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S T U D Y G U I D E 6
1. Functions of the Skeletal SystemList five functions of the skeletal system.
1) ____________________________ 3) __________________________ 5) __________________________
2) ____________________________ 4) __________________________ __________________________
2. Bone Structurea. Label the diagram by placing the number of each structure by the correct label.
_____ Articular cartilage
_____ Bone, compact
_____ Bone, spongy
_____ Diaphysis
_____ Epiphyseal disk
_____ Epiphysis, distal
_____ Epiphysis, proximal
_____ Marrow, red, in spaces
_____ Marrow, yellow
_____ Medullary cavity
_____ Periosteum
b. Match the terms with the statements.
1) Periosteum 3) Marrow, red
2) Epiphyseal plate 4) Marrow, yellow
_____ Fills spaces in spongy bone.
_____ Hyaline cartilage.
_____ Covers surface of bone.
_____ Fills medullary cavity.
3. Microscopic StructureMatch the terms with the statements.
1) Lacunae 4) Osteonic canals
2) Lamellae 5) Periosteum
3) Osteon 6) None of these
_____ Channel for blood vessels and nerves.
_____ Spaces containing osteocytes.
_____ Concentric layers of compact bone.
_____ Source of osteoblasts.
_____ Structural unit of compact bone.
_____ Spaces containing red marrow.
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Support
Protection
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
Attachment sites for skeletal
muscles
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4. Bone FormationWrite the answers to the statements in the spaces provided.
1) Cells that deposit bone matrix. ____________________________________________
2) Cells that remove bone matrix. ____________________________________________
3) Cells that occupy the lacunae. ____________________________________________
4) Site of growth in length of long bones. ____________________________________________
5) Type of ossification in most skull bones. ____________________________________________
6) Type of ossification in bones preformed in
cartilage. ____________________________________________
7) Cells that hollow out the medullary cavity. ____________________________________________
5. Bones of the SkeletonWrite the names of the labeled bones in the
spaces provided.
1) ____________________________________________
2) ____________________________________________
3) ____________________________________________
4) ____________________________________________
5) _ ___________________________________________
6) ____________________________________________
7) ____________________________________________
8) ____________________________________________
9) ____________________________________________
10) ____________________________________________
11) ____________________________________________
12) ____________________________________________
13) ____________________________________________
14) ____________________________________________
15) ____________________________________________
16) ____________________________________________
17) ____________________________________________
18) ____________________________________________
19) ____________________________________________
20) ____________________________________________
21) ____________________________________________
22) ____________________________________________
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Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Epiphyseal plate
Intramembranous
Endochondral
Osteoclasts
Skull
Mandible
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral column
Sacrum
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Coxa
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
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6. The Axial Skeletona. Label the diagram of the skull, anterior view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by the
correct label.
_____ Coronal suture _____ Nasal concha, inferior
_____ Ethmoid (eye orbit) _____ Nasal concha, middle
_____ Ethmoid, perpendicular plate _____ Parietal
_____ Frontal _____ Squamosal suture
_____ Lacrimal _____ Sphenoid (2 places)
_____ Mandible _____ Temporal
_____ Maxilla _____ Vomer
_____ Nasal _____ Zygomatic
b. List the skull bones that contain sinuses. ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Ethmoids, Frontal, Maxillae, Sphenoid
c. Label the diagram of the skull, lateral view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by
the correct label.
_____ Coronal suture _____ Nasal
_____ Coronoid process _____ Occipital
_____ Ethmoid _____ Parietal
_____ External auditory canal _____ Sphenoid
_____ Frontal _____ Squamosal suture
_____ Lacrimal _____ Styloid process
_____ Lambdoidal suture _____ Temporal
_____ Mandible _____ Temporal, zygomatic process
_____ Mandibular condyle _____ Zygomatic
_____ Mastoid process _____ Zygomatic, temporal process
_____ Maxilla
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d. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.
1) Contains the foramen magnum. ____________________________________________
2) Forms anterior portion of hard palate. ____________________________________________
3) Contains external auditory canal. ____________________________________________
4) The seven vertebrae of the neck. ____________________________________________
5) Weight-bearing portion of a vertebra. ____________________________________________
6) Foramen through which spinal cord passes. ____________________________________________
7) Vertebrae-bearing ribs. ____________________________________________
8) Number of pairs of true ribs. ____________________________________________
9) Attaches true ribs to sternum. ____________________________________________
10) First cervical vertebra. ____________________________________________
11) Cartilaginous pads between vertebrae. ____________________________________________
12) Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle. ____________________________________________
13) Vertebrae with heaviest bodies. ____________________________________________
14) The breastbone. ____________________________________________
e. Name the group of bones that provides protection for the
1) Brain 2) Heart and lungs
f. Label the vertebra by placing the number of the structure in the space by the correct label.
_____ Body
_____ Facet for rib
_____ Spinous process
_____ Superior articular
process
_____ Transverse process
_____ Vertebral foramen
7. The Appendicular Skeletona. Write the missing words in the spaces at the right.
The pectoral girdle is formed of two ____1___
and two ____2___ . Its function is to support
the upper ____3___ . Each ____4___ articulates
with the scapula at one end and the ____5___
at the other. The scapulae are attached to the
axial skeleton by ____6___ instead of liga-
ments.
3
1
2
6
4
5
1) ___________________________________________
2) ___________________________________________
3) ___________________________________________
4) ___________________________________________
5) ___________________________________________
6) ___________________________________________
Occipital bone
Palatine process of maxilla
Temporal bones
Cervical vertebrae
Body
Vertebral foramen
Thoracic
Seven (7)
Costal cartilages
Atlas
Intervertebral disks
Sacrum
Lumbar vertebrae
Sternum
Cranium Thoracic cage
3
5
6
2
4
1
Clavicles
Scapulae
Extremities
Clavicle
Sternum
Muscles
b. Label these diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.
_____ Acromion process
_____ Capitulum
_____ Coracoid process
_____ Coronoid process
_____ Glenoid cavity
_____ Greater tubercle
_____ Head of humerus
_____ Head of radius
_____ Head of ulna
_____ Lateral epicondyle
_____ Medial epicondyle
_____ Olecranon fossa
_____ Olecranon process
_____ Radial tuberosity
_____ Scapular spine
_____ Styloid process, radius
_____ Styloid process, ulna
_____ Surgical neck
_____ Trochlea
_____ Trochlear notch
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c. Label the diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.
_____ Acetabulum
_____ Coccyx
_____ Greater trochanter
_____ Head of femur
_____ Iliac crest
_____ Ilium
_____ Ischium
_____ Lateral condyle
_____ Lesser trochanter
_____ Medial condyle
_____ Neck of femur
_____ Obturator foramen
_____ Pubic arch
_____ Pubis
_____ Sacroiliac joint
_____ Sacrum
_____ Symphysis pubis
d. Indicate whether each statement is associated with the fibula (F) or tibia (T).
_____ Lateral malleolus _____ Medial malleolus
_____ Lateral condyle _____ Medial condyle
_____ Articulates with femur _____ Articulates with talus
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F
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T, F
8. Articulationsa. Match the type of joint with the articulation formed by the bones.
1) Immovable 3) Ball-and-socket 5) Gliding 7) Pivot
2) Slightly movable 4) Condyloid 6) Hinge 8) Saddle
_____ Femur—tibia _____ Carpal—carpal
_____ Frontal—parietal _____ Trapezium—metacarpal 1
_____ Humerus—scapula _____ Coxa—femur
_____ Vertebra—vertebra _____ Maxilla—zygomatic
_____ Atlas—axis _____ Metacarpal—phalanx
b. Match the terms with the correct definitions.
1) Articular cartilage 3) Cartilage pads 5) Sesamoid bone
2) Bursa 4) Joint capsule 6) Synovial fluid
_____ Lubricates joints. _____ Protects articular surfaces of bones.
_____ Sacs of synovial fluid. _____ Bone embedded in a tendon.
_____ Support knee joint and cushion bones. _____ Formed of ligaments.
c. Match the movements with the descriptions.
1) Abduction 5) Extension 9) Eversion 13) Pronation
2) Adduction 6) Flexion 10) Inversion 14) Supination
3) Depression 7) Dorsiflexion 11) Circumduction 15) Protraction
4) Elevation 8) Plantar flexion 12) Rotation 16) Retraction
_____ Extension of foot. _____ Turning head from side to side.
_____ Pushing mandible anteriorly. _____ Decrease in angle of joint.
_____ Movement of arm toward midline. _____ Raising shoulders.
_____ Straightening arm at elbow. _____ Drawing circle on chalkboard.
_____ Turning palm of hand upward. _____ Turning sole of foot inward.
9. Disorders of the Skeletal SystemWrite the name of each disorder described in the space provided.
1) Displacement of bones forming a joint. ____________________________________________
2) A lateral curvature of vertebral column. ____________________________________________
3) Protrusion of intervertebral disk. ____________________________________________
4) Bone broken into several pieces. ____________________________________________
5) Broken bone pierces through skin. ____________________________________________
6) Arthritis with invasion of fibrous tissue that
calcifies, making joint immovable. ____________________________________________
7) Tearing of ligaments of joint capsule. ____________________________________________
8) Severe loss of calcium salts from bones. ____________________________________________
10. Clinical Applications a. A member of the soccer team is diagnosed with a torn knee cartilage. Would you expect rapid or slow
recovery? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Specifically, what is a broken hip? _____________________________________________________________
Why is it more common among older persons? __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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Dislocation
Scoliosis
Herniated disk
Comminuted fracture
Compound fracture
Rheumatoid arthritis
Sprain
Osteoporosis
No. Cartilage lacks blood vessels. The reduced supply of nutrients slows
the repair process.
The femur breaks at the neck.
Their bones are more brittle and are often weakened by
osteoporosis.
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