study of structural behaviour of a framed c, t, l
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IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 9
STUDY OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF A FRAMED C, T, L,
RECTANGULAR STRUCTURES WITH AND WITH OUT
CONSIDERING TEMPERATURE STRESSES AND EXPANSION
JOINTS IMMADI ARAVIND
1, MALEMPATI SAI NARASIMHA RAO
2
1(M.Tech Research scholar,St.MARY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, India) 2(M.Tech Research Guide,St.MARY’S GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, India)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract— Expansion joints are the gaps in the building structure provided to allow for the movement of the building due to temperature
changes. They are provided commonly in the structures of slabs, bridges and other structures where there is a change of expansion of the
structure due to temperature. Significance of these joints are mainly to control the uneven surface in the structure when it is subjected to
temperature changes. In present scenario the designers of the buildings are not considering expansion joints while designing a multi storied
structure. Consideration of expansion joints in the design can reduce the temperature stresses and displacement of R.C. framed structures. In
this view studied the effect of expansion joints in structural behaviour of RC framed regular and irregular structures. For this purpose
considered four different types of RC framed buildings (C, T, L and Rectangular) in each case compared the lateral displacement and
quantity of steel by considering with and without expansion joints by using computer software STAAD Pro.
Keywords— STAAD, C, T, L, Structural behaviour
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
The term “expansion joint” as used refers to the
isolation joints provided within a Building to permit the
separate segments of the structural frame to expand and
contract in response to Temperature changes without
adversely affecting the building's structural integrity or
serviceability. The normal practice in runways, bridges,
buildings and road construction is to provide expansion
joints between cutting slabs of reinforced concrete at
designing intervals and at intersections with other
constructions. These joint filers are then covered with sealing
compounds.
Concrete expands slightly when the temperature rises.
Similarly, concrete shrinks upon drying and expands upon
subsequent wetting. Provision must cater for the volume
change by way of joint to relieve the stresses produced. An
Expansion joint is actually a gap, which allows space for a
building to move in and out of. The movement of the
building is caused most frequently by temperature changes,
the amount of expansion and contraction of building depends
upon the type of material it is constructed out of. A steel
framed building will move by a different amount then a
concrete framed one. In case of a small building, the
magnitude of expansion is less and therefore, no joint is
required either in the floor or roof slab. But in case of the
long building, the expansion is very large and may be as
much as 25 mm. Therefore, buildings longer than 45 m are
generally provided with one or more expansion joints.
Having successful determination the predicted movement
along the three principal axis of the Expansion joint gap, the
designer and Specifies are now faced with a more critical
choice, that of choosing of material to seal the joint gap itself
from the element. This is a particular important building
envelope design consideration, especially when moisture and
water are present.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY:
GENERAL
Many studies have come regarding expansion joints
of structures but very few studies were shown the effect of
expansion joints. Nevertheless, in recent year’s research
activity in this field of expansion joints are considered. In
this study the effect of expansion joints was done under
different types of irregular buildings (i.e. C, T, L and
Rectangular type) and compared the structures with
Expansion joints and without Expansion joints subjected to
temperature stresses.
Michael J. Pfeiffer, David Darwin (1987) is talked about the
construction, contraction and expansion joints in reinforced
concrete buildings. They are addressed the purpose of each
type of joint and emphasizes the selection of joint locations
and joint spacing. Some aspects of joint configuration and
construction are also covered. Empirical and analytical
design techniques are presented.
HERBERT H. SWINBURNE (2000) the study was carried
out under the direction of the Federal Construction Council
Standing Committee on Structural Engineering. The
Committee first examined in detail an unpublished report in
which horizontal changes in dimension in nine federal
buildings were observed and related to recorded temperature
changes. Additionally, the Committee studied the current
practices of federal agencies regarding expansion joint
criteria. To enhance its understanding of the distribution of
stresses and associated deformation in frames subjected to
uniform temperature change, the Committee formulated and
conducted an analytical study of the effects of uniform
temperature change on typical two-dimensional elastic
frames. A theoretical computer model was developed for this
purpose. Observed dimensional changes caused by
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 10
temperature changes were correlated with data obtained from
the computer analysis. The results of the Committee's study
and analysis, as well as its collective experience and
judgment, served as the bases for this report.
Grant T. Halvorsen (2001), all buildings are restrained to
some degree; this restraint will induce stresses with
temperature changes. Temperature induced stresses are
proportional to the temperature change. Large temperature
variations can result in substantial stresses to account for in
design. Small temperature changes may result in negligible
stresses.
James M. Fisher, S.E (2005) he has experienced several
issues relative to construction difficulties associated with
expansion joints. The first is that temperature changes to
which an unenclosed unheated structure is subjected to
during construction may exceed the design temperature
changes after completion of the structure. These increased
temperature changes should be considered by the designer.
The temperature to be considered during construction, of
course, varies depending upon building location. Sometimes
it is very difficult for the steel erector to adjust the expansion
joint at the desired location, as normal erection tolerances
may force the expansion joint to one end of its travel. This
problem can be eliminated if the designer considers a detail
at the far end of the member to which the expansion joint is
located, as a means of adjustment. In this way, the
construction tolerance can be compensated
A.Plumier, V. Denoël, L. Sanchez, C. Doneux, V. Warnotte,
(2007) an elastic analysis of an existing 20-storey reinforced
concrete moment resisting frame divided in 3 blocks shows
that beams supported on corbels of the adjacent block at the
expansion joint loose their support when each independent
block vibrate on its own under earthquake. Different
reconnection hypothesis were considered, ranging from
fixing totally each block to the adjacent one to more flexible
options leaving some free relative move between blocks. An
elastic modal superposition followed by a pushover analysis
considering the final reconnection principle was made. The
degrees of freedom of the joint reconnections were observed
to be an important parameter. The solution found leaves a
free relative rotational move between blocks and a flexible
translational movement, so that forces at the connection do
not become uselessly high.
3. THEORY/METHODOLOGY
GENERAL
In this chapter, discussed about model
specifications, modelling of structures, loads and load
combinations.
And also to give brief overview of study flow chart was
prepared.
BASIC MODEL SPECIFICATIONS
Building type : RC frames with and without expansion joints
for “C”, “T”, “L”, and RECTANGULAR type
Buildings Floor area
“C” type: 78.81MX 30.26 Meters
“T” type: 65.25MX 30.26 Meters
“L” type: 75.18MX 30.26 Meters
“RECTANGULAR” type: 88.41MX 10.68 Meters
Storey Height: 3m No. of Stories: G+4.
• Comparison of displacements of both the structures
with and without expansion joints were done by doing
analysis in STAAD PRO.
• MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ial used for analysis is reinforced concrete with
M-20 grade concrete and Fe- 415 grade reinforcing steel.
-strain relationship used is as per IS 456-2000.
The basic material properties
are as follows:
Modulus of Elasticity of steel, Es = 20,000MPa
Ultimate strain in bending, Σcu = 0.0035
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 20MPa
Yield stress for steel, fy = 415Mpa
MODELLING OF STRUCTURE
A regular RC frame structure is chosen with and
without expansion joints, the plan of the apartment
shown in figure and the structure was modelled for G+4
storey. All the considered frames are assumed to
be fixed at ground level and storey heights are taken as 3m .
All the members of the structure are assumed
to be homogenous isotropic and having elastic modulus same
in compression as well as in tension.
Constant beam and column sizes were taken at all floor
levels for each considered frame , however sizes
of columns and beams vary with respect to number of
storeys. sizes of structural members shown in table
given below:
Structural members for G+4 storey’s MEMBER SIZE(mm)
Beam 230X450
Column 230X450
Slab thickness 150
4. ANALYSISAND DESIGN RESULTS
From the study obtained the lateral displacements for limit
state of serviceability condition.
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 11
FIG:-PLAN SHOWING “C” TYPE RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING WITHOUT EXPANSION JOINTS
Plan showing “C” type residential building with
expansion joints\
Plan showing “L” type residential building without
expansion joints
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 12
Plan showing “T” type residential building with
expansion joints
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 13
Plan showing “rectangular” type residential
building without expansion joints
Plan showing “rectangular” type residential
building with expansion joints
5. RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS
GENERAL
Failure of structure starts at points of
weakness. This weakness arises due to
discontinuity in mass, stiffness and geometry of
structure. The structure having the discontinuity is
termed as irregular structures. In this study, a RC
space frame (i.e. “C”, “T”, “L”, “
RECTANGULAR” type buildings) with and
without expansion joints has been analyzed. By
considering for G+4 storey at different
temperature stresses using STAAD Pro. Variation
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 14
in percentage of displacements and quantities of
steel of these structure are discussed below:
COMPARISON OF LATERAL DISPLACEMENTOF
RC FRAMES:
COMPARSION FOR “C” TYPE BUILDING:
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of frames
with Expansion joint and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stress (varying
temperature of 200C)
It was observed that there was an decrease in
lateral displacement of 1.5% for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to
temperature stress (varying temperature of
200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of frames
with Expansion joint and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stress (varying
temperature of 300C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of frames
with Expansion joint and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stress (varying
temperature of 300C).It was observed that there
was an increase in lateral displacement of 14.28%
for frames with Expansion joint when compared to
structure without expansion joint subjected to
temperature stress (varying temperature of 300C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 400C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 300C) It was observed
that there was an increase in lateral displacement
of 30.07% for frames with Expansion joint when
compared to structure without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stress (varying
temperature of 400C).
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithexpansionjoint
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithex…
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30 40
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithexpan…
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 15
FOR “L” TYPE BUILDING
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 400C)
It was observed that there was an increase
in lateral displacement of 13.75 % for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 400C)
FOR “T” TYPE BUILDING
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of frames
with Expansion joint and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stress (varying
temperature of 200C)
It was observed that there was an increase in
lateral displacement of 25.77% for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 300C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 300C)
It was observed that there was an increase
in lateral displacement of 44.10 % for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 300C)
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithexpansionjoint
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 5 10 15 20 25
framewithexpansion…
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithe…
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 16
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 400C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 400C)
It was observed that there was an increase
in lateral displacement of 62.43% for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 400C)
FOR RECTANGULAR BUILDING
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of frames
with Expansion joint and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stress (varying
temperature of 200C)
It was observed that there was an increase in
lateral displacement of 19.42 % for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 200C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 300C).
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 300C)
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithexpansionjo…
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 5 10 15 20 25
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithexpansio…
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30
Hei
gh
t in
m
Displacement in mm
framewithexpansionjoint
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 17
It was observed that there was an increase in
lateral displacement of 38.8 % for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 300C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 400C)
Comparison of lateral displacement of
frames with Expansion joint and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature stress
(varying temperature of 400C)
It was observed that there was an increase
in lateral displacement of 58.21 % for frames with
Expansion joint when compared to structure
without expansion joint subjected to temperature
stress (varying temperature of 400C)
COMPARSION OF QUANTITY OF
STEEL
Comparsion of quantities of steel in
frames with Expansion joints and without
Expansion joints subjected to temperature stress (
varying temperatures of 200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
FOR C TYPE BUILDING
quantities of steel for frame with expansion
joints and without expansion joints subjected to
temperature stresses ( varying temperatures of
200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
comparison quantities of steel for frame with
expansion joints and without expansion joints
subjected to temperature stresses (varying
temperatures of 200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
when compared to R.C frame with expansion
joints and without expansion joint subjected to
temperature stresses (i.e. varying temperature of
200C, 30
0C and 40
0C), there was a increase in
percentage of steel of 77.75, 82.33 and 83.68
respectively.
FOR L TYPE BUILDING
quantities of steel for frame with expansion joints
and without expansion joints subjected to
temperature stresses ( varying temperatures of
200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
-2
1
4
7
10
13
16
0 10 20 30
framewithexpansi…
0
50
100
150
200
20c 30c 40c
Frame withexpansion
joint
Frame without expansion jointsubjected to Temperature stresses
Qu
anti
ty o
f st
ee
l in
to
ns
Type
Frame
with
expansion
joint
Frame without expansion
joint subjected to
Temperature stresses of
200c 30
0c 40
0c
quantity
of steel
(Ton) 61.056 107.52 109.44 110.321
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 18
comparison quantities of steel for frame with
expansion joints and without expansion joints
subjected to temperature stresses ( varying
temperatures of 200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
when compared to R.C frame with expansion
joints and without expansion joint subjected to
temperature stresses (i.e. varying temperature of
200C,30
0C and 40
0C), there was a increase in
percentage of steel of 76.1, 79.24 and 80.68
respectively.
FOR T TYPE BUILDING
quantities of steel for frame with expansion joints
and without expansion joints subjected to
temperature stresses ( varying temperatures of
200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
comparison quantities of steel for frame
with expansion joints and without expansion joints
subjected to temperature stresses ( varying
temperatures of 200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
when compared to R.C frame with
expansion joints and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stresses (i.e. varying
temperature of 200C,30
0C and 40
0C), there was a
decrease in percentage of steel of 4.9, 5.61 and
5.44 respectively.
FOR RECTANGULAR TYPE BUILDING
quantities of steel for frame with expansion joints
and without expansion joints subjected to
temperature stresses ( varying temperatures of
200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
Type
Frame
with
expansion
joint
Frame without
expansion joint
subjected to
Temperature stresses of
200c 30
0c 40
0c
quantity
of steel
(ton) 60.06 59.514 59.76 59.47
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20c 30c 40c
Frame withexpansion
joint
Frame without expansion jointsubjected to Temperature stresses
Qu
anti
ty o
f st
ee
l in
to
n
010203040506070
20c 30c 40c
Framewith
expansionjoint
Frame without expansion jointsubjected to Temperature
stresses of
Qu
anti
ty o
f st
ee
l in
to
n
Type
Frame
with
expansion
joint
Frame without
expansion joint
subjected to
Temperature stresses of
200c 30
0c 40
0c
quantity
of steel
(ton) 64.893 61.7 61.25 61.357
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 19
comparison quantities of steel for frame
with expansion joints and without expansion joints
subjected to temperature stresses ( varying
temperatures of 200C, 30
0C and 40
0C).
when compared to R.C frame with
expansion joints and without expansion joint
subjected to temperature stresses (i.e. varying
temperature of 200C,30
0C and 40
0C), there was a
slightly decrease in percentage of steel of 0.909,
0.49 and 0.98 respectively.
CONCLUSIONS:
The lateral displacements and quantity of
steel for Regular and Irregular R.C framed
structures with and without expansion joints were
investigated using the linear static analysis.
Following were the conclusions drawn from the
study.
1. For “C” type G+4 storey building, it was
observed, when compared to frame with
expansion joint to frame without expansion
joints, there was an decrease in percentage
of lateral displacement of 4.17 at a
temperature stress of 200c and there was an
increase in percentage of lateral
displacements of 10.73 and 25.236 at a
temperature stresses of 300c and 40
0c
respectively.
2. For “L” type G+4 storey building, it was
observed , when compared to frame with
expansion joint to frame without expansion
joints, there was an decrease in percentage
of lateral displacements of 17.18 and 4.865
at a temperature stresses of 200c and 30
0c
and there was an increase in percentage of
lateral displacement of 7.45 at a
temperature stresses of 400c respectively.
3. For “T” type G+4 storey building, it was
observed, when compared to frame with
expansion joint to frame without expansion
joints, there was an increase in percentage
of lateral displacement of 26.84,44.63 and
62.41 at a temperature stresses of 200c,
300c and 40
0c respectively.
4. For “Rectangular” type G+4 storey
building, it was observed, when compared
to frame with expansion joint to frame
without expansion joints, there was an
increase in percentage of lateral
displacement of 21.49, 40.619 and 59.74 at
a temperature stresses of 200c, 30
0c and
400c respectively.
5. For “C” type building it was observed,
when compared to frame with and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stresses (i.e. varying temperatures of 200c,
300c and 40
0c) there was an increase in
percentage of steel of 77.75, 82.33 and
83.68 respectively.
6. For “L” type building it was observed,
when compared to frame with and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stresses (i.e. varying temperatures of 200c,
300c and 40
0c) there was an increase in
percentage of steel of 76.1,79.24 and 80.68
respectively.
7. For “T” type building it was observed,
when compared to frame with and without
expansion joint subjected to temperature
stresses (i.e. varying temperatures of 200c,
300c and 40
0c) there was an decrease in
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
20c 30c 40c
Frame withexpansion
joint
Frame without expansion jointsubjected to Temperature stresses
Qu
anti
ty o
f st
ee
l in
to
n
IJMTES | International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Science ISSN: 2348-3121
Volume:08 Issue:01 2021 www.ijmtes.com 20
percentage of steel of 4.9,5.61 and 5.44
respectively.
8. For “Rectangular” type building it was
observed, when compared to frame with
and without expansion joint subjected to
temperature stresses (i.e. varying
temperatures of 200c, 30
0c and 40
0c) there
was an decrease in percentage of steel of
0.9, 0.49 and 0.98 respectively.
From the study, concluded that
consideration of expansion joints in analysis of
structure (wherever applicable) can improve
stiffness as well as it will be cost effective.
REFERENCES
[1] A.Plumier, V.Denoel, L.Sanchez, C.Doneux, W.Van Alboom
“
Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of an S Shape Building with Expansion Joints”.
[2] Expansion Joints in Buildings: Technical Report No. 65
[3] Farhana M. Saiyed 1, Ashish H. Makwana2, Jayeshkumar Pitroda3
(2014) “EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT : MATERIAL & TECHNIQUES” 29th March, 2014, Civil Engineering Department S.N.P.I.T. & R.C., Umrakh
[4] IS: 3414 – 1968 , “Indian standard code of practice for design and
insallation of joints in buildings” , Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi
[5] IS 456: 2000, “ Indian standard plain reinforced concrete – code of practice”, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
[6] IS : 875 (part 1), “Indian Standard Code of practice for Design loads
for buildings and structures, Dead load” , Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
[7] IS : 875 (part 2), “Indian Standard Code of practice for Design loads
for buildings and structures, imposed load” , Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi
[8] IS : 875 (part 3), “Indian Standard Code of practice for Design loads
for buildings and structures, Wind load” , Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi
[9] IS : 875 (part 5), “Indian Standard Code of practice for Design loads
for buildings and structures, Special loads and combinations” , Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi
[10] James M. Fisher (2005) “Expansion Joints: Where, When and How”
April 2005 Modern Steel Construction
[11] Joints in Concrete Construction, Reported by ACI Committee 224
(2001)
[12] Matthew D. Brady (2011) “Expansion Joint Considerations for
Buildings” Modern steel construction may 2011
[13] Michael J. Plelffer, David Darwin (1987) “Joint design for
reinforced concrete buildings” structural engineering and engineering materials sm report no 20, December 1987
[14] SANJAY SHIRKE1 , H.S.CHORE2 , P.A. DODE3 (2014) “Effect
of temperature load on beam design in thermal analysis” Proceedings of 12th IRF International Conference, Pune , India
[15] Speight, Marshall & francis (2012) “technical bulletin” structural
engineering- special inspections, September 2012 bulletin no XLII.University Science, 1989.
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