof-deck level.
Building Drift, Building Settlement, Base Shear, and others to be
recommended by the GeoSIG Ltd.
The Strong-Motion Accelerometers are sub-classified into grades or
classes by the USGS and this standard is widely used as reference.
Key parameters for differentiating the performance in the various
categories are full scale g range, dynamic range across frequency
bands, linearity, and power consumption.
Page 7
Courtesy Of The United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Courtesy Of The United States Geological Survey (USGS)
The quality and adaptability of a Strong Motion Seismic Instrument
may not necessarily be based on the manufacturer’s country of
experience. Seismologists, geologists, seismic engineers,
geophysicists, geotechnical engineers, and even structural
engineers would agree that the behavior or characteristic of a
Major Earthquake in the State of California, USA defined as
“California Earthquake Experience” would differ with the Major
Earthquake behavior or characteristic experiences in Japan, Turkey,
New Zealand, Taiwan, Italy, Chile, Canada, Switzerland, and even in
the Philippines herself, and also to include those experiences from
other countries.
• United States Geological Survey
• Japan Meteorological Agency
• Turkey National Earthquake Monitoring Centre
• New Zealand GNS Science
• Taiwan Central Weather Bureau
• Italy INGV (National Institute For Geophysics & Volcanology)
• Chile ONEMI
• Geological Survey Of Canada / Canadian National Data Centre
(Seismology)
• Swiss Seismological Service / Swiss Geological Survey
• Philippine Institute Of Volcanology & Seismology
• Others
The most important is detecting, measuring, and recording of
strong ground motions in the ± X-Axis, ± Y-Axis, & ± Z-Axis, and
the Rotational Ground Motions, building movements in any
direction, Intensity, as well as Acceleration g.
Page 8
Accelerometer Recorder / Digitizer
Recorder / Digitizer PC-Based Monitoring Software
Courtesy Of The GeoSIG Ltd.
IX. PHILIPPINES SEISMIC HAZARD MAPS
It is not always appropriate to rely on seismic zoning, such as the
UBC / NSCP Seismic Zone 4. It is always appropriate to refer to the
PHIVOLCS approved Seismic Hazard Maps. Especially if there is / are
active Fault-Line(s) in the area.
Page 9
The above Fault-Lines & Trenches must be studied and analyzed.
Surely, PHIVOLCS has data concerning the above Fault-Lines &
Trenches.
In Metropolitan Manila, the PHIVOLCS, MMEIRS, MMDA, & JICA
joined together and published the following Seismic Hazard Maps :
• Metro-Manila Peak Ground Acceleration Scenarios.
• Metro-Manila Seismic Intensity Scenarios.
• Metro-Manila Liquefaction Potential Scenarios.
West Valley Fault Within Metropolitan Manila
Courtesy Of The Philippine Institute Of Volcanology & Seismology
(PHIVOLCS)
X. OTHER INFORMATION
The National Structural Code Of The Philippines 2010
Volume I
Buildings, Towers And Other Vertical Structures
6th Edition
“The updated Structural Code establishes minimum requirements
for building structural systems using prescriptive and performance-
based provisions. It is founded on braod-based principles that make
possible the used of new materials and new building designs. Also,
this code reflects the latest seismic design practice for earthquake
resistant structures.”
Mayor Binay wants seismographs in Makati’s high-rise buildings
By Tina Santos
Philippine Daily Inquirer
First Posted 22:12:00 05/01/2011
Filed Under : Infrastructure, Local Authorities, Earthquake, Safety
of Citizens
The Makati City government has ordered owners of high-rise
buildings in the area to install seismographs, a device which can
monitor ground movement during an earthquake.
Page 10
Also called accelerometers, the device is said to be capable of
monitoring the building’s response during a typhoon.
In a memorandum, City Engineer Nelson Morales who is also the
city’s building official, urged all developers, contractors, owners and
administrators of high-rise buildings in Makati to comply with the
directive.
The order likewise covers high-rise buildings under construction and
those still in the design stage.
According to Morales, buildings without the device will not be
issued occupancy permits by the city government.
Mayor Jejomar Erwin Binay Jr. said the installation of seismographs
was an urgent and important measure included in the policies and
guidelines contained in a memorandum circular recently issued by
Public Works and Highways Secretary Rogelio Singson to building
officials and local engineers.
Binay was referring to DPWH Memorandum Circular No. 03 dated
March 31 this year. It cites Section 105(2) of the National Structural
Code of the Philippines which requires the installation of
accelerometers or seismographs in structures measuring over 50
meters high. Fifteen-story buildings are approximately 50 meters
high and considered high-rise structures.
We believe this directive must be strictly implemented right away
because no one can tell when a strong earthquake will strike
Metro Manila. We cannot know how strong it will be so we must
prepare now,! Binay said.
At present, there are over 100 high-rise buildings and around 30
more under construction in the country’s financial center.
ARE THERE EXISTING PHILIPPINE LAWS AND REGULATIONS . . . ?
The answer is absolutely “YES”
• Presidential Decree 1566, was promulgated on June 11, 1978.
Calls for strengthening of the Philippine Disaster Control and
establishing the National Program On Community Disaster
Preparedness.
• Presidential Decree 1096, otherwise known as the National
Building Code Of The Philippines. It specifies minimum
requirements and standards on building design to protect
against fires and natural disasters.
• Rule 1040, Occupational Safety & Health Standards {as
amended} provides for the organization of disaster control
groups, health safety committee in every place of employment
and conduct periodic drills and exercises in places.
• Presidential Decree 1185, otherwise known as the Fire Code Of
The Philippines. This decree requires, among others, the
administrators or occupants of buildings, structures and other
premises or facilities and other responsible persons to comply
with the following :
Inspection requirement by the Bureau Of Fire Protection as
pre-requisite to grant of permits or licenses by the LGUs or
government agencies concerned.
Provisions for safety measures, hazardous materials as well as
hazardous operations / processes. Provisions for fire safety
construction, protection, and warning systems such as : Fire
Sprinklers, Alarm Devices, Firewalls, Fire Exit Plans, etc.
• Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government
Code [LGC] OF 1991, as amended. The Local Government Code
contains provisions supportive of the goals and objectives for
disasters preparedness [Earthquake], prevention, and
mitigation programs. Page 11
Lastly, aside from Structural Health Monitoring of buildings, we
should not forget the Earthquake Protections & Hazards Mitigation
for Mechanical & Electrical Equipment * Components * Systems
inside the building structures known as “Nonstructural Elements.”
High percentage of building contents are Nonstructural Elements.
Many professionals stated that the cost of Nonstructural Elements
is approximately 60% or higher than the cost of the building itself.
REFERENCES :
GeoSIG Solution Centre : Building Structural Health Monitoring
GeoSIG Ltd. Switzerland.
Real-Time Seismic Monitoring Of Instrumented Hospital Buildings.
By : USGS, ANSS, and Department Of Veterans Affair. USA.
Current Practice And Guidelines For USGS Instrumentation Of
Buildings Including Federal Buildings.
By : M. Celebi, USGS. USA.
Seismic Instrumentation Of Buildings.
By : M. Celebi, USGS. U.S.A.
Seismic Instrumentation Of Buildings (With Emphasis On Federal
Buildings).
By : M. Celebi, USGS. USA.
Nature Of Ground Motion And Its Effect On Buildings.
By : C. Arnold. NISEE. U.S.A.
Instrumentation For Structural Health Monitoring Measuring
Inter-Story Drift.
By : D.A. Skolnik, W.J. Kaiser, & J.W. Wallace
14th WCEE, Beijing. China.
The Application Of Structural Health Monitoring For Improving The
Performance Of Building Structures.
By : Prof. Isao Nishimura (Advanced Research Center, Tokyo City
University - 1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya, Tokyo 158-8557,
Japan).
Assessment Of Seismic Hazard And Microzoning In The Philippines
& Strong Motion Simulation For The Philippines Based On Seismic
Hazard Assessment.
By : R. Toregossa, M. Sugito, & N. Nojima - Department Of
Civil Engineering Of Gifu University. Japan.
Distribution Of Active Faults & Trenches In The Philippines.
By : PHIVOLCS. Philippines.
Valley Fault Systems Hazard Map.
By : PHIVOLCS. Philippines.
Seismic Hazard Scenario Maps For Metropolitan Manila.
By : PHIVOLCS, MMEIRS, MMDA, & JICA.
National Structural Code Of The Philippines (2010 NSCP)
Volume I Buildings, Towers And Other Vertical Structures
6th Edition
By : ASEP
1997 Uniform Building Code (1997 UBC)
By : UBC / ICBO U.S.A.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR (From Albert S. Mendiola - Managing
Director of J. BEAP Industries, Inc.)
The author of this Seismic Technical Article is Mr. Domingo G.
Limeta, Jr. He gained 18-years of experience in the field of
Nonstructural Hazards Mitigation - Seismic Hazards Reduction
Program (NHM-SHRP) since 1995, the pioneer in the Philippines. His
first job experience in this field was handling various Seismic
Page 12
Monitoring & Measuring Precision Instruments and Seismic Gas
Shut-Off Valve Systems. He was the first person in the Philippines
who introduced and successfully installed various sizes of Seismic
Spectrum Rated Flexible Loop manufactured by The Metraflex Co.
and the one who designed and calculated the SINGAFLEX Seismic
V-Loops for UHP Gases supported by UL Listed Pre-Stretched
Certified Break Strength Seismic Wire Rope / Cables now installed
and operational at the manufacturing plant in Clark, Pampanga.
He was the first person who conducted a seminar in the Philippines
about NHM-SHRP entitled “Earthquake Preparedness” to various
safety & engineering organizations like : SEIPI - Semiconductor &
Electronics Industries In The Philippines, Inc. held at TESDA Bldg., in
Taguig City in year 2002. HEMAP - Hospital Engineering &
Maintenance Association Of The Philippines held at U.N. Ave.,
Manila in year 2003, and at the San De Dios Educational
Foundation, Inc. (Hospital) in Pasay City in year 2004, and others.
Since then, he elevated his knowledge and experience in handling
Seismic Sway Bracing Systems for suspended nonstructural
elements & Seismic Restraints of various mechanical & electrical
package equipment and components, including the preliminary
SEISMIC ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS based from the seismic
provisions of the applicable Building Codes & Standards. He has also
done several Findings & Reports for the Earthquake Safety &
Protection of various American semiconductor manufacturing firms
here in the Philippines with coordination with the Risk Insurer Firms
like the FM Global and closely working together with various
professional engineers, systems design engineers, consultants,
contractors, and safety engineers.
Lastly, he is also the author of more than 30 seismic articles and one
unpublished book about NHM-SHRP. He is highly familiar about the
seismic provisions of various Building Codes & Standards. Mr.
Limeta is now the Senior Seismic Engineering Consultant of the J.
BEAP Industries, Inc. for NHM-SHRP.
All comments or suggestions are welcome for the further
improvement of this article.
In GOD we trust.
DOMINGO G. LIMETA, JR. A.E. (SDT / IIT / IET / EL. E)
SEISMIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANT
NONSTRUCTURAL HAZARDS MITIGATION
SEISMIC HAZARDS REDUCTION PROGRAM
EQUIPMENT AND PIPING SYSTEMS IN MOTIONS
Mobile No.: (632) 0905-3763556
E-Mail : jbeapseismic@gmail.com
And
ALBERTO S. MENDIOLA. MANAGING DIRECTOR
ENGINEERING PROJECTS AND TECHNICAL SERVICES
Mobile No.: (632) 0918-9022533
E-Mail : jbeapearthquake@gmail.com
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