surface water groundwater · gw level – air temperature (r = -0.86) y = -2.4341x + 111.64 r2 =...
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Hydrology and Environment ©
Surface water – groundwater
quality relationship: the Fletcher’s
Creek project Rimma Vedom, Ph.D.
Hydrology and Environment
905 823 6088, rimma@can.rogers.com, www.hydrology.ca
42nd Central CAWQ Symposium
February 12-13, 2007
Hydrology and Environment ©
Initial and Current Objectives The Objective of the project:
to create the database for Separated Flow Approach (SFA) evaluation considering only the
drainage function of a watershed
Steeles Ave.
Mayfield Rd.
The Separated Flux Analysis (SFAN) considering the thermo regulating
function of a watershed
The Findings were:
•velocity and travel time as the hydrological indicators
of water quality conditions, which characterize different
transport and solvent capacity in different periods
•Water and air Temperatures were considered
indirectly through different periods of high correlation
between parameters
Hydrology and Environment ©
Hypothesis definition Watershed is a self-
organized functional
and structurally complex
unit of hydrosphere that
controls life-sustaining
thermo regime within its
boundaries.
To protect a source of water we
have to know its exact place and
role in a functional structure of
the watershed
Hydrology and Environment ©
The SFA concept and tool
The base component of any parameter, characterized by the highest rate of
fluctuation, is the most reactive one. Degree of its relationship with the other
parameters indicates the true one.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
dQb
N
dQi = dQb*2^(Kmax + 0.618)
The SimpleBase Delineation Model
Hydrology and Environment ©
Results of separation by the SimpleBase
Delineation Model
TDS, g/L
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Level, cm
0
40
80
120
160
200
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
pH
6.5
7.5
8.5
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Temperatures, grad C
0
10
20
30
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
Turbidity, NFU
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 11 21 31 41 51 61
May 6 – Jun 6
GW GW
GW
GW
GW
WMO fresh water classification
Hydrology and Environment ©
Daily correlation between separated components of
surface and ground water parameters
Parameter
GW Level GW Temperature GW TDS GW pH GW Turbidity
Total Base Total Base Total Base Total Base Total Base
Level_T, cm -0.96 -0.96 -0.93 -0.96 0.85 0.90 0.79 0.84
Level_B, cm -0.96 -0.97 -0.93 -0.96 0.85 0.90 0.79 0.84
Temp_T, cm 0.82 0.89 -0.76 -0.86 -0.40 -0.55
Temp_B, cm 0.83 0.90 -0.75 -0.85 -0.41 -0.58
TDS_T, mg/L -0.90 -0.92 -0.92 -0.96
TDS_B, mg/L -0.88 -0.90 -0.82 -0.87
pH_T 0.87 0.91
pH_B 0.86 0.91
Turb_T
Turb_B
Air_T, °C -0.84 -0.84 0.73 0.73 0.79 0.87 -0.66 -0.73 -0.60 -0.63
Air_B, °C -0.86 -0.86 0.78 0.78 0.84 0.92 -0.71 -0.77 -0.63 -0.68
pH_T 0.77 0.78 -0.81 -0.78 -0.87 -0.87 0.86 0.89 0.77 0.81
pH_B 0.80 0.82 -0.82 -0.79 -0.88 -0.90 0.88 0.91 0.78 0.82
T_T, °C -0.84 -0.85 0.74 0.74 0.78 0.86 -0.64 -0.71 -0.54 -0.59
T_B, °C -0.86 -0.86 0.77 0.77 0.81 0.89 -0.67 -0.72 -0.57 -0.63
TDS_T, mg/L -0.12 -0.10 -0.40 -0.39 0.20 0.04 -0.03 -0.06 -0.27 -0.23
TDS_B, mg/L -0.06 -0.04 -0.45 -0.44 0.10 -0.07 0.12 0.10 -0.18 -0.13
Turb_T, NFU -0.27 -0.30 0.34 0.33 0.26 0.33 -0.28 -0.26 -0.16 -0.21
Turb_B, NFU -0.70 -0.70 0.87 0.86 0.61 0.76 -0.60 -0.65 -0.39 -0.46
Flow_T, M3/s 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.09 -0.12 -0.06 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.07
Flow_B, M3/s 0.87 0.88 -0.71 -0.71 -0.96 -0.91 0.85 0.88 0.83 0.88
Velocity_T, m/s 0.24 0.21 0.04 0.04 -0.22 -0.15 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.15
Velocity_B, m/sec 0.87 0.87 -0.73 -0.74 -0.93 -0.87 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.90
Hydrology and Environment ©
"Base" rating curve (r = 0.88)
y = 56.84Ln(x) + 225.23
R2 = 0.9556
y = 54.997Ln(x) + 239.56
R2 = 0.9361
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Stream base flow Q_b, m3/s
Ba
se
gro
un
dw
ate
r le
ve
l
GW
L_
b, c
m
May 1-May 16, Jun 16 - Jul 5 May 17-Jun 15
Log. (May 1-May 16, Jun 16 - Jul 5) Log. (May 17-Jun 15)
Hydrology and Environment ©
GW level – air temperature (r = -0.86)
y = -2.4341x + 111.64
R2 = 0.963
y = -4.7688x + 139.78
R2 = 0.9909
y = -8.3495x + 185.87
R2 = 0.9552
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Base air temperature, Air_B, C
GW
leve
l, cm
May 3 - 10, Jun 24 -30 May 12-Jun 15
Apr 29 - May 3, Jun 18 - 23, Jul 1-5 Linear (May 12-Jun 15)
Linear (May 3 - 10, Jun 24 -30) Linear (Apr 29 - May 3, Jun 18 - 23, Jul 1-5)
Hydrology and Environment ©
Groundwater TDS vs baseflow pH (r = 0.90)
y = 2E+14x-15.988
R2 = 0.9368
y = -1.759x + 15.13
R2 = 0.9132
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8
GW pH_b
GW
TD
S_
b,
g/L
May 6 - May 16, Jun 15 - 24 Apr 29-May 5, May 17 - June 14, Jun 25 -Jul 1
Pow er (May 6 - May 16, Jun 15 - 24) Linear (Apr 29-May 5, May 17 - June 14, Jun 25 -Jul 1)
Hydrology and Environment ©
GW TDS vs Baseflow (r = -0.96)
y = -13.931x + 2.2768
R2 = 0.9415
y = -9.078x + 1.9886
R2 = 0.9834
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Baseflow of the stream, m3/s
TD
S o
f g
rou
nd
wate
r, g
/L
May 5 -11, May 17 - Jun 6, Jun 14 - Jul 1 Apr 29 May 4, May 12-16, Jun 7-13
Linear (May 5 -11, May 17 - Jun 6, Jun 14 - Jul 1) Linear (Apr 29 May 4, May 12-16, Jun 7-13)
Hydrology and Environment ©
GW TDS vs GW base turbidity (r = -0.96)
y = -0.118x + 1.7277
R 2 = 0.3952
y = -0.7295x + 2.1075
R 2 = 0.9502
y = -0.0549x + 1.7599
R 2 = 0.1354
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
GW base turbidity, NFU
GW
TD
S,
g/L
Apr 29 - May 29 May 30 - Jun 7 Jun 8 - 19
Linear (May 30 - Jun 7) Linear (Apr 29 - May 29) Linear (Jun 8 - 19)
TDS = 1.5 g/L is the functional
limit for fresh water system.
Hydrology and Environment ©
Correlation between groundwater TDS
and creek and air temperatures
y = 0.1165x - 0.6506
R2 = 0.9928
y = 0.1022x - 0.1393
R2 = 0.979y = 0.0627x + 0.7168
R2 = 0.9537
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25
T_b, C
GW
TD
S_
b,
g/L
Apr 29- May 15 May 16-Jun 11 Jun 18-Jul 1
Linear (Apr 29- May 15) Linear (May 16-Jun 11) Linear (Jun 18-Jul 1)
y = 0.0709x - 0.0952
R2 = 0.9826
y = 0.0691x + 0.2265
R2 = 0.9751
y = 0.0229x + 1.3226
R2 = 0.9035
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Air_B, C
GW
TD
S_
b,
g/L
Apr 29- May 15 May 16-Jun 11 Jun 18-30
Linear (Apr 29- May 15) Linear (May 16-Jun 11) Linear (Jun 18-30)
R = 0.92 R = 0.89
Hydrology and Environment ©
T_b = f(Air_b); gwT_b = f(Air_b)
y = 0.6371x + 5.6421
R2 = 0.9457
y = 0.1576x + 6.1351
R2 = 0.8894
y = 0.1265x + 8.9817
R2 = 0.8465
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Air_b temperature, C
Cre
ek (
T_B
) an
d g
rou
nd
(g
wT
_b
)
base t
em
pera
ture
s, C
T_B, °C GW_b (Apr 29-Jun 15) GW_b (Jun 16-Jul 5)
Linear (T_B, °C) Linear (GW_b (Apr 29-Jun 15)) Linear (GW_b (Jun 16-Jul 5))
Hydrology and Environment ©
Different curves periods and their
reasons
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
29/0
4/0
5
06/0
5/0
5
13/0
5/0
5
20/0
5/0
5
27/0
5/0
5
03/0
6/0
5
10/0
6/0
5
17/0
6/0
5
24/0
6/0
5
01/0
7/0
5
>10°
Second Third rating curve
Full-sized
leaves, grass;
poplar fluff
>20°
>20°
<10° >10°
>10°
>20°
<20°
<20°
>20°
>10°
Hydrology and Environment ©
Results of separation for the period of
Apr 29 – Jul 05 2005: frequencies N and amplitudes Kmax
The most reactive/sensible parameter for GW is pH; for the stream water
it is turbidity; in atmosphere this is wind.
dQi = dQb*2^(Kmax + 0.618)
Parameter Ground water Surface water Air
dQ N Kmax dQ N Kmax dQ N Kmax
pH 0.099 13 1 0.099 13 1 n/a n/a n/a
Turbidity, NFU/
Humidity, %
0.09 10 2 0.67 16 7
3.4
14
2
Temperature, °C 0.2 8 1 0.99 12 1 1.09 9 2
Level, cm/
Precipitation, mm
0.9 6 2 0.49 10 3
0.02
14
7
TDS, g/L/
AQI
0.043 6 2 0.031 7 1
3.4
14
2
Velocity, m/s/
Wind, m/s
n/a n/a n/a 0.004 11 6
3.9
17
1
Hydrology and Environment ©
4-month daily periods, bi-weekly sliding correlation
between stream flow and air temperature
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Jan
-91
May
-91
Sep
-91
Jan
-92
May
-92
Sep
-92
Jan
-93
May
-93
Sep
-93
Jan
-94
May
-94
Sep
-94
Jan
-95
May
-95
Sep
-95
Jan
-96
May
-96
Sep
-96
Jan
-97
May
-97
Sep
-97
Jan
-98
May
-98
Sep
-98
Jan
-99
May
-99
Sep
-99
Jan
-00
May
-00
Sep
-00
Period from 01-Jan-91 to 31-Dec-00
Co
rrela
tio
n c
oeffic
ien
t
Total Base
Etobicoke Cr. and Pearson Airport
Hydrology and Environment ©
Conclusions
• The hypothesis of the watershed as the functional unit of hydrosphere to control temperature is true
• The excessively high level of TDS in groundwater accelerates the GW temperature increase during the warm period
• Within the system, the higher rate of base component indicates the higher reactivity of the parameter itself in the examined period
• Interrelated parameters change iteratively, fluctuating in different periods around their temporary stable condition
• The Separated Flux Analysis is the right tool for the environmental assessment and can be used in the water source protection activity to estimate the true relationship between elements of the system, to restore missing parameters using available ones: air temperature and flow.
• The Fletcher’s creek daily dataset has to be completed till one year period in order to be an excellent database for any approach evaluation
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