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Normative Tolerances and Standards for Off Leash Dogs
Jerry J. VaskeMaureen P. Donnelly
Colorado State University
Study Context
• In response, OSMP implemented a Voice & Sight Tag program
• The presence of off leash dogs at OSMP created potential conflict situations
• This study applied an indicator / standards (norms) model to understand conflicts with off leash dogs
What is an Indicator? Definition – Any measure that describes an experience
Examples Dogs off trail Dogs play chasing another dog Owners repeatedly calling a dog Owners not picking up after their dogs Dogs flushing birds or causing wildlife to flee
Indirecthuman-doginteractions
Dogs approaching a visitor uninvited Dogs jumping on or
sniffing or licking a visitor
Directhuman-doginteractions
The Role of Standards Standards identify the conditions:
Desirable (e.g., Picking up after your dog)
Should not be exceeded (e.g., zero-tolerance for dogs chasing wildlife)
Objective Link management objectives
(type of experience to be provided) To the indicators in quantitative terms
Linking Objectives to Indicators to Standards
Mgmt Objective – Provide quality visitor experiences
Indicator 1 Dog flushes or causes wildlife to fleeStandard 1 0% tolerance
Indicator 2 Owner repeatedly calls the dogStandard 2 < 10% of visitors experience situation
Indicator 3 Dog makes physical contact with a visitor
Standard 3 < 5% of visitors experience situation
Indicator 4 Owners not picking up after their dogStandard 4 < 10% of visitors experience situation
Structural Characteristics of Norms
10 3 5 7 9 15 20 25 100
Number of Encounters
0
1
2
3
4
-1
-2
-3
-4
Acc
epta
bili
ty
Inte
nsi
ty
Acceptable range
Concensus
Norm curve
Standard Deviation orPotential Conflict Index (PCI2)
Methods
• On-site Survey at Boulder Open Space & Mountain Parks (OSMP)
• 951 completed surveys
• Response rate = 93%
Survey Questions
• Perceived problems with dog/owner behaviors
• Normative tolerances– Frequency of observing specific dog/owner behaviors
– Acceptability of dog/owner behaviors
– Maximum tolerances for dog/owner behaviors
• Dog ownershipNo: n = 431, 46%Yes: n = 509, 54%
Dogs sniffing visitor
-2
-1
0
1
2
Social Norm curves: Direct human-dog interactions
VeryAcceptable
Neither
VeryUnacceptable
A
ccep
tabi
lity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Times Observed
Dogs pawing visitor
Dogs jumping on visitor
Dogs licking visitor
Dogs approaching uninvited
Social norm curves:Indirect human-dog interactions
VeryAcceptable
Neither
VeryUnacceptable
A
ccep
tabi
lity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Times Observed
Dogs flushing birds
Dogs causing wildlife to flee
Owners repeatedly calling
Owners not picking up
Dogs off trail
Dogs play chasing
-2
-1
0
1
2
Social Norm ConsensusDirect Human-Dog Interaction
VeryAcceptable
Neither
VeryUnacceptable
A
ccep
tabi
lity
Dogs Dogs Dogs Dogs Dogs Jumping Pawing Licking Approach Sniffing Visitor Visitor Visitor Uninvited Visitor
Non-owners
0.18
0.27
0.380.33
0.50.39
0.3
0.18
0.23
-2
-1
0
1
2
Dog owners
0.07
0.09
0.210.24
0.38
0.54 0.43
0.12
0.35
0.41
0.2 0.19
0.26
-2
-1
0
1
2
Social Norm ConsensusIndirect Human-Dog Interaction
VeryAcceptable
Neither
VeryUnacceptable
A
ccep
tabi
lity
Owners Dogs Dogs Owners Dogs Dogs Not Causing Flushing Repeatedly Off Play Picking Wildlife Birds Calling Trail Chasing Up to Flee
Non-owners Dog-owners
Personal Norm Tolerances
Indirect human-dog interactionOwners not picking up 50
Owners repeatedly calling 28
Dogs off trail 28
Dogs play chasing 18
Dogs causing wildlife to flee 17
Dogs flushing birds 13
Direct human-dog interaction
Dogs approaching uninvited 35
Dogs sniffing visitor 27
Dogs jumping on visitor 27
Dogs licking visitor 19
Dogs pawing visitor 17
% of TimePersonal Norm
Exceeded
Summary of Key Findings
9 of 11 indicators reflected “no tolerance” norms(i.e., should never occur)
A “single tolerance” norm was observed for:– dogs play chasing (exceeded 28%)– dogs off trail (exceeded 18%)
Statistical differences between:dog owners and non-owners were minimal
Most serious norm violations:– owners not picking up (exceeded 50%)
– dogs approaching uninvited (exceeded 35%)
Recommendations
Given visitors’ “no tolerance” norms, management std. of:“no more than 0% of visitors should have their norms exceeded”
could be recommended
BUT this mgmt std. not realistic given current conditions
Consistent with other OSMP standards, recommend:“no more than 10% of visitors should
have their norms exceeded”
10% mgmt. std. currently always exceededBUT Voice & Sight Dog Tag Program is new
Questions
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