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Style guide
English Department, PH Heidelberg
The English Department of the PH Heidelberg requires students'
papers to be presented in APA-style.
This guide explains how to use APA-style to format papers.
Please consult the English Department's Writing Center for
additional assistance (writingcenter310@googlemail.com).
FontUse plain type in 12-point size, for example, Courier New or
Times New Roman.
LayoutAll margins (left, top, right, and bottom) should be 2.5cm. If
you intend to bind your document, you may set the left margin
to 4cm.
Each of your pages must have a header (Kopfzeile) consisting of the following:
short version of the title
page number
The short title and the page number are on the same line; leave
five spaces between the two (see sample paper). This format
must appear on every page of your document.
Headings (Überschriften) are the section titles in your document. Various heading levels are possible [subheadings
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(Zwischenüberschriften)]. Every heading level must contain at
least two listings. All headings should be bold. Count the number of heading levels in the section of your report with the
most breakdowns. You must select the heading styles based on
this number. APA has five heading styles. This section shows
the styles to use for the different numbers of heading levels.
As previously mentioned, to determine which styles to use,
count the number of heading levels in your text that contains
the most heading levels:
Correct Style for One Heading Level: (1) Centered, With Initial Caps
Correct Styles for Two Heading Levels: (1) Centered, With Initial Caps (2) Flush Left, Italicized, With Initial
Caps, and Single-spaced When Going to a Succeeding Line
Correct Styles for Three Heading Levels: (1) Centered, With Initial Caps (2) Flush Left, Italicized, With
Initial Caps, and Single-spaced When Going to a Succeeding
Line (3) Indented, italicized, with lower-case
words, flush left and single-spaced when going to a second
line, and ending with a period.
Correct Styles for Four Heading Levels: (1) Centered, With Initial Caps (2) Centered, Italicized, With Initial
Caps (3) Flush Left, Italicized, With Initial Caps, and
Single-spaced When Going to a Succeeding Line (4)
Indented, italicized, with lower-case words, flush left
and single-spaced when going to a second line, and ending
with a period.
Correct Styles for Five Heading Levels: (1) CENTERED, UPPERCASE (2) Centered, With Initial Caps (3)
Centered, Italicized, With Initial Caps (4) Flush Left,
Italicized, With Initial Caps, and Single-spaced When
Going to a Succeeding Line (5) Indented,
italicized, with lower-case words, flush left and single-
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spaced when going to a second line, and ending with a
period.
BodyType your text double-spaced (1.5).
Use a ragged right margin for your pages. A ragged right margin
has lines of differing length.
Indent the first line of each paragraph five spaces.
Do not add extra spaces between paragraphs. Your text should
be double-spaced throughout.
Number all the pages of your document chronologically starting
with the table of contents.
Formatting a title pageAll papers need a title page. This contains the following
elements: title of paper, author's name, university name,
course title, instructor's name, course semester, submission
date, contact information (e-mail, telephone).
Center your title page text, leaving lots of white space on
either side. Note that all elements are double-spaced.
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Attitudes Toward Telecommuting
Among Managers and Employees at ABC Computer Co.
John Student
California State University
Business Management, winter semester 2008/2009
Dr. Alan Green
February 21, 2009
john.student@gmx.de, 06221-587624
Formatting a table of contentsAll papers need a table of contents. The table of contents
should contain all the headings in the body, worded exactly as
they appear therein; therefore, the table of contents should
not contain any headings that are not in the document and vice
versa.
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You should finish the table of contents after your document is
done because page numbers must be included.
Be sure to include all the appendices in the table of contents.
Note that you do not repeat "Table of Contents" as the first
item in your list.
The words "Table of Contents" should be in the same style as
the first level heading of your document.
Reorganization Plan 3
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................1
2. Accounting Department ...........................1
Management ....................................3
Employees .....................................4
3. IT Department ...................................5
Management ....................................6
Employees .....................................7
4. Conclusion ......................................8
References .........................................9
Appendix A .........................................10
Appendix B .........................................12
Formatting the appendicesIf you have only one appendix, call it "Appendix." If you have
two or more appendices, however, call them "Appendix A,"
"Appendix B," and so on. APA guidelines require that you place
the appendix letter and title on the first page of the material
in the appendix.
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Reorganization Factors 35
Appendix B
Reorganization Chart
for ABC Company
Placing graphicsFigures include diagrams, pictures, photos, line drawings, bar and line graphs, pie charts, etc. Tables compare large amounts of data in columns. Do not include figures or tables in your
paper unless they are necessary to support your argument (e.g.
to show the ethnic distribution of the population in a cultural
studies paper/pictures in a teaching unit). If you include a
figure or a table, add a caption containing the figure/table
number and a title (Fig. 1: Model 300 ergonomic desk). Refer
to the figure by number in your text: Figure 1 shows the Model
300 ergonomic desk. Or The Model 300 ergonomic desk is
available in three styles (see Figure 1). If you include a
table, refer to it by number in your text: Table 4 shows the
comparisons for the ten test groups. Or The comparisons for the
ten test groups vary substantially (see Table 4).
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Some instructors wish that figures be placed on separate pages
at the back of the paper; others allow them to be merged into
the document.
If figures are to be merged into the document, place them as
closely as possible to where you reference them; this means on
the same page if there is room or on the next page.
Your figure can be narrower than the required margins of the
paper, but it cannot be wider.
Number figures separately from tables; i.e., Figure 1, Figure
2, Figure 3, and Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 – NOT Figure 1,
Table 2, Figure 3. Place the caption below the graphic. The
word "Figure" and the figure number are italicized, but the
caption itself is in plain type. A period follows the figure
number. The figure caption immediately follows the figure
number, and when the caption goes onto a second line, it is
double-spaced.
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Documenting sources in the textAny time you use material from books, magazine articles, and
other publications or interviews in your document, you must
credit the source.
You must first cite the source in the text, where the borrowed
material appears, then again in the list of references that
follows the last page. APA-style does not use footnotes for
citations. Instead, sources are credited by using
"parenthetical citations."
Citing paraphrased material without naming the author in the sentenceWith some paraphrased material, you may state the concept
without directly quoting from a book or stating a name in the
text of the sentence itself. The correct way to credit the
source of this information is to type the author's last name,
followed by a comma, a space, then the year of publication,
followed by a comma, a space, and page number (p. for a single
page, pp. for more than one page), so the reader will know what
to look up in the reference list. Cite a magazine article the
same way.
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As society continues to undergo rapid technological change,
people suffer from what we now call "future shock" (Jones,
1993, p.24).
When citing a range of pages, note that you must give the exact
range.
By the year 2000, 95% of all offices will use PCs (Jones, 1993,
pp. 24-30).
Paraphrasing Material and Naming the Author in the SentenceYou may paraphrase material and include the author's name as
part of your sentence, but you must still let the reader know
from which publication the information came.
The parenthetical citation includes the year and page number
and is next to the author's name, not at the end of the
sentence.
According to Jones (1993, p. 24), as society continues to
undergo rapid technological change, people will suffer from
what we now call "future shock."
Citing QuotesDirect quotes that are up to 40 words of manuscript text are
cited as part of the regular double-spaced text (see sample).
Place the material in quotation marks to indicate that it is
indeed a quote, rather than a paraphrase. Note that the
citation is part of the sentence – the period is placed at the
end of the entire sentence, not after the quotation.
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In his book Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Peter Drucker
(1985, p. 20) defines innovation as "the specific tool of
entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an
opportunity for a different business or a different service."
When a quote takes up 40 words or more of manuscript text,
indent it five spaces and double-space it. Note that the form
and placement of the citation depends on whether the author's
name is used in the sentence.
Try to keep quotations to no more than 10 lines – figure out a
way to paraphrase the material rather than lifting several
pages from the original document.
Drucker (1985, p. 20) states that:
Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the
means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a
different business or a different service. Entrepreneurs
need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation,
the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities
for successful innovation.
Citing a publication with two authorsWhen the authors' names appear in the parenthetical citation,
use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" between the
authors' names. Use the word "and" only when the authors' names
appear as part of the actual text of the sentence.
Smith and Jones (1993, p. 137) stated that "by the year 2000,
95% of offices will use PCs."
OR"By the year 2000, 95% of offices will use PCs" (Smith & Jones,
1993, p. 137).
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Citing a publication with three or more authorsIf the work has three, four, or five authors, list all the
authors the first time you cite the reference. Thereafter, cite
it with the first author's name, followed by the Latin
abbreviation "et al." This means "and others."
The United States will be completely out of the recession by
1997 (Everett, Jones & Sanders, 1993).
If the work has six or more authors, cite it with the first
author's name, followed by the Latin abbreviation "et al." This
means "and others."
The United States entered another recession in the middle of
2001 (Everett et al., 2000).
Citing multiple worksWhen citing several studies or works that all refer to what you
wrote because they have the same common thread, philosophy,
concepts, or conclusions, list the authors in alphabetical
order, using a semicolon between each of the citations.
Several studies (Chan & Jefferson, 1985; Gomez, 1976; Thompson,
1992) show that...
Citing an author with more than one publication in the same yearIf an author has more than one publication in the same year,
the reader must be able to tell which listing in the list of
references matches that particular citation. Add a lower-case
letter extension to each of the citations. Cite the first one
as "a" and the succeeding references "b," "c," etc., in the
order of their citation in the text.
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In PCs Today, Johnson (1998a) states that....
Citing a textbookWhen citing a textbook, type the title and number of the
textbook in italics, include the year of publication and the
page number(s). Use abbreviations to indicate different
textbook components (e.g. WB=workbook, TM=teacher's manual).
In IKURU 2 TM (2002, pp. 110-129), the topic is.....
Citing an unpublished workWhen citing a text that has not (yet) been published, type the
author's last name and "in press" or "unpublished" in place of
the year of publication.
We should note, however, Duff's (in press) warning that
equating ethnography with qualitative.....
OREthnography has also been utilized for the contextualized
analysis of classroom discourse and school learning (Duff,
2002; Rampton, 1995; Toohey, in press).
Citing electronic mediaWhen citing electronic media (Web sites, online publications,
emails, etc.), the same basic principles as for print media
apply. Give the author's last name, publication date, and if
there are no page numbers, give paragraph number and use ¶
symbol or "para." If the retrieval element is an Internet
address, note that the date of retrieval and the complete URL
must be included in the reference list (see sample).
Hoppin and Taveras (2004) pointed out that several other
medications were classified by the Drug Enforcement
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Administration as having the "potential for abuse" (Weight-Loss
Drugs section, para. 6).
Citing a personal communicationYou may interview an expert or other relevant person face-to-
face or by telephone during the course of your research, or you
may receive a fax, letter, or e-mail from that person. If you
use any portion of these communications, you must cite them in
the text. Give both the initials and the last name of the
person involved. Use the words "personal communication" for all
of these types of communications. These sources are cited in
the text but not included in the reference list because they do
not provide recoverable data.
According to J. D. Smith (personal communication, November 15,
1995), management style...
OR...with personnel problems (J. D. Smith, personal
communication, November 15, 1995).
Citing court casesAll court cases are cited in the same manner. Be sure to
underline the case title. Note that "v." is used, not the word
"versus" or the abbreviation "vs.," and that the "v" is lower
case.
The case of Smith v. Jones (1992) set a major legal precedent
regarding sexual harassment in the workplace.
OR
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Apple Computer Company charged Microsoft Corporation with
patent infringement, saying that Microsoft appropriated the
code for its graphic interface and used it to develop its
Windows program (Apple Computer v. Microsoft, 1993).
Citing a statuteWhen you cite a statute in the text, you must give the name of
the act and the year it was passed. Be sure to use initial
capital letters on each word of the statute.
To prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated
against in the workplace and in society at large, the U.S.
Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act (1990).
ORTo prevent people with disabilities from being discriminated
against in the workplace and in society at large, the U.S.
Congress passed the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990.
Creating a reference listIn APA, a reference list includes references not only from
books, but also from other sources, such as: journal articles,
magazine articles, newsletter articles, newspaper articles,
company brochures, personal interviews and correspondence,
encyclopedias or dictionaries, government publications,
academic material, raw data, book/movie/video reviews, audio-
visual media, legal materials, electronic media, including the
Internet.
Include in your reference list only the sources you actually
used to research your report. Place the word "References" at
the top of the list. Create the list in alphabetical order by
the author's last name (see sample).
For information about referencing various sources, please see
the following sample or request assistance at the English
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Department's Writing Center, refer to an APA-style guide, or
try the Ohio State University library's Web site:
http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/apagd.php.
Sample paper with reference list
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Effects of Meditation Training Sessions on Students Showing
Signs of Stress Related Behavioral Disorders and Impaired
Mental Focus
Bethany R. Davis
University of Wittenburg
Psychology III, summer semester 2007
Prof. Dr. Ellen Joyce
August 14, 2007
bethany.davis@web.de, 06221-598359
Effects of Meditation 1
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Table of Contents1. Effects of Meditation Training on Students ........2
2. Method ............................................2
Participants ....................................2
High Risk Group ............................2
Low Risk Group .............................2
Instructors .....................................3
Approaches to Meditation Training ...............3
Belinski Meditation ........................3
Turner-Bachman Meditation ..................3
Altameter Meditation .......................3
Design and Procedure ............................4
Testing .........................................4
Tests conducted prior to med. training .....4
Tests conducted following med. training ....4
3. Results ...........................................4
High Risk Group .................................4
Low Risk Group ..................................4
4. Discussion ........................................4
References ...........................................5
Effects of Meditation 2
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Effects of Meditation Training on StudentsMeditation, as a strategy for patient care, is being used
with increasing frequency as a strategy for non-invasive
treatment of stress related behavioral disorders, with
remarkable success levels in a wide range of population
(Miller, 2005). Meditation, as a treatment, relies on a wide
variety of MTM (Meditation Training Methods), some of which
have been developed recently, in conjunction with holistic
medical practices, and some of which have been used for,
literally, centuries, in one form or another (Berk & Wise,
2005). Studies researching the effectiveness of meditation
training (e.g., Morris, Langley & Hall, 2005; Wastrom,
2004)have tended to gather statistics from participants who had
been exposed to meditation prior to testing, and who were not
screened for similarity in disposition with regard for their
risk level for responding unfavorably or favorably to stress
levels. Our study hopes to introduce a level of consistency in
the participants' backgrounds and likelihood of response levels
to the training. (section continues)
MethodParticipants
Sixty upper level university students were selected for
participation in this study, thirty of whom were, as a result
of family history, at high risk for developing signs of...
(section continues)
High Risk Group.Students were identified as high risk if they reported a
familial history of any in a series of stress related
behavioral disorders, including... (section continues)
Low Risk Group.Students were identified as low risk.... (section
continues)
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Effects of Meditation 3
InstructorsThree qualified instructors, with experience in meditation
training were employed to lead the sessions, using a variety of
meditation training techniques. All instructors were asked to
present a 40 page article, "Meditation Training, to each of the
participants at the beginning of the first session. This
document offers a general context for the meditation training,
as well as a few passages that set an appropriate level of
connection to the ancient origins of meditation:
A monk goes into the forest or to the foot of a tree or to
an uninhabited place and sits with his legs crossed, and
with his body erect he generates mindfulness and being
mindful he breathes in and being mindful he breathes out.
As he breathes in a long breath he recognizes that he is
breathing in a long breath; as he breathes out a long
breath, he recognizes that he is breathing out a long
breath (Sangupta, 1923, p. 42).
The primary focus of the booklet, however, is to provide a
concise introduction to the various methods that will be used
in their training. (section continues)
Approaches to Meditation TrainingBelinski Meditation.This method relies on seven steps of regulating breathing
and concentration. (section continues)
Turner-Bachman Meditation.The Turner-Bachman method emphasizes "skills that enhance
the ability to focus, encouraging a high level of mental
concentration (Turner, 2005, p. 20). (section continues)
Altameter Meditation.Altameter meditation method uses a combination of...
(section continues)
19
Effects of Meditation 4
Design and ProcedureEach participant attended three meditation sessions a week
for six months. Testing for stress levels... (section
continues)
Testing
Tests conducted prior to meditation training.A series of tests to determine the level of stress related
behavioral signs in each of the participants were conducted
prior to the first meditation training session. (section
continues)
Test conducted following training.A series of tests measuring signs of stress related
behavior disorders were conducted at monthly intervals
during... (section continues)
ResultsAll participants above showed significant improvement in
managing stress after six months of meditation training, with
some slight variations in the level of improvement in the high
and low risk groups. (section continues)
High Risk GroupParticipants with a high risk factor for stress related
disorders improved, on the average, 10%.... (section continues)
Low Risk GroupParticipants with a low risk factor for stress related
disorders improved, on the average, 10% ..... (section
continues)
Discussion
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The data collected in this study suggests that student
centers would do well to offer meditation training to all
students. Following the study.... (section continues)
Effects of Meditation 5
ReferencesBerk, A.R., & Wise, P.S. (2005). A history of meditation. New
York: Weston Falls.
Miller, F. (2005). Meditation training: An overview of recent
programs in the US and Canada. In J.B. Martins (Ed),
Health and society: A collection of recent healthcare
studies (pp. 224-263). New York: Preston-Gimms Press.
Morris, P.R., Langley, M.B., & Hill, J.T. (2005).Meditation
training benefits: Results of a 2 year program. Modern
Health Magazine, 2, 123-141.
National Nurses Coalition. (2005). Meditation guide. In New
approaches to ancient practices: Meditation as an
alternative to medication. Retrieved September 22, 2005,
from National Nurses Coalition:
http://nnc.org/news/medguide.asp.
Palmer, E.R. & Wilson, J.B. (2005). Tense and down is up:
tracking the recent rise in stress related disorders.
Healthwatch Journal, 8(2), 156-184.
Sangupta, I.L. (1923). Meditation. (F. Fernea. Trans.).London:
Bloom Brothers.
Turner, B.M. (2005). Meditation Medication: New approaches to
old problems. Journal of Medicine and Society, 15, 1531-
1582.
Wastrom, E.M. (2004). Leaving the little blue pills behind.
Treating low level depression with meditation training. In
Psychology Weekly Online Bulletin. Retrieved September 21,
21
2005, from http://pwob.org/2004/wastrom-001.htm.
Amato, C.J. (2002). The World's Easiest Guide to Using the APA. (3rd ed.). Corona, CA:
Stargazer Publishing Company
Dr. Paper. http://thewritedirection.net/drpaper/help/05-07-apasamplepapers.htm
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