sustainable architecture in vorarlberg - energy concepts and construction systems
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Sustainable Architecture inVorarlberg
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Energy Concepts
and
Construction
Systems
Ulrich Dangel
Birkhiiuser
Basel · Boston - Berlin
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Thisbook is also available in a Germanlanguage
edition: Nachhaltige Architektur in Vorarlberg,
ISBN978-3-0346-0118-4
Library of CongressControl Number:
2009934864
Bibliographic information published by the
GermanNational Library
TheGermanNational Library lists this publication
in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed
bibliographic data are available on the Internet
at
http
://dnb.d-nb.de.
Thiswork is subject to copyright. All rights are
reserved, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in other ways,andstorage in data
bases.Forany kind of use, permission of the
copyright owner must be obtained.
©
2010 Birkhauser verlag AG
Basel · Boston· Berlin
PO. Box133,CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland
Part of Springer Science+BusinessMedia
Printed on acid-free paper produced from
chlorine-free pulp .
TCF
00
Proofreading : Claudia Mazanek, Vienna
Design: LeaPfister, Zurich /
Nadine Rinderer, Basel
Printed in Germany
ISBN: 978-3-0346-0119-1
987654321
www.birkhauser.ch
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7
Preface
93
Sustainability
8 Mapof Voralberg
The Timber House - Traditional
Houses
-
Sustainable
Management ofResources
11
Tradition and Future
The
Province
ofVorarlberg
-
100
Community Center Ludesch
Architecture
Today
Sustainable Paradigm
Hermann Kaufmann
18 Elementary School Doren 108 Housing Development Fichtenweg,
Lessons from wood Bartholomaberg-Gantschier
Cukrowicz Nachbaur Compactand Cost-Efficient
26
Ski Lodge Schneggarei, Lech am Arlberg Hans Hohenfellner
Buildingon Traditional Values 112 Community Center Raggal
Katia Schneider + Gerold Schneider, Retaining Regional
Value
AllmeindeArchitektur, PhilipLutz Johannes
Kaufmann
32 Parish Church St. Ulrich, Gotzis 118 Housing Development
LetThere
Be
Light Sandgrubenweg, Bregenz
Christian Lenz
Sustainable Living
36
RUscher Residence, Schnepfau Gerhard Horburger, Helmut Kuess,
Reinterpreted Vernacular Wolfgang Ritsch, Norbert Schweitzer
Oskar
Leo
Kaufmann, Albert RUf 124 Secondary School Klaus-Weiler-Fraxern
42 Community Center Obersaxen Passive House Sets the Standard
Tough
onthe Outside, Soft Inside
Dietrich Untertrifaller
MatthiasHein
48
Olperer House, Ginzling 133
Construction Systems
LowEnergy at HighAltitude
VernacularTimber
Construction
-
Hermann
Kaufmann
Change inTradition - A
New
Era
57
Craft
and
Materiality
142 Housing Development MUhlweg, Vienna
Timber -
The Carpentry
Trade -
Exporting Expertse
Craft
Culture
Hermann Kaufmann + Johannes Kaufmann
150
Hugo Kleinbrod Chapel, Lustenau
64
Community Center St. Gerold
The
Church Comes
to the
People
Compactand Coherent
Hugo Dworzak
Cukrowicz Nachbaur
154
Tschabrun Logistics Center, Rankweil
70 Metzler Residence, Rankweil-Brederis
All About Wood
Livingon the Water
Christian Lenz
Marte Marte
158 Hospital Dornbirn
76
SYSTEM3
Floating Featherweight
Customized Prefabrication
Gohm
& Hiessberger
Oskar Leo Kaufmann, Albert RUf
164 Nordwesthaus, FuBach
82
Rauch Residence, Schlins
Lightand
Shadow
Natural Building
Baumschlager
Eberle
Planungsgemeinschaft
Lehmhaus:
Roger Boltshauser, Martin Rauch 170
ProjectSummary
88 Gasthof Krone, Hittisau
174
Biography, Acknowledgements
Old and Newin Harmony
175 Bibliography
Bernardo Bader
176 Illustration Credits
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Preface
Over the last thirty years, the small Austrian province of Vorarlberg has made a name
for
itself
with its contemporary building culture. Widely considered a unique phenom
enon throughout Europe, Vorarlberg has not only established its own regional identity,
but also serves as a role model far beyond its own borders. The apparently universal
consensus among local architects to use reasonable means and resources is paired
with a relentless search for the most sensible, functional, and cost-eff icient design
solutions. The employment of innovative materials and construction principles, the
integration of the latest technologies, and the development of new building products
playa particularly important role. Rooted in the population's ingenuity, this pragmatism,
simplicity, and rationality has resulted in a high number of exemplary buildings which
almost appear to be an unintended byproduct of a thoughtful andsophisticated problem
solving process. The harmonious collaboration between architects, craftsmen, clients,
and the local authorities continues to produce new architecture which is progressive,
energy-efficient, andsustainable, and hasearnedVorarlberg a widely admired reputation
in the international design community.
Although I was raised in southern Germany,only about two hours from Vorarlberg, my
introduction and exposure to its people and culture came several years later, ironically
after
I
had moved awayto the United States. Growing up,
I
was influenced by Swabian
diligence and thrift from my German father's side - traits that can be readily found in
Vorarlberg due to its geographical proximity. Mymother's Austrian heritage contributed
temperament and persistence, and also instilled my close affinity to her home country.
This was complemented by my architectural education at unlversitat Stuttgart, which
sparkeda strong interest in building technology, including structure, assembly,materials,
and sustainability. It appears that with my upbringing and educational background, it
was only a matter
oftime
before Vorarlberg's architecture would attract my attention.
Since my first visit, I havebeen captivated by the Landle and its people. I have been
particularly intrigued by Vorarlberg's vernacular tradition and craft, and how they have
contributed to the development of a distinctive contemporary architectural language.
Without c la iming to be complete, this book is an attempt to give an overview of the
region's architectural history and culture. Despite the fact
that
Vorarlberg is facing
many of the same environmental, social, cultural, and economic issues as other parts
ofthe world, the province has developed its own unique response which I believe could
serve asinspiration to others. I hope
that
the reader will forgive the tendency to idealize
the phenomenon in vorarlberg, which is
still
considered by many to be a paradise for
building.
Ulrich Dangel
Austin, Texas, Spring
2009
7
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8
1
Elementary School Doren
Cukrowicz Nachbaur
Kirchdorf2, 6933 Doren
2
ski Lodge schneggarei
Katia Schneider
+
Gerold Schneider,
Allmeinde Architektur, Philipp Lutz
Tannberg 629, 6764 Lech am Arlberg
3
Parish Church St. Ulrich
Christian Lenz
HauptstraBe 15,6840 Gotzis
4
ROscherResidence
Oskar Leo Kaufmann,
Albert
ROf
6882 Schnepfau
5
Community Center Obersaxen
Matthias Hein
DorfstraBe 2, 6830 Obersaxen
6
Olperer House
Hermann Kaufmann
Dornauberg 110,6295 Ginzling
7
community
Center St. Gerold
Cukrowicz Nachbaur
FaschinastraBe 100, 6722St. Gerold
8
Metzler Residence
Marte Marte
CluniastraBe, 6830 Rankweil-8rederis
9
SYSTEM3
Oskar Leo Kaufmann, Albert ROf
Jahngasse 9, 6850 Dornbirn
10
Rauch Residence
planungsgemeinschaft Lehmhaus:
Roger Boltshauser, Martin Rauch
Torkelweg 17 6824 Schlins
11
Gasthof Krone
Bernardo Bader
Am Platz 185, 6952 Hittisau
12
Community Center Ludesch
Hermann Kaufmann
RaiffeisenstraBe 56, 6713Ludesch
13
Housing Development Fichtenweg
Hans Hohenfellner
Fichtenweg, 6780 Bartholomaberg-Gantschier
14
Community Center Raggal
Johannes Kaufmann
Raggal 31,6741 Raggal
15
Housing Development Sandgrubenweg
Gerhard H6rburger,
Helmut
Kuess,
wolfgang Ritsch,
Norbert
Schweitzer
MariahilfstraBe
rra-d,
6900 Bregenz
16
Secondary School Klaus-weile r-Fraxern
Dietrich
Untertrifaller
TreietstraBe 17 6833 Klaus
17
Housing Development MOhlweg
Hermann Kaufmann + Johannes Kaufmann
MOhweg, 1210Wien
18
Hugo Kleinbrod Chapel
Hugo Dworzak
SchOtzengartenstraBe 216890 Lustenau
19
Tschabrun Logistics Center
Christian Lenz
BundesstraBe 102, 6839 Rankweil
20
Hospital Dornbirn
Gohm & Hiessberger
Lustenauer StraBe 4, 6B50 Dornbirn
21
Nordwesthaus
Baumschlager Eberle
HafenstraBe ta, 6972FuBach
Switzerland
o
I
o
5
,
1&
17
6 _
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9
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•
•
Itlon
uture
Elementary School Doren
Lessons
fr
om w ood
Cukrowicz Nachb aur
Ski Lodge Schneggarei, Lecham Arlberg
Building on Tradi
ti
onal
valu
es
Katia Schnei
der
+ Gerold Schneider.
All meinde Archite kt ur, Philip Lutz
Parish Church St. Ulrich, Gotzis
Let There Be Light
Christian Lenz
ROscher Residence, Schnepfau
Re
in t
erpreted Vernacular
Oskar Leo Kaufmann.
Albert ROf
Community Center Obersaxen
Tough on th e Outsid e, So
ft
Inside
Matthias Hein
Olperer House, Ginzling
Low Energy at High Altitude
Hermann Kaufmann
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12 Tradition and Future
1 Bizau and Reuthe in the Bregenzerwald region
Page10top: Day CareCentre. Landegg
(Fink Thurnher Architekten)
Page 10bottom : Gasthof Adler.Schwarzenberg.
renovation 1991(Hermann Kaufmann)
The Province of Vorarlberg
Located on the northwestern slopes of the Austrian Alps and bordering the countries of
Germany, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein, Vorarlberg is the second smallest Austrian
province, but also the second most densely populated after Vienna. Its population of
368,000 [I) is hardly even that of a medium-sized Europeancity, and inhabits an area of
roughly
2,600
square kilometers
[IIJ.
Vorarlberg isgeographically closed of f from the rest
of Austria, and the only connections to the neighboring province of Tyrol are provided
by three surface roads, as well as the railroad and street tunnel through the Arlberg
mountain. Due to its isolated locat ion, most of the province's populat ion speaks a
distinctive German dialect which many of the country's other inhabitants find hard to
understand. It is similar to the Alemannic dialects spoken in Switzerland, Liechtenstein,
the Alsace region in France, and parts of southwestern Germany, whereas the dialects
spoken in the rest of Austria form part of the Bavarian-Austrian language group. Many
towns and villages even havetheir own distinct sub-dialects.
Vorarlberg is an alpine region and extremely mountainous, and therefore offers unfa
vorable conditions for intensive farming. [1-2) It also does not possess any significant
valuable natural resources. For centuries, the land could not feed the population, and
the younger generations were sent abroad asseasonal workers to the more prosperous
neighboring countries. The province had a strong rural agricultural tradit ion,
but
it
experienced an early industr ialization at the beginning
of
the nineteenth century,
particularly in the field
oftextile
manufacturing. The rise of the textile industry had its
origins in the traditional production of linen, and benefited greatly from the craftsman
ship and skill set of the farming population, which in turn became heavily involved in the
home-based manufacturing of industrial textiles and other goods. Up to the nineteenth
century, Vorarlberg was sparsely inhabited, and its population was mostly homoge
neous. The regulation of the River Rhine, the construction
ofthe
railroad, and the use of
water-power gavethe province a basis for its own economic growth, and also led to an
influx of foreign labor, particularly from Italy andTurkey.
[IIIJToday,
Vorarlberg isthe most
heavily industr ialized region of Austria, but it produces with the lowest energy con
sumption. About
96
percent of the province's electricity isgenerated from hydroelectric
power, with the III valley being the center of power production. [IV) Ofthe
169,000
people
employed, only 3
, 0 0 0
sti ll work in farming and forestry, but 67,000 work in texti le,
electrical, and machine manufacturing, and construction.
[v]
The per capita production
of export goods is four t imes higher than in the United States or Japan, and is only
surpassed by Switzerland.
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13
2 Font anella , Sonntag and Raggal inthe Great walser Valley
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14 Tradition andFuture
Dueto Vorarlberg's size, it might come asa surprise that the emergence of its contem
porary and innovative architecture over the last three decades is unparal leled in
Europe. Deeply rooted in the region's longstanding tradition of building craft, a number
of pioneering architects have established a strong technical, cost-efficient, and func
tional vocabulary that hasevolvedinto a uniquearchitectural culture.
Today,
this exclusive
setting servesas a laboratory in which architects and craftsmen search for a symbiotic
connection between a specifically regional architecture on the one hand, and a pro
gressive architectural formal language on the other. In addit ion, they explore the
relationship between technology and ecology, as well as between housing needs and
the requirements
ofthe
industry.
Architecture Today
Vorarlberg's contemporary architecture is a result of unprecedented regional develop
ment. As a continuation of a movement that started in the 1960s, the local architects
have worked systematically over the last three decades to establish expertise in
technology, cost efficiency, and functional ity. Their work is not based on purely
aesthetic aspects, but primarily focuses on infl uences from today's construction industry
and manufacturing technology. Spaces are conceived through an exploration and inte
gration of structure, assembly, and function, and not through short-lived superficial
formalisms. Concepts are grounded in structural efficiency, maximum use of minimal
resources, usability, and the client's needs which results in simple, yet very functional
spaces. This sophisticated simplicity should not be misconstrued as being plain or
basic, and is best described using German architect Heinrich Tessenow's words: The
simplest form is not alwaysthe best, but the best is always simple.
Theinitial group of architects was fundamentally opposed to a formal regionalism based
on misunderstood tradition. Their intention was not to replicate traditional forms, but
to translate and update traditional processesand principles. Asa result, architects and
craftsmen together have been successful in finding a contemporary answer to the
continuation of the local timber building tradition. Vorarlberg's architecture is unique in
that it encompasses extremely modern tendencies such asthe promotion of modular
living accommodation or the use ofthe latest industrial building components, without
ignoring or abandoning traditional construction skills and housing typologies
of
the
region. The harmonious juxtaposition of old building stock with contemporary interpre
tations provesthat it is possible to respect tradition while at the sametime not rejecting
contemporary life. [3-5)
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15
Apartment building Lechblick (Christian Lenz)
4 Fireand Mountain RescueStation, Mellau (Dietrich Untertrifaller)
5 sturz Residence, Dalaas(Gohm Hiessberger)
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16 Traditionand Future
6-8
SU-SI Building System (Johannes und Oskar Leo Kaufmann)
7
8
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Initially, this critical discourse involved small-scale private projects which allowed the
architects to easily test ideas and concepts. The invaluable knowledge gained through
this experience enabled them to successfully transition to working with investors and
public authorities on more complex and larger public commissions.
[VI
This unique de
velopment was not the product of the architects alone. Enlightened clients, a climate
of
open discussion, the cooperation
ofthe
authorities, and a broad consensus on aesthetic
qualities and energy consumption havecontributed to the appreciation and promotion
of
contemporary and sustainable architectural principles at all levels
of
society.
Thetraditional carpentry trade hassuccessfully madethe transition to modern fabrication
techniques, and plays an active and important role in the planning and design process
by settingextremely high standards of workmanship. Today, there are manyopen-minded
timber manufacturers that havea vested interest in cooperating with architects in order
to improve and promote their building products. Prefabrication plays a very important
role, but it is rooted in the carefully crafted customization of the carpentry trade, rather
than inexpensive industrialized mass production.
[vlIl
Many manufacturers offer entire
prefabricated kit houses, which havebeen developed in collaboration with architects. [6-8J
Dueto the decline
of
traditional farming, many centuries-old
timber
structures through
out the region became redundant and were, until recently, thoughtlessly demolished.
At the same time, the postwar bui lding stock from the 1950Sand 1960s is start ing to
reach the endof its service life since envelope and energysystems no longer meet current
buildingcodes. The new generation of architects has become increasingly engagedwith
the sensitive renovation and adaptive reuse of many of these old buildings while at the
same time addressing concerns
of
ecology, sustainability, and the conservation of
resources. The refurbishment and upgrading of these valuable historic structures to
today's building standards presents technical challenges and demands creative design
solutions. [VIII] The labor-intensive and sometimes difficult restoration and conservation
process keeps traditional craftsmanship skills alive, contributes to the creation of highly
specialized expertise, and introduces new technologies to the field
of
historic preserva
tion. The Landle, asVorarlberg is affectionately called by its inhabitants, has managed
to develop new architectural customs and craftsmanship practices by successfully
building on its vernacular past.
17
I AmI der Vorar
lberg
er t.andesregierung. t.andestelte fur
tausur .
Bevo/kerung
okwell (www.vorrlberg
.at
.
December
2008)
II Statistik Austr ia. http://www.sta tlstik al/web_de/Red lfect/
Index.hlm?dDoCName 022138 \ Regiono/e G/iederungen
Bundes/linder (www
.s taustik.at. 01.01.2008) .
III See Otto xapfinger. The Vorarlberg School of Arcnuecture.
InOtto xapfinger.
ConsUuctive
Provocar ian:
Contemporary
Architecture in varar/berg. ed. byVorarlb erger Architektur
ins
titu
t
(Sa lzburg: verlag Anton Pustet.
2003). 22.
IV AmI
der
vorartb erger t.andesregierung, Abt. Allgemeine
Wirtschaftsangelegenheiten.
Bereich Energie. fne rgiebericht
200B (www.vorarlberg.at. o ctober 2008 ).12 .
V Wirtschaltskammer
vorarlberg, varar/berg
in
Zah/en.
Ausgabe 2008 (www.wko .at/vlbg. 200 8 ) . 8 .
VI
Otto xapflnger, Baukunst
in
vorarlberg serr 19BO . f in
Fiihrer l U260 sehenswerten Bouten (Ostfildern ·Ruit : Verlag
Gerd Hatje .
199
9).6
.
VII Traugott Zech. Hollbauten in Vorar/berg. f ine
Dokumentation der letllen 20 Jahre
(Feldkirch: Rheticus'
Gesellschalt . 1985). 7.
VIII
See
0110
xapfin
ger, -New
Spaces in
Archite
cture,
in Cansuuctive Provocation. 85.
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18
Elementary School Doren
Cukrowicz Nachbaur
Lessons from
Wood
The small community of Doren is part of the Bregenzerwald region, a mountain range of
the Northern Limestone Alps. Most of the working population in this part of Vorarlberg
is employed in tourism and agriculture, although the lat ter workforce is rapidly de
creasing due to the large variety of
job
opportunities in the nearby Rhine river valley.
Doren's new elementary school is on a steep hill site in the center of the village. Directly
adjacent to the church, rectory, and municipal offices, it offers panoramic views of the
surrounding mountain ranges. The building's program, consisting of a gymnasium, day
care, four classrooms, two workshops, a multipurpose space, and a teacher's lounge,
proved to be a challenge to fi t on the extremely small site.
With their proposal for a hard-edged, compact building volume, architects Andreas
Cukrowicz and Anton Nachbaur-Sturm beat 17 other firms to win a design competition
held in
2001.
Their design combines all functions on five levels, taking advantage of the
sloped site to reduce the building's overall height. At f irst glance, the new elementary
school seems to mark a break with the rural bui lding tradition of the Bregenzerwald
region. However,the new building completes the ensembleof church, community center,
and school, and restores the spirit of the place.
Thesolid structure plays with ideasof rotation andsuperimposition of layers in a horizon
tal and vertical fashion. Eachindividual story frames a different view of the landscape
beyond, and this change of direction creates appealing spatial relationships within the
simple volume. The steep hil ls ide allows the bui lding to have entrances on multiple
levels and establishes two main orientations: the gymnasium entrance on the lower
1:1500
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20 ElementarySchool Doren
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level faces south and addresses the square, while the main entrance is located on the
level above facing the church to the east. Largesouth-facing windows in the classrooms
allow views of the alpine mountain ranges in the distance. The bui lding's compact
nature minimizes the circulation areas for the benefit of the programmatic functions. A
space-saving windowless staircase connects all levels and leads to generous hallways
which house the pupils' coat racks and also allow classrooms to spill out for project
related activities.
Thearchitects did not follow the
3
.2 0 m minimum room height requirement asmandated
by Vorarlberg's school construction guidelines, but decided to reduce it by 10 percent
to 2
.9 0
m. This reduction was only approved by the authorities following the introduc
tion of a mechanical ventilation system, since the mandatory typical room height was
merely based on natural window ventilation principles. As a result, this significantly
contributed to decreasing the school's overall volume and its impact on the surrounding
buildings. Lined with a natural stone wall, the newly established village square serves
as a schoolyard for the pupils, and at the same time becomes the community 's new
social and cultural focus where events and festivities are held.
construction
According to architect Markus Cukrowicz, pastor, mayor, and teacher still command
respect and hold positions of power. He states that with the design of the new elemen
tary school, they picked up onthe old tradition thatthe buildings for these three pillars
of society in the rural Bregenzerwald region are usually built out of solid materials.
The building's exterior walls are made of loadbearing fair-faced concrete. Two interior
concrete walls on each level subdivide the floor plan. Byspanning the entire depth of
the bui lding, they funct ion as f loor-to-ceil ing beams and support the story below. A
large opening in each beam allows horizontal circulation on each level. The goal was to
accommodate the project brief on the small site within a compact envelope, a clear
span, and without the need for any additional interior columns.
nl
1:400
21
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i I i
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50 mmgravel fill
Two-ply PEmembranefor uv protection
Two-ply bitumi nous roofing membrane
50 mm polyurethane rigidthermal insulation
250 mm polystyrene rigid thermal insulation
Foil-laminated vapor barr ier
Protection mat
0-140 mmconcrete bed. laid to fall
300 mm reinforced concrete slab
50 mm services cavity
30 mm sheep wool acoustic insulation
Acoustical mat. black
40 mmsilver f ir str ips. spacedat 15mm
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50 mm horizontal furring strips with
100 mm mineral wool thermal insulation
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100 x 50 mmvertical furring strips with
100 mm mineral wool thermal insulation
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12 mm oriented strand board
Vapor retarder
37mm furring strips with services cavity
in-between
21mm silver fir boards. planed
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27 mm silver fir floorboards, fine-sawn
45mm timbe r floor joistswith mineral wool
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128mm raised floor
300 mm reinforced concrete slab
30 mmsheep wool acoustical insulation
Acoustical mat, black
40 mmsilver f ir str ips. spacedat 15 mm
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22mm epoxycement flooring or coco
floor mat
70 mmscreed with integrated underfloor
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vapor retarder
20 mmimpact sound insulation board
35mm bed of bonded stonechippi ngs
140mm reinforced concrete slab
185mm services cavity
30 mm sheep wool acoustical insulation
Acoustical mat, black
25mm perforated medium density fiber board
5
300 mm waterproof reinforced concrete
100
x
50 mm horizontal furring strips with
100 mm mineral wool thermal insulation
in-between
100 x 50 mmvertical furring strips with
100 mm mineral wool thermal insulation
in-between
12 mmoriented strand board
37mmfurring strips with services cavity
in-between
19mm medium densityfiberboard
6
15mm epoxy cement flooring
70 mm screed with integrated underfloor
heating system
vapor retarder
20 mm impact sound insulation board
100 mm expanded polystyrene rigid
thermal insulation
4 mm bituminous felt
300 mm reinforced concrete slab
1:50
2
5
3
4
1
22 Elementary School Doren
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24 ElementarySchoolDoren
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I
I I I I
IlD
~
f --
-
2
nd
floor/ 3' d floor
LU
JQ
~
-
....
c:::==:::J
~ ~
l floor
II
1
10
r
-
Ground floor
~
L_
• • •
-
-
-
-
-
Basementfloor1:400
_ JDO
_ JDO
West elevation
1 -_1rJ
l-----Jo=J
l
o=J
I o=J
--JDDIL---JDD
Southelevation 1:400
25
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Reinforced concrete is only used where it has a structural application. It is seen on the
building's facades and on the interior, where it becomes part of the building's spatial
experience. The cold and hard surfaces of the loadbearing concrete structure are com
plemented bythe use of wood for all non-loadbearing building components. Wall, floor,
and ceiling finishes, aswell asthe built-in furnishings, are made of native silver fir, and
reference the local material and build ing craft tradition. For the first time in an Austrian
school, the architects were able to persuade the regulating authorities to approve the
use of untreated interior wood surfaces: the walls are planed smoothly, and the floors
are fine-sawn .
Inorder to minimize expansionand contraction, the highest grade of silver fir waschosen
for the flooring. The selected rift-sawn boards havebeen cut perpendicular to the tree
rings, which guarantees a relatively uniform grain pattern and makes the boards more
stable than plain-sawn lumber. Inaddition, the wood underwentan elaborate manufac
turing process
that
involved several drying stages to ensure
that
the f loor would not
deform and generate gaps and cracks over time. Maintaining the untreated wooden
f loors has proven to be easy, which has even impressed the public health officer.
According to the school'sjanitor, the floors are vacuumed once a week and are mopped
with water twice a year, which allows them to retain their inherent natural beauty and
pleasant smell. Untreated silver fi r floors can be found in historic churches throughout
the Bregenzerwald region, and serve as a convincing example that its application has
been successful for centuries.
The minimized formal language and reduced material palette identify the five-story
school asa contemporary building. Its flat roofjuxtaposes the nearby church's Baroque
clock tower and the gabled roof
ofthe
municipal office building. The architecture is un
apologetic and purposely denies any traditional references. Instead of evoking typical
childhood connotations as might be expected in the design of a school, the architects
focused on a clear formal language and the use of well-crafted and carefully detailed
materials. Various surface finishes stimulate the pupils' senses and invite interaction
with the building. Most importantly, the restrained aesthetic does not detract from the
daily school activities. Cukrowicz Nachbaur have successfully created an environment
conducive to learning.
Energy Concept
The compact school building has an optimized surface-area-to-volume ratio which
minim izes the potential for heat loss. A biomass-powered heating plant is located
underneath the plaza facing the church, and also supplies several of the neighboring
houses in the village with heating energy. The system is able to reduce the building's
CO
, emissions through the combustion of wood pellets
that
are typically made from
compacted sawdustand area byproductof the timber industry. Amechanical ventilation
system replaces the prevalent practice of natural ventilation, and prevents excessive
energy lossesthrough improper window operation by the building's users.
Manylocals airedconcerns during the planning and construction phasesof the project.
After the school's opening ceremony, however, this init ial skepticism was quickly put
aside. Overall, the community is rather pleased, and has praised the harmony and
coherence
that
is apparent between the building's interior and exterior appearance.
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27
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28 Ski Lodge Schneggarei, Lecham Arlberg
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1
Roof, U- 0.22W m'K
350 x 30 mmsilverf ir boardswith
waney edges. shiplapped
100 x 100 mm purlins
waterp roofing membrane
25mm timbe r decking
100 x 100 mm purlins
Sarking membrane
30 mm timber decking
280
x
260 mmsilver fir roof beams
with thermal insulation in-between
30 mm timber decking
Furring strips
30 mm rough-sawnsilver fir boards
with waney edges, shiplapped
2
Exterior wall, U· 0.24 W m'K
110mmsilver fir siding boards with
waneyedges
40 mm furring str ips
20 mm sheathing boards
180mm timber framing with thermal
insulation in-between
20 mm sheathing boards
30 mm rough-sawn silver fir boards
with waney edges, shiplapped
1:50
-
=0
- 0
I
-----\.
0
1-
-
29
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30 Ski Lodge schneggarei, Lecham Arlberg
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18
]
1
st
floor
I I I 1 I I I I
Ground
floor
1:200
117
LJ
117
31
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and innovative architecture has hardly left any impression on the ski resort over the last
three decades. The new lodge stands out through its remarkable simplicity, clean lines,
and minimal detailing. Its design is based on the belief
that
there aremany possibilities
for a rustic but contemporary interpretation of the region's traditional timber architec
ture. The building acknowledges the tourists' legitimate search for authenticity, a sense
of place, and Gemutlichkeit, but tries to address these desires skillfullythrough the use
of materiality and space rather than the mere surface application of pseudo-traditional
motifs.
With its minimal and modest design features, the Schneggarei f its in well with Vorarl
berg's internationally acclaimed timber architecture, while at the same time fulf il l ing
the requirements of a contemporary ski lodge. The guest areas are separated into an
open bar and dance floor zone on the ground floor, and a more secluded restaurant on
the upper level. Visually connected by a double-height space, both floors offer seating
for approximately
120
guests. A vertical volume made of tamped concrete extends over
both levels and housestwo open fireplaces aswell asthe ventilation system. The main
staircase wraps around this concrete mass and leads to the upper floor, where a con
t inuous counter lines the per imeter of the void, offering good views of any activi ty
below. A shallow south-facing terrace invites guests to sunbathe.
construction and Energy Concept
Great care was taken to design a contemporary and sustainable building which reflects
the return to the roots of the alpine building tradition. Locally harvested and processed
solid sawn lumber was used almost exclusively in the lodge's construction, and every
effort was made to minimize cut-off waste. The majority of the building materials were
sourced locally, which allowed any added value to be retained in the region. The small
amount of heating energy needed to operate the building is provided by a ventilation
system with heat recovery which is connected to the municipal biomass-powered
district heating system.
The prefabricated timber-framed structure is clad in heavy rough-sawn silver fir boards
on both inside and outside, giving the entire bui lding a rustic appearance. All t imber
elements used are untreated and retain their waney edges,which means
that
they show
a portion of the original log surface from which they were cut. The exterior cladding
boards are lapped at the corners using a joining method reminiscent of the tradit ional
Strickbau technique, which is similar to log construction and literally means
knitted
building. Thehorizontal strip windows have sliding shutters
of
unfinished silver fir and
feature neither hardware nor weather-stripping. Throughout the space, rustic
but
extremely simply detai led furnishings and f ixtures allow guests to experience and
appreciate the local material tradition and craftsmanship. All interior surfaces, aswell
as the basic furnishings, are made of the same unfinished silver fir, giving the lodge
interior a robust, yet warm charm.
Thegoal ofthe project was to combine the local building tradition and a sense of place
with today's modern design and contemporary lifestyle. Theski lodge successfully illus
trates how this approach can lead to the creation of harmonious, compelling, and highly
memorable spaces. A bold reinterpretation of traditional values, the Schneggarei is a
beautifully crafted contemporary building
that
is authentic and rustic at the same time .
32
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Parish Church St. Ulrich, Gotzis
Christian Lenz
Let
There
Be Light
The catholic parish church St. Ulrich in G6tzis was completed in 1865. Overthe course
of the twent ieth century, several improvements were made to enrich the bui lding:
stained-glass windows by art ist Martin Hausle were added, art ist Mila Bjel ik-St6hr
designed the rose windows, and the sculptor Herbert Albrecht contributed main and
side altars. Extremely low light levels inside the church almost rendered these works of
art invisible, making it difficult for visitors to appreciate or indeed evenexperience their
presence. Theentire parish consists of approximately 7,600 members, and two services
aweek are held in the orlginal soo-seat church, attracting on averageabout 200 to 300
people. From recent experience, a full church can only be expected on high religious
holidays or special occasions such as First Communion and Confirmation. In addition to
the reduced number of visitors, the interior of the church did not conform to certain
liturgical guidelines devised during the Second Vatican Council in the early 1960s. The
redesign should cultivate the cooperation between priest and congregation, dissolve
spatial barriers, and bring individual parishioners closer together.
After several years of discussions, architect Christian Lenzwas finally commissioned to
carry out the renovation in 2005. His proposal for a complete remodel was intended not
only to improve the quality of the spaces inside, but also to bring light into this place of
worship. The development of a suitable solut ion to improve the natural daylighting
conditions within the church proved a difficult decision-making process. Many people
expressed their objections to the solution of introducing narrow vertical l ight slits. For
the most part, however, this scheme has now been accepted by everyone involved.
1;4000
33
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35
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and bronze to create the valuable and high-quality liturgical accessories includ ing
tabernacle, ambo, baptismal font, sanctuary lamp, stoup, and offertory box.
All of the technical equipment in the church was replaced and skillfully integrated into
the existing spaces. The building is heated through a radiant f loor heating system
supplied by the municipal biomass-powered heating plant. The sacristy, community
room, and youth club space are heated to 20·C, the altar areais heated to
l2
·C, and the
remaining spacesare kept at lO·C. All pewsare equipped with electric infrared heaters.
At the intersections of the ceiling vaults, downlights are recessedinto circular openings
to illuminate the main nave. The column capitals support uplights for lighting of the
vaults above, while downlights in the corners brighten the column shafts below. The
.close collaboration between Christian Lenz, the client, and the building committee
allowed the successful completion of a project this size, complexity, and quality. By
strengthening the building's already powerful architecture, the architect's goal was to
create a light-filled and inviting place of worship which would bring the congregation
closer together. The limited number
of subtle design interventions provides the church
with an unpretentious and natural elegance.
a
r--
~ . .
....
liliiii 1
~ .
. .
.
..
-
~
4 I
4
t ; · · ·
12 1
l._
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I f loor, :5
00
36
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Riischer Residence Schnepfau
OskarLeo Kaufmann Albert Riif
Reinterpreted
Vernacular
This single-family home is located on a sloped site at the main thoroughfare through
Schnepfau, a little village in the Bregenzerwald region. Like many new timber-framed
houses in this area which is renowned for i ts sophist icated woodworking trade, this
project is the result of a close collaboration between the architect and the client, who
owns a millworking company. The client's parents' house was originally located on the
site, which was t ight and presented a lot of constraints. The steep slope also made it
challenging for the architect to fulfi l l the family's desire for bright, l ight-fi lled spaces
with a generous open living, dining, and kitchen area. Another important requirement
was the physical connection of the new family home to the immediately adjacent mill
work shop. The building's exterior borrows from the local vernacular architecture. The
simple volume with gabled roof, covered patio, and wood cladding reflects tradit ional
bui lding elements to be found throughout the region. The house is laid
out
on three
levels. The entrance, garage, laundry, and storage spaces are on the ground floor. The
next story housesthe open kitchen and living area, aswell asa home office which also
doubles as a guest bedroom . With vast amounts of glazing, this f loor opens up to the
street and the impressive mountain views in the distance. A covered patio and outdoor
space serve asa buffer between the private home and the millwork facilities and extend
the usable space ofthe main living level. The bedrooms and bathrooms on the top floor
are purposely kept private and secluded.
1:1500
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38 ROscher Residence. Schnepfau
1
9
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Roof,U = 0.21 W/m'K
Standing seam metal roof
Waterproofing membrane
18mmoriented strand board
60
mm ventilated cavity
22
mm fiberboard
100
mmthermal insulation
210
mm prefabricated solid
timber
panel.
consisting of individual layers of spruce and
fir boards, joined with hardwood dowels
2
Exterior wall. U
=0.21
W/m'K
18mm oak siding
40 mm horizontal furring strips
40 mmvertical furring strips
35mm fiberboard
220
mm mineral wool thermal insulation
200
mm reinforced concrete. fair-faced
finish to inside
3
22mm larch slats
46 mmfurring strips
5 mm neoprene pad
Waterproofing membrane
5 mm
PE
mat
20 mm vacuum insulation panel
5 mm PE mat
Vapor barr ier
Coat of bituminous paint
250 mm reinforced concrete slab
30 mmfurring strips
12
mm plywood board
4
20
mm spruce floorboards
148mm reinforced concrete slab
212mm prefabricated timber panel,
consisting of individual layers of spruce and
fir boards, joined with hardwood dowels
5
Exterior wall, U =0.21 W/m'K
18mm oak siding
40 mm horizontal furring strips
40 mm vertical furring strips
35mm fiberboard
306 mm prefabricated timber panel,
consisting of individual layers of spruce and
fir boards.joined with hardwood dowels
11
mmventilated cavity
200 mm reinforced concrete
Ceramic tiles
6
Exterior wall, U
=0.27
W/m'K
drainage mat
120 mm extruded polystyrene thermal
insulation
250 mm waterproof reinforced concrete
120
mm servicescavity
2
x
12.5
mm gypsum board
Ceramic tiles
7
10 mm ceramic tiles
235mm reinforced concrete slab
100
mm thermal insulation
8
250 mm reinforced concrete slab.
polished finish
100 mm thermal insulation
250 mm reinforced concrete slab. polished
finish ontop, fair-faced finish to underside
10
175-160
mm precast concrete element,
fair-faced finish
11
Exterior wall, U =0.27 W/m'K
drainage mat
120 mm extruded polystyrene thermal
insulation
250
mm waterproof reinforced concrete,
fair-faced finish to inside
12
20 mm spruce floorboards
60
mm screed
100
mm extruded polystyrene thermal
insulation
250
mm waterproofreinforced concrete slab
60 mmgravel bed
2
-
o
6
7
I
9 - -.
f
__
Jn
E======
r:::::::=====================
39
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8
3
=
=
=
=
=
= -
=
=
=
10
- 5
1:50
/
/
/
40
ROscher
Res idence. Schnepfau
Construction
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The building's architecture with its gabled roof blends into the surrounding context, but
at the sametime, its construction principles present an unconventional departure from
traditional t imber-framed houses. Resting on a fair-faced concrete plinth, the walls,
ceilings and roofs
of
the upper levels are made of prefabricated solid
timber
panels.
These panelsconsist of eleven layersof spruce and fir boards, which add up to an overall
thickness of 310 mm. The construction system is innovative in the sense
that
it relies
solely on beech-wood dowels to hold the individual boards together. Noglues, solvents,
or metal fasteners are used. All building materials used for the assembly of the prefab
ricated panels are environmentally friendly and can be fully recycled. Further, the client
attached great importance to untreated surfaces and honesty towards the building's
materiality. This is reflected in the use of solid and single-layered building elements
without further addition of final f loor and wall finishes. All wooden walls, ceilings, and
roofs are made of single-leafsolid timber panels that are not only loadbearing, but also
fulfill several other performance requirements. The structural engineer and architect
worked closely together to solve the building's structural challenges. In order to create
anopen living areawithout the interruption of columns, only 2.5 m ofthe top level rests
on the concrete staircase core, while 5.5 m cantilevers freely over the living room and
outdoor patio .
Due to the choice of construct ion methods, the routing of all plumbing and electrical
services had to be determined before construction began. All switches and electrical
outlets had to be located during the planning phase, since every wall and ceiling surface
consisted of either fair-faced site-cast concrete or a prefabricated timber panel. Any
additional changes to the service installations on-site would not have been possible
without severely compromising the project's minimal aesthetic and were therefore
avoided at all cost. Thisrequired a
lot
of upfront coordination bythe consultants on the
onehand, but on the other hand made the actual construction phasemuch moreefficient,
since all these matters had already been addressed and resolved early in the project.
..---
I
•
I
tst floor 1:250
•
2 · floor
3'· floor
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42
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Community Center Ubersaxen
Matthias Hein
Tough on
the
Outside
Soft Inside
The hillside village of Obersaxen overlooks the River Rhine and offers unique views
across the entire valley, ranging from Piz Buin to Lake Constance. In 2002, the small
community of approximately 600 inhabitants decided to hold a design competi tion
with the goal of remodeling the existing community center and school bui lding. The
scheme would also provide the village with a new multipurpose event space and central
square. Among the invited participants were not only ten established architecture
offices, but also two young and up-and-coming firms. Oneof these was architect Matthias
Hein, who emerged asthe winner
of
the two -stage competit ion and was hired for the
design and planning of the project.
Important and critical design criteria included taking advantage of the site's spectacular
views, embedding the new building into the small-scale village fabric, and retaining an
existing single-family residence located on the site designated for the future square,
which would be implemented in the second phase of the project. The scheme involved
the refurbishment of the existing community center and school building from the 1960s,
containing municipal offices, the elementary school, a daycarecenter, aswell asmeeting
rooms and gathering spaces for clubs and other organizations. The client wanted a
rearrangement of these spaces and the creation of separate entrances in order to seg
regate the individual functions, which would allow each one to operate independently
and without interference. The new addition houses a multipurpose event space, the
library, and a spacious bar.
1
:2000
43
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44 Community Center Obersaxen
Even though the new building is a dark gray, the elevation facing the vil lage square
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appears small in scale and unobtrusive. Topreserve the single-family residence and to
minimize the bui lding's impact on the scale of the surrounding fabric, the architect
decided to bury auxiliary program elements underneath the new square. Embedding
the large multipurpose space into the ground reduces the building's volume and does
not obstruct the spectacular views. The building's actual scale can only be experienced
from the west elevation which faces the valley. Views and lighting are directed through
the building and correspond to the sloped terrain. Through an extensive glass facade,
the interior opens up to a large green outdoor space which can be usedfor community
events. Additional functions including a library, bar, and cloakroom are combined in a
long and narrow single-story volume. In conjunction with the remodeled community
center, the L-shapeconfiguration defines the edgesofthe square and provides the new
addition with a presence on the village's main street.
Three and a
half
years after completion of the first phase, the single-family residence
was demolished to make room for the implementation of the entire village square design.
Following proposals by architect Markus Cukrowicz, the large-format sandblasted
precast concrete pavers were continued across the whole square, seating elements
were installed, and Japanese cherry trees were planted, which
will
frame Obersaxen's
center in a bold pink when they bloom in the spring. The space now provides accessto
all funct ions of the two bui ldings, and offers room for curricular and extracurr icular
activities, as well as community events.
construction
Thedesign of the hard-edged cubic building volume of reinforced concrete was derived
from the village's name - evolved from the Latin word saxum, which means stone or
rock. This became especially evident when more rock had to be blasted out of the
ground than expected during excavation for the new addition. The concrete mixture
used contains 7 percent dark gray pigment and has a rough and porous finish, similar to
pervious concrete commonly found in road construction. No contractor in the area had
any experience with this type of concrete, and many experiments and trials were con
ducted to correctly evaluate the effect ofthe retardant, which was applied to the inside
of the formwork and was responsible for the creation of the grainy surface texture.
The site-cast concrete structure appears simple at first glance,
but
proved to be a
challenge for the experienced engineers because of the arrangement of the openings
andthe choice of relativelyslender columns. Asa result, the columns were prefabricated
out of high-strength concrete, while the roof consists of 320 mm deep hollow core slabs
that span 13 m. Support ing the externally insulated slabs on the walls with internal
insulation was equally difficult.
While the bui lding's shell appears rough and hard on the outside, the inside reveals
more refined surfaces. The interior
of
the multipurpose space is dominated by warmer
and softer finishes, achieved by using various grades of oak. A darker, rustic, more fig
ured species is used for the flooring; lighter, smoother parquet is applied to the walls;
and the ceiling is clad in very l ight colored and plain perforated veneered panels .
Through this variation of finishes, the architect breaks the uniformity of the material
and isable to place an emphasis on the darker flooring surfaces. During evening events,
the light reflected from the wooden interior is visible from afar and creates an invit ing
atmosphere. The surface finishes in the subterranean auxiliary spaces are kept bright
white with the exception of a black mastic asphalt floor. This emphasizes the impression
i
i
l
I •
~
f
I
d I
I
J L j
2
nd
floor 1:600
45
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J
I
I
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LD
1
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~ ~ ~
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...... I
n
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Ground floor
46 Community Center Obersaxen
1
Roof.U • 0.293 W/m'K
5
Floor. U- 0.326W/m'K
22mm oak parquet
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50 mmgravel fill
PEroofing membrane
300 mm rigid insulat ion. la id to fall
Vapor barrier
320 mm hollow core reinforced concrete slab
200 mm suspendedacoustical ceiling
2
Exterior wall. U• 0.22 w/m'K
280 mm reinforced concrete. textured finish
2.80 mm mineral wool insulation
Vapor barrier
270 mm services cavity for ven
tilat
ion ducts
60 mm framing
20 mm particle board
10mm oak parquet
Noise protection membrane
20 mm raised floor
26mm flexible beams
26 mm spacers
10mm elastic bearing pad
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80 mm mineral wool insulation
13mmleveling bed
8ituminous waterproofing membrane
250mm waterproof reinforced concrete slab
50 mm concrete mudslab
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47
of an artificial, windowless space in order to facilitate wayfinding through the building.
All doors, windows, and furniture are made of oak or havea white finish.
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Themain feature ofthe multipurpose space is its tremendous flexibility, since
it
can be
transformed from a gymnasium into an event space within fifteen minutes. One of the
end walls can befolded down with cable winches to create a stage surface. The neces
sary stage equipment such as lighting, curtains, and reflectors can be slid out on tracks
that are recessed in the ceiling. During normal gym operation, the wall bars in front of
the full-height windows protect athletes from any potential injury, but can be slid back
behind the stage during special events. Even the game line markings can be covered up
with a synthetic flooring surface
that
can be set up in a very short space of t ime. The
'gym-like' atmosphere often encountered at school plays, concerts, and other special
events can therefore be avoided. Custom shatterproof lighting fixtures are mounted
flush in the cei ling and contain l ight sources suitable for sport ing events, dimmable
bulbs for special occasions, as well as emergency lighting. This allows for a range of
lighting levels and types without the visual clutter of a large number of different lighting
fixtures. Air ducts are kept completely out
ofthe
ceiling plane and are contained within
the walls, which allows a suspended cei ling bui ld-up of
just 200
mm, reducing the
building's overall height to a minimum.
The existing community center's concrete frame structure with hollow core slabs was
able to remain, even though several s tructural walls had to be removed and were
substituted with concealed steelwork. However, the building's windows and heating
system were in poor condition, and the thermal properties
of
the envelope did not meet
current building codes. New full-story-height glazing elements replace the old infil l
wood panels and windows, and an exterior insulation finish system has been applied to
the facade to provide a tight and well-insulated enclosure. The building's plinth previ
ously housed auxiliary spaces and was without any window openings. By rearranging
funct ions on the inside, the lower level was opened up to provide each space with a
relationsh ip to the outside. Existing finishes are complemented by new materials: the
hallway floors are made of artificial stone, oak parquet has been laid in the classrooms,
and the walls and ceiling are painted white. Doors, windows, and furniture are made of
oak. A new elevator provides accessto all levels for visitors with disabilities.
In conclusion, this successfully completed project serves asan excellent example ofthe
numerous courageous and motivated clients to be found in Vorarlberg. Many of them
put their faith in young and emerging architects like Matthias Hein, giving them the
opportunity to secure and implement ambitious design commissions.
1
:400
48
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Olperer
House
Ginzling
Hermann Kaufmann
Low
Energy at
High
Altitude
Forover a century, a refugefor hikers and mountain climbers hasexisted in this exposed
location. At anelevation of2,389 m, the site offers breathtakingviews ofthe surrounding
glaciers and peaks of the Zillertal Alps and the Schlegeisspeicher reservoir in the valley
below. Refurbishment of the existing building was not a viable solution so in 2005 the
decision was made to replace it with a new structure.
New construction at this altitude presents a challenge when it comes to dealing with a
building's energyconsumption. First and foremost , the main goal was to create a suitable
shelter rather than a self-referential architectural statement. Respondingto the existing
conditions with a modestdesign proposal, architect Hermann Kaufmannwon the invited
competition by advocating innovation through simplicity. Consisting of a compact
volume, the new bui ld ing is not a spectacular piece of archi tecture competing for
attention. Rather, it is tuned to the high alpine climatic conditions and is in harmony
with its surroundings. The structure is an appropriate response to functional and pro
grammatic requirements and provides simple accommodation for mountaineers. The
ground floor housesthe storage spaces, kitchen, and the dining area. A large panoramic
window affords spectacular views of the reservoir below and the mountain peaks
beyond. The basic guest rooms for overnight stays are located on the upper level.
1
:5000
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50 Olperer House. Ginzling
construction
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Building at this altitude usedto and
still
does heavily depend on the availability of con
struction materials. Over a hundred years ago, the existing refuge had been built using
stone readily available at the site. Backin those days, the labor-intensive construction
of
heavy masonry walls was considered a suitable solution since the transportation of
large amounts of building materials up the mountain from the valley was not feasible.
Technological advances in the construction industry and the introduction of modern
meansof transportation such as helicopters havechanged the approach to construction
in the high alpine environment.
For the construction of the Olperer House, prefabrication techniques in combination
with large-format laminated
timber
panels offered a cost-effective solution which
allowed for easy t ransportat ion and fast on-si te assembly of individual building
elements. Thebuilding materials, including some
350
prefabricated components, were
delivered to the site by hel icopter in 913 f lights. The entire building was assembled
within three days. The main goal when designing the new refugewasto develop a simple
structure in which the range and quantity of individual components was purposely kept
to a minimum. The architect sought innovation through reduction, which is success
fully reflected in the clarity of the structural concept and its harmonious relationship
with the layout of the interior spaces. Replacing the existing structure, the compact
new building with its pitched roof cantilevers 2.5 m over a retaining wall towards the
reservoir in the valley below. This concrete wall, which also forms the outdoor terrace,
was backfil led with the debris from the demolished original building and has been clad
with the local stone found at the site. Thetwo-story structure above consists entirely of
laminated spruce
timber
panels which rangefrom between 125and 176 mm in thickness
and are up to 11 m in length. These prefabricated elements were usedfor the walls , floor
slabs, and eventhe pitched roof surfaces.
The exterior timber panel walls on the ground floor function asstory-height beams and
are tied back into the foundation in order to reduce the loads on the building's cantile
vered section. The balustrade below the large panoramic window is suspended between
these two walls and in turn carries the floor slabs
ofthe
dining area. The interior wall in
the center runs the entire length of the bui lding and provides continuous support for
the roof plane. Both the floor slabs and roof panels function asshear planes and brace
the structure. The
timber
panels' unique loadbearing and insulating properties provide
both the structural support and thermal insulat ion for the entire bui lding. Since the
house is only operated between mid-June and mid-October, no addit ional insulation
was necessary. To protect the laminated t imber panels from the harsh weather, all
exterior surfaces including the roofare clad with untreated larch shingles. Overthe next
several years, these wood shingles
will
weather and turn a silvery gray, causing the
building to blend in evenfurther with its rocky surroundings. During the winter months,
hinged shutters protect the windows while removable panels are used to cover up the
massivepanoramic window. Onthe inside, the aesthetic qualities of the exposed timber
surfaces create a warm and comfortable atmosphere.
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53
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1
PVpanels above copper roofing
2
Larch shingles
24mm timber decking
100 mm furring strips with ventilated
cavity in-between
Roofing membrane
176mm laminated spruce timber roof
panel. underside exposed
3
42mm spruce laminated veneer lumber
board
4
166mm loadbearing laminated spruce
timber panel
5
25mm solid larch folding shutter.
smooth finish
6
Wood window frame with double glazing
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55
Energy
Concept
The architect's innovative energy concept envisioned an extreme reduction of the
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building's energy consumption. Through the extensive use of wood, the house is
extremely durable, fully recyclable, and possesses low embodied energy levels. In the
absence of any infrastructural improvements, the building's orientation takes advan
tage of any solar gain. Sincethe structure is only occupied during the summer, it was
possible to reduce the mechanical services to an absolute minimum .
The building's low-tech nature provides comfort levels which are commensurate with
the visitors' expectations. The daily electricity demand for the so-bed house is a mere
29
kwh:
14
percent of this is met by photovoltaic panels on the roof, while 86 percent is
generated by a combined heat and power plant which runs on rape seed oil and is
necessary for water purification. For every 1 kWh of electricity produced, the plant
discharges
2
kWh of waste heat which is used to heat the shower rooms, the kitchen,
and the dining area. This is supplemented by a tiled stove which for the next several
years will be fired with timber retained from the demolition of the original structure.
The circulation spaces and guest rooms remain unheated while operable windows
provide natural ventilation. A small, completely insulated support structure is located
next to the main building and servesas an auxiliary shelter during the winter.
The Olperer House's architecture responds appropriately not only to the site, the local
climate, and the seasons,but alsoto the requirements of contemporary alpine tourism.
Today's mountaineers are educated and extremely aware of the fragile environment
that surrounds them. Thesimplified existence in the mountains is considered to be a
welcoming distraction from the technology-dependent routine of everydaycity life. The
new building successfully demonstrates that a low-tech approach can go further in its
efforts and achieve remarkable energy-efficient results that a high-tech solution might
not necessarily be able to offer.
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--
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59
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60 Craft and Materiality
The Carpentry Trade
Carpentry is one of the oldest and most
important
bui ld ing trades and forms the
foundation of Vorarlberg's architectural culture. [3J Individual master craftsmen could
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3 Fromthe first standard reference book for carpentry.
A,chireclura civilis von Johann Wilhelm. 1668
reach the highest social status as citizens of cit ies and rural communities. The trade
was organized in guilds which regulated the profession and determined how master
craftsmen, journeymen, and apprentices lived together. The guilds controlled pricing
and the quali ty
of
completed work, and prevented fraudulent act iv it ies, as well as
excessive competition. Besides determining the rules of conduct, they were also religious
associations. Precise regulations established the apprentices' education during
their
three-year training period and dictated god-fearing and honorable lifestyles. A final
practical exam concluded the apprenticeship and consisted of either a bu ilding or a
model , the so-called journeyman's piece. [41This was followed by a three-year journey
which the apprent ice would use to become famil iar with other parts of the world and
new working methods. The rules were very strict, and the journeymen were not allowed
to come home during
that
t ime, nor could they work on the same building site for more
than six months. Guild houseswere located across Europe, and even today journeyman
carpenters can be seentraveling in their guild attire, wearing a black corduroy vest and
bell-bottomed pants, and a wide-brimmed hat. The collaborative work in the field and
the shared life in the guild housesfostered a strong sense of belonging and community,
and has allowed the carpentry guilds to survive to this day.
Since Vorarlberg was a poor province with few significant commissions, most of the
work by Vorarlberg craftsmen was, in fact, performed abroad. The guilds were able to
exploit the bui lding boom after the devastation of the Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648) .
Between 1650 and 1800, craftsmen from Vorarlberg constructed several hundred large
projects in southern Germany,Switzerland, Alsace, and Bohemia. As a result, not only
were Vorarlberg's journeymen traveling, but the entire gui ld was on the road. Some
villages reported
that
during the building season between March and October, nearly
go percent ofthe male population was working awayfrom home. Vorarlberg's Baroque
master builders designed many churches and monasteries, and some
of
the best exam
ples can be found in Birnau and Weingarten in Germany, as well as Sankt Gallen and
Einsiedeln in Switzerland. Famousbuilders such as FranzBeerand PeterThumb became
very wealthy and settled in larger cities such as Constance.
Upto the nineteenth century, carpenters were not only craftsmen, but asmaster builders,
they also fulfilled the role
of
architect and engineer. Industrialization brought newtasks,
such asthe designand construction of concrete formwork; but generally, the carpenter's
responsibilities diminished significantly. The tools of the trade had remained virtually
unchanged between the Middle Ages and the twentieth century, when manual labor
was increasingly replaced by power tools and the use of machinery. [III]
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in turn discouraged young adults from pursuing craft-related careers. Within this con
text, the design competi tion served as a strategic ini tiat ive to signal innovat ion and
reinvigorate the trades.
IV)
The public presentation of the competition results attracted
a
lo t
of attention among the local population and media, and succeeded in sparking the
63
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renewal of all craft-related professions in the years ahead.
Supported by an initiative of the Vorarlberg government with the intention of strength
ening the region, the Bregenzerwald craftsmen finally united to form the association
Werkraum Bregenzerwald in1999. Today, most ofthe over90 members are innovative
businesses related to the construction industry, including carpenters, millworkers,
metalworkers, electricians, and plumbers. Theorganization's paramount goal isto raise
awarenessof the trades, to promote high-quality local products, and to supporttraining
of the next generat ion of craftsmen in order to ensure the continuat ion of traditional
skills while securing a qualified workforce for the future. The design competition Craft
and Form is held every three years and allows the individual trades to present their
latest achievements. Through this, the craftsmen have been able to establish ongoing
relationships with architects and designers, and continue to benefit from this close
collaboration. Representing an alternative to global mass production, products are
manufactured in small-scalefamily-owned businessesandfu lfill the highest expectations
with regard to form, funct ion, and workmanship. The commitment to both a new
aesthet ic and local t radition has resulted in a high level of regional ident ity and self
confidence among the population. The craftsmen's work has significantly contributed
to the development of a contemporary architectural language which promotes sustain
able practices for working, living, and building.
[26-9]
8
-9
Laminated lumber fabrication in Reuthe
9
I Amt der vorarlberger Landesregierung. Forstwesen
(www.vorarlberg.at. March 2009).
II Rudolf sagrneister, Holzboukunsl in vorarlberg
(8regenz : verlag Eugen Russ.1988). 15
III
Ibid ..
7.
IV Claudia Schwartz. Die ideale wechselbeziehung:
Architektur und Handwerk im Bregenzerwald sind Teil eines
gesamtkulturellen Phanomens , in Bauwell. 2006. June 2,
v. 97. n. 22,16.
64
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Community Center St. Gerold
Cukrowicz Nachbaur
Compact
and Coherent
Thesmall rural mountain community of St. Gerold is located on the steep south-facing
slopes of the Great Walser Valley. Spectacular panoramic views of the surrounding
mountain ranges characterize the village . Historic buildings can be found in immediate
proximityto the site for the new community center: the listed school house isacross the
street, and the Benedictine priory of St. Gerold issituated downhill. Takingadvantage of
the terrain, the building's tall volume connects the street level to the existing play
ground which islocated just below. Thecommunity center's compact program isstacked
vertically over four stories and consists of a day-care center, a play room, the village
store, a multipurpose space, and the municipal off ices. The placement of individual
program elements was based on the frequency of their use aswell as
their
connection
to exterior spaces. The complex functional relationships within the building volume are
solved through the use of simple spatial and structural arrangements. The function and
location
of
individual spaces determined the careful placement
of
windows which offer
distinctive views
ofthe
landscape beyond. The community center's exterior appearance
is defined bythe variation between the uniform wooden facade surfaces and its selective
openings, which subtly reflect the building's dynamic internal organization.
•
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67
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68 Community Center St.Gerold
construction
Thecommunity center is Vorarlberg's first four-story timber building. With the exception
ofthe concrete retaining walls, the entire structural system ismade of solid sawnlumber
which was predominantly harvested locally in the village's own forest. The community
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opted for a sustainable and ecological design approach and made the conscious deci
sion to avoid the use of any building products containing toxic substances. During the
planning phase, all bui lding components were examined with regard to embodied
energy levels, global warming potential, and possible acidification. The goal of this
rigorous evaluation process was to optimize individual building assemblies in order to
reduce the CO
2
impact on the environment. In addition, all specified building materials
were reviewed to ensure their compliance with the establ ished design guidelines:
fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons,
PVC,
tropical hardwoods from unsustainable
sources, and other harmful substances such as heavy metals were carefully avoided.
Consequently, sheep wool was employed for all thermal insulation needs rather than
mineral wool products, and PVC-free materials were usedfor the insulation andsheathing
of all mechanical services runs.
The building components for all structural applications and the facade were fabricated
from silver fir and spruce harvested in the community-owned forest. All interior silver
fi r
f inishes for floors, walls, and ceilings were verif iably produced from timber grown in
Vorarlberg. The interior and exterior surfaces remain untreated and thus guarantee
excellent indoor air qualities and a pollutant-free work environment. The processing of
all raw materials by regional businessesand the installation and assembly
of
all building
components by local bui lders closes the mater ia l cycle. The required amount of
embodied energy is significantly reduced, added value isgenerated and remains in the
region, and the personal engagement of local craftsmen creates a sense of identity for
those involved.
1
st
floor
Ground floor 1:200
2
nd
floor
8asement floor
I
-
II
II
1
:400
69
Energy
Concept
The community center was designed according to Austria's passive house standards,
which require a building's heating energy needs to be lessthan 15 kWh/m
2 a .
Dueto its
compact envelope, the build -up of individual components, and the careful development
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of details, the building achieves values of
10.7
kWh/m
2 a .
Reduced operating and main
tenance costs can be expected as a result of the comprehensive opt imization of the
building concept. Heating and ventilation systems have been carefully designed to
meet the users' particular needs. Heating energy is suppl ied by a geothermal heat
pump while a mechanical ventilation system provides fresh air and regulates the neces
sary hygienic air changesthrough the use of
CO
2
sensors. Some87 percent of the energy
usually lost with the venting of exhaust air is recovered through a heat exchanger system.
Simulations showed that without cooling, a maximum indoor temperature of 25-4°Cwas
to be expected in the day-care center and playroom areas. However, these findings
were not problematic since the temperatures are statistically only reached on thirteen
days during the summer months when the affected spaces are not in use. A daylight
sensor controls and adjusts external blinds to prevent overheating through excessive
solar gain. The fit-out of the village store required the installation of several refrigeration
units whose resulting waste heat is fed into the building's energy system. Provision was
made for the integration of PV panels into the south facade. The future installation of
this system
will
allow the building to be almost completely self-suff icient through the
generation of its own electricity.
Important criteria for the implementation of passive house standards were the con
struction of an extremely airtight building envelope and the improvement of u-values.
The insulation thicknesses in exterior walls and roof range between 360 and 450 mm,
and all windows are triple-glazed and use stainless-steel spacers. The project was
supervised by the Envronmental Institute Vorarlberg (Umweltinstitut Vorarlberg) and
the EnergyInstitute Vorarlberg (Energieinstitut Vorarlberg), and was sponsored in part
by the European Union. The community center serves as an exemplary building with
regard to ecology, sustainability, and the creation of regional value.
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71
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72 Metzler Resdence. Rankweil-Brederis
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74 Metzler Resdence, Rankweil-Brederis
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1 floor 1:400
75
landscape along the perimeter are intentionally kept small. The reflections on the water's
surface are combined with a reduced material palet te consist ing of fair-faced rein
forced concrete, granite, aluminum, glass, and zebrawood. While the extensive use of
concrete and exotic wood veneers is not entirely in keeping with the region's sustainable
approach to bui lding, the selected surface finishes unite all individual bui lding vol
umes. Minimal detailing with utmost precision emphasizes the sophisticated simplicity
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of the residence.
Construction and Energy Concept
Site-cast, fair-faced reinforced concrete was used in the construct ion of the entire
building, while large spans were supplemented by steel columns where necessary.The
exterior facade and ceiling surfaces remain exposed and reveal the smooth, high-quality
concrete finish. Both the rooftop and inner wall surfaces were heavily insulated. Interior
walls were finished with gypsum board or zebrawood-veneered composite boards. Solid
granite was used for interior and exterior f loor surfaces, aswell aswall f inishes in the
bathrooms. The entire swimming pond enclosure was also lined with granite slabs.
The building's exposed concrete structure functions asthermal masswhich offers inertia
against temperature fluctuations. Through this, it provides a high degree
of
thermal
comfort in both winter and summer and plays an important role in the reduction of
energy usage. All windows are triple-glazed and use an external shading system to
prevent excessive solar heat gain. A geothermal heat pump supplies the building with
heat through an integrated underfloor heating system which can also be used for cooling
in the summer. The open fireplace in the living area serves asan additional heat source
during longer cold spells. provision has been made for the installation of solar collector
panels which
will provide the residence with hot water in the future. A centralized build
ing management system controls all heating , cooling, and electricity needs. The natural
swimming pond is not heated and is conceived asa self-regulating system. It is coupled
with a narrow regeneration reservoir which is located along the south edgeand is planted
with cattails and reeds. The pond water circulates continuously through this biological
filter zone which fulfills the function of water purification.
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/
79
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80 SYSTEM3
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changing levels in temperature and humidityduring the transatlantic crossing. However,
these concerns quickly evaporated when the shipment arrived in New Yorkand the entire
system was assembled in lessthan a day without any complications.
The structure of the house consists of laminated spruce solid timber elements which
are 100 mm thick and guarantee good thermal and acoustic properties. Optional thicker
wall build-ups allow low-energy house or passive-house standards to be comfortably
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I.
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achieved. The latest CNC technology is employed to cut all openings out of each panel
and allows for rectangular, round, or any type offreeform shapes. Floor-to-ceiling open
ings are limited by the milling process since they would jeopardize the structural integrity
of each element, which needs to be rigid enough to be able to be transported and
craned into position during assembly. Future customers will be able to choose the num
ber, position, shape, and sizeof any openings without any increase in production cost,
resulting in no two units looking the same. During the fabrication process, supreme
craftsmanship was employed to achieve a very high level of quality and accuracy. The
efficiency of prefabrication was combined with the advantages of individual customiza
tion. All exterior woode n surfaces havebeen treated with a marine grade coating which
protects against the elements, yet is permeable and allows the timber elements to
breathe and release moisture to the outside. The exposed interior surfaces are simply
oiled which allows for easycleaning and maintenance . Inaddition to the house prototype
itself, the architects also specially designed furniture for the dwelling. The designs for a
table, a chair, and a bed were equally based on the idea of digital prefabrication.
Just like all
their
previous prefab prototypes, the architects conceived the individual
dwelling units as possible building blocks of a larger system which would allow the gen
eration of more sustainable living and working communities. Units with sizevariations
of 53 m
2
,
86 m
2
,
139 m
2
,
and 159 m
2
are anticipated. As long as vertical circulation
elements and services shafts are maintained in the same location, up to
thirty
units can
be stacked on top of each other and arranged to create a ten-story,
1,000
m
2
office
tower, the potential maximum configuration. For future production, Kaufmann and ROf
also envision a removable and changeable building skin system which will wrap the
individual units . Consisting of different layers of foils and membranes, it would serve as
waterproofing, thermal insulation, vapor barrier, and for energy generation through the
integration of photovoltaic cells.
After the MoMA exhibit ion in New York, the SYSTEM3 prototype was disassembled and
shipped back to Vorarlberg. It is now located in the Stadtgarten, a park in Dornbirn's
city center, and serves asan educational facility.
82
Rauch Residence Schlins
Planungsgemeinschaft Lehmhaus: Roger Boltshauser, Martin Rauch
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Natural
Building
Located between the cities of Feldkirch and Bludenz, Schlins is a small community in
the walgau val ley. The village houses a number of early buil t examples by rammed
earth construction pioneer Martin Rauch, and through this, Schlins has established
itselfas a mecca for this experimental building typology. Ona trip to Africa in the early
1980s, Rauch became fascinated with the traditional local clay and earth construction
techniques. According to him, building with earth not only constitutes the most natural
approach when transforming terrain into habitable space, but the material also allows
the creation of improved interior climatic conditions with regard to humidity levels,
temperature swings, and electromagnetic fields. Combined with the unique aesthetic
character of heavily textured surface finishes, these enhanced qualities are often unsur
passed by other construction techniques. All these aspects begin to address today's
increased demand for truly ecological and sustainable building, and encouraged Martin
Rauchto revive the old methods which over time had been marginalized by industrial
ization and mass production.
His recently completed own residence with studio, designed in col laboration with
architect Roger Boltshauser, sets a new standard for contemporary rammed earth con
struction. Rauch'sexpertise in the field asbuilder and manufacturer was combined with
the architect 's concise design approach. The integration of the homogeneous and
massive rammed earth walls into an architecture which possessed appropriate spatial
and aesthetic qualities proved to be a challenging task. Respondingto the narrow site's
steep terrain through its materiali ty and form, the building's monol ithic volume has
literally been carved out of the hillside. The soil excavated on-site makes up 85 percent
of all building materials used for floors, vaulted ceilings, wall and ceiling finishes, stair
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84 RauchResidence, Schlins
treads, ceramic t iles, sinks, showers, and roof t iles. Since rammed earth is locally
available, completely recyclable, easy to process, and provides good insulation and
thermal mass,it offersunique ecological and sustainable properties like no other building
material. It also releases no harmful substances and keeps the relative indoor air
humidity at a constant 45 to 55 percent throughout the year. Concrete and masonry
structures in comparison require ten to twenty times more energy for fabrication, pro
cessing, and transport. Dueto its low embodied energy values and unlimited ability to
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be recycled, rammed earth proves to be even more sustainable than timber.
construction and Energy Concept
Initially, all excavated material from the site was graded and then remixed to be used
for the various designated applications. The building's loadbearing exterior walls are
450 mm thick, extend over three stories, and remain unfinished on the outside.
Compacted in the formwork using jack hammers, their density and weight correspond
to the values of concrete. All rammed earth walls in contact with the ground havebeen
insulated with foam glass board and are waterproofed using a bituminous membrane.
The stratified character of the walls is further augmented by horizontal courses of clay
bricks that havebeen inserted at regular intervals. Slightly protruding beyond the walls'
exterior surface, they function asreinforcement and serve asdrip edgesto protect from
water damage. Structural considerations and daylighting strategies determined the
careful insertion of openings. All fixed glazing is flush with the walls' outside faces and
thus emphasizestheir thickness and stratified masson the interior. Asa protection from
the elements, any operable windows are recessed deep into their respective openings.
In contrast to other rammed earth builders, Martin
Rauch
made the conscious decision
to avoid the use of cement when building his own house. While this approach maxi
mized the reusability of materials and minimized the use of embodied energy, it made
the development of suitable structural and detai ling solut ions more challenging.
Nevertheless, the use
of
trass lime as hydraulic binding agent instead of cement al
lowed
Rauch
to achieve material qualities that are very similar to concrete.
.............
~ ~ ~
1:250
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85
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2
1
Roof. U = 0.2 W m'K
30 mmfired clay t ile
Loosefill
Three-ply bituminous roofing membrane
25mm laminated veneer lumber board
200 mm reed mat insulat ion
Cork. trass lime. and earth mixture. laid to fall
Approx. 180mm solid-sawn timbers
15mm timber board
20 mmclay panel
10mm clay render
2
85mm rammed earth floor
Cork. trass lime. and earth mixture
Approx. 180mm solid-sawn timbers
15mm timber board
20 mmclay panel
10mm clay render
3
Renforced trass lime mortar bond beam
4
30 mmfired clay brick
5
450 mm rammed earth wall
100 mm reed mat insulation
30 mmclay render with integrated radiant
heating coils
Finishcoat
6
Fired clay tile upstand
7
80 mm rammed earth floor
115 mmcork. trass lime. and earth mixture
50 mmreed mat
Trasslime mortar
Folded vault structure. consisting of
fired clay tiles supported by 60 x 60 mm
structural steel tee sections
8
Two-ply bituminous waterproofing
membrane
100 mmfoamglass insulation
Single-ply bituminous waterproofing
membrane
450 mm rammed earth wall
9
100 mmtrass clay floor
180 mm cork. trass, lime. and earth mixture
200 mmgravel bed
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86 RauchResidence, Schlins
A covered entryway doubles ascarport and leads visitors into the residence. Theground
floor housesa separate studio apartment aswell asa storage space which opens up to
the site's rough rock formations. The ceiling above these spaces isformed by an innova
tive folded vault system: exposed structural steel T-sections support f ired clay tiles
which are topped with a trass lime
mortar mixture. The spiral staircase leading to the
upper floors issurrounded by untreated rammed earth walls and iscovered bya skylight
which is made of a vaulted clay roofstructure with embedded glass blocks. Cantilevering
freely from the walls, the 90 mm-thick stair treads consist of clay panels which have
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been reinforced with steel wire and bonded with trass lime mortar. Upon arrival on the
first floor, the rough and earthy atmosphere ofthe lower level gives wayto the light and
airy living, kitchen, and dining spaces. A double-height studio space is
li t
from the north
with a large clerestory window, and two terraces open up to the surrounding landscape.
The rammed earth floors are waxed, window shutters and sliding doors have been
primed with a light-colored casein emulsion, and walls and ceilings are coated with a
clay render. Reinforced with a linseed mesh, this 30 mm-thick interior finish consists of
white clay and sand and contains heating coils, these are mounted on a
100
mm-thick
reed mat insulation that has been bonded with clay. Energyfor the radiant wall heating
coils and the domestic hot water supply is provided by the t iled stove in the kitchen,
solar panels on the roof, as well as a small pel let-fi red central heating system on the
ground floor. The second floor contains bedroom, bathroom, and home office, and is
characterized by a further refinement of surface finishes. The black and white patterned
floor and wall t iles in the bathroom were crafted by Martin Rauch's wife Marta, who
employed a traditional Japanese rakutechnique which is characterized by hand-molding
the clay, resulting in one-off pieces. Sinks and the shower are made
of
black fired clay.
The ceilings of both the first and second floors consist of local solid-sawn timbers which
are doweled together at regular intervals OQbeldecke and topped with a cork, trass
lime, and earth mixture. All ceilings rest on a reinforced trass lime mortar bond beam
which is embedded in the walls.
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88
Gasthof Krone, Hittisau
Bernardo Bader
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Old
and New
inHarmony
Since 1838,the landmark Gasthof Krone has functioned as a hotel and restaurant and
has enjoyed popularity among locals and visitors alike. Located in the small vil lage of
Hittisau in the Bregenzerwaldregion, its rzo-year old timber-framed structure dominates
the main square. Overthe centuries, the building hasundergone several refurbishments
and transformations. Many of the past changes have not been in keeping with its ver
nacular style and haveleft permanent impressions on the historic structure. During one
of the major renovations in 1966, the grand exterior stairs leading up to the second floor
were removed, and the excise offices on the ground f loor gave way to retail spaces
which stil l exist today. A lo t of the past improvements had aged noticeably over time,
which made many parts of the bui lding appear run-down and no longer funct ional. In
2005, the management of the family business was handed over to the third generation
of owners. With new ownership came the desire to refurbish many parts of the existing
building in order to update them to today's standards.
Vorarlberg's Bregenzerwald region is unique in the fact
that
despite its traditional way
of life, its inhabitants are open to new ideas. Overcenturies, a longstanding tradition of
craft helped to develop a regional ident ity which is sti ll very much alive today. At the
outset of the restoration, the owners made the conscious decision not to tender the
project , a process which typical ly leads to hir ing the bui lders who submit the lowest
bids. Rather, they chose to col laborate with thirteen businesses aff il iated with the
Werkraum Bregenzerwald initiative, with the goal of employing local craftsmen and
using regionally sourced materials. The individual team members contributed creative
ideas and thoughtful suggestions, stimulating each other throughout the process. The
resulting collective responsibility created a productive work environment, which resulted
in design solutions
that
were both traditional and unconventional. Within lessthan two
months, this team
of
dedicated craftsmen completed the refurbishment of the new
entrance and lobby, two new public sit ting rooms, and six hotel rooms. These newly
remodeled spaces now allow guests to experience and appreciate the region's unique
approach to design and its superior quality of craftsmanship.
1
:3000
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90 Gasthof Krone, Hittisau
construction
Throughout this process, however, it was of utmost importance that any changes that
were made to the house should be in keeping with the original historic structure and
enhance its beauty, thus restoring it to its former glory. This endeavor required a high
level of sensitivity with regard to the existing building, but did not restrict the architect's
and the builders' confidence to pursue new and courageous ideas. Thejuxtaposition of
old and new avoids harsh contrasts,
but
rather celebrates the heterogeneous changes
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and transitions the building hasundergone over time . Through this, unique architectural
solutions were developed
that
were only possible in this particular context.
Minimal improvements were made to the building's exterior. Onthe front facade, three
windows of the old assembly hall were reinstated to restore the proportions of the
elevation andthe rhythm of openings. Newfolding shutters were installed on all windows,
and the historic sign was refurbished. The exterior stairs of the original main entrance
on the second floor were a characteristic feature of the building's distinct vernacular
style, but had been removed in the 1960s to makeroom for the large continuous balcony.
Located in-between the retail spaces, the existingentrance on the ground floor appeared
quite gloomy through its dark interior millwork. This built-in cabinetry was removed to
make room for a light-colored wooden surround, which now marks the new entrance
and invites guests up to the first f loor. Merely separated by a glass door, the floor and
ceiling finishes in the entrance area appear continuous from outside to inside.
The old west-facing public sitting rooms on the second floor, the stuben, are popular
spaces and continue to be heavily used by the local population. Theyserved asinspira
tion for the refurbishment of the large assembly space across the hallway, which was
facing functional issues. Byremoving some of the interior partit ions and replacing all
surface finishes, spacious, partially open rooms were created which prove to be inviting
to both regulars and hotel guests. Through this, the space becomes functional for the
hotel's breakfast buffet and
a
la carte service, but also provides a suitable venue for
wedding receptions, special occasions, and large gatherings. In keeping with the his
toric structure, all walls and ceilings in the sitting rooms were clad with brushed solid
spruce and silver fir paneling, creating a contemporary appearance through the use of
traditional techniques. Solid elm was used for all custom-designed furnishings includ
ing chairs, banquettes, sideboards, and cabinets.
Six newly redesigned and carefully remodeled guest rooms are accessed through the
spacious hallway on the second floor. The complete renovation of the rooms ensured
that acoustic and thermal insulat ion, heating systems, and l ight ing concept were
updated to the latest modern-day comfort standards. A wooden feature element
combining wardrobe, luggage rack, and desk guides guests into the room and provides
a simple yet sophisticated look. The solid oak furniture's simple joinery details combine
function and ornament. Bright white walls and large windows provide an airy atmos
phere on entering the space. Silver fi r
wall
panel ing surrounds the more int imate
sleeping area, while warm tan-colored walls and natural stone finishes are found in the
bathroom. A bold interpretation of traditional values, the beautifully crafted guest
rooms are in keeping with the building's historic spirit.
91
As a combined team effort, the refurbishment of the
Gasthof
Krone marks a newmode
of cooperation between the local businesses.
The
project's successful completion
serves
as an excellent example of how local craftsmanship
has
helped to establish a
regional identity.Heavily based ontradition, it continues to flourish inthe
Bregenzerwald
region today.
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94 Sustainabili ty
The Timber House
Its excellent insulating properties make
timber
the obvious building material
of
choice
in the cold climate of the Alps, and it is much preferred over masonry construction.
[12J
The abundance of timber al lowed a t radi tion of craft and carpent ry to evolve over
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1 Year01construction:
17 3
Palle 2: Farmhouses rn Bodete. Br genzerwald
centuries. The Bregenzerwald region in Vorarlberg boasts one of the best preserved
timber
construction traditions in Europe. Timber construction dominates in all parts of
the province, however, and it can be found not only in the mountainous regions, but
also at the shores of Lake Constance and the Rhine river valley. If allowed to dry out
properly, t imber-framed houses are extremely durable and can withstand even the
harsh conditions found in the mountains. Careful detailing and assembly techniques
can successfully protect untreated wooden building parts such as facades, windows,
and doors from rain, wind, and snow. Overtime, surfacesfacing the sun
will
be scorched
and turn a dark brown, whi le the shaded sides of a bui lding
will
turn a si lvery grey as
they age. By fol lowing rules
that
were established by craftsmen over centuries and
handed down from generation to generation, timber housescan last exceptionally long
periods of time. Some of the most successful examples in the Bregenzerwald region
date back to the seventeenth century. External influences, due to Vorarlberg's proximity
to other countries and its fragmented andvaried landscape, contributed to the evolution
of several different vernacular house types. This diversity was further enriched by the
walser people, who immigrated from the Swiss region
of
wallis
(Valais), bringing with
them their own rich timber construction tradit ion.
Timber was plentiful in the beginning of Vorarlberg's colonization, and one of the first
settlers' main tasks was the clearing of forests. From the Middle Ages to the end of
feudalism, timber for bui lding was assigned to the general populat ion by the rul ing
nobility. Beforefossil fuels were available,
timber
was the sole energy source, in addi
tion to serving as the predominant construct ion material and for the manufacture of
everydaygoods. Extensivelogging created a shortage, which led to the creation of strict
laws and limitations regarding its use.
[IJ
It istherefore no surprise
that
the origins
of
the
word sustainability can be found in eighteenth-century Europeanforestry regulations.
In his
1713
publication of Sylvicultura oeconornlca,' the first comprehensive treatise on
forestry, the German administrator HannB Carl von Carlowitz used the term nachhal
tend (sustainable) to formulate the concept of sustainability in forestry for the very
f irst time, and the idea of Nachhaltigkeit, or sustainability, gradually became more
widespread in Europeduring
that
century. [Il Vast areaswere reforested, measured and
divided , soils were evaluated, and plants and animals were classified, and the defores
tation was reversed. Forestryacademies were founded in Germany, France, and England,
and the term was eventual ly translated into other languages, resulting in the nine
teenth-century Englishterm sustained yield forestry, which would serve asthe source
for the word sustainability in the modern sense. Nevertheless,
timber
remained the
cheapest building material for Vorarlberg farmers into the nineteenth century. Almost
everything in and around the house was made of wood: the furniture, the paneling in
the parlor, the roof covering with several layers of shingles, the firewood for the stove,
most of the farming tools, and eventhe everyday footwear.
95
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96 Susta
inability
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3 B,egenzerw lderhauser in Hirschau
4 Momafone,hausIn SI. Gallenkirch
Traditional Houses
Bysubdividing and adding to init ially primitive one-room buildings, the varying farm
house types of the different Vorarlberg landscapes were developed. The traditional
farmhouse was not the end result of a closed development cycle, but it evolved with
constantly changing social and economic conditions. Certain periods throughout history
experienced significant changes and innovations. In the seventeenth century, the resto
ration of peace at the end of the Thirty Years'War meant an increase of prosperity and
populat ion, which resulted in larger and more magnificent homes. Then, intensive
97
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farming practices in the nineteenth century forced farmers to increase their livestock,
which in turn required larger stables and more storage space for feed. Outbui ldings
were enlarged, and existing roof pitches were steepened in order to allow attic spaces
to hold more hay. [III] Four regionally different and distinctive farmhouse types developed
in Vorarlberg: the Rheintalhaus,' the Bregenzerwalderhaus,' the walserheus,' and
the Montafonerhaus.
The Rheintalhaus can be found in the settlements of the Rhine river valley, and is
characterized by its sweeping roofline and unique pent roofs, the klebedacher,' which
effectively protect the facades from rain. Bands of windows provide plenty of light for
textile manufacturing inside, while the masonry plinth contains the weaving chamber
and protects the
timber
structure from ground moisture.
[IV][6]
Possibly the most well
known Vorarlberg farmhouse type is the sregenzerwalderhaus of the Bregenzerwald
region in the eastern
part of
the province, which combines outbuildings and living
quarters under one single roof. While seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses
were made of log walls heavily decorated with carvings and colorful murals, later exam
ples have been completely clad with wood shingles in order to protect the structural
timber
walls from wind and weather.
[3,7]
A unique characteristic of the aregenzerwalder
haus isthe Schopf, a covered porch on the ground floor which extendsthe living spaces
to the outside during the summer. Wooden shutters can be folded down to close the
porch off, thus making it a usable space in the winter and dur ing adverse weather
conditions. [v] [8] The narrow Walsertal valleys did not allow the interconnection of living
quarters and outbuildings, and therefore the walserhaus was developed as a stand
alone bui lding type. Using their own log wall construct ion tradition, the immigrated
Walser people erected their settlements on extremely steep sites which were at risk
from avalanchesand landslides. [VI][S]A hybrid timber and masonry construction technique
can be found in the traditional housesin the Montafon valley. The kitchen and entryway
of the Montafonerhaus often havesolid stone walls for increased fire protection, while
bedrooms and living spaces are enclosed by log walls. The whitewashed facades of the
masonry walls are often decorated with elaborate frescos. [VII
[4]
6 Rhemtalhaus m Oberdorf
7 Bregenzerwalderhaus ,n Egg
98
Sustainability
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103
D I
2
llYn:
I
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1
Roof. U:
0.10
W/m'K
10
mm two-ply bituminous elastomeric
membrane with granulated slate surface
2 x 120
mm mineral wool insulation
70 mm expanded polystyrene insulation.
la id to fall
Bituminous vapor barrier
27mm rough-sawn spruce boards. laid
diagonally
110x 280 mm timber rafters
280 mm suspended timber ceili nggrid
40 mm acoustical sheep wool insulation
Acoustical mat. black
20 x 40 mm silver fir strip acoustical ceiling
2
10mm two-ply bituminous elastomeric
membrane with granulated slate surface
60 mm laminated veneer lumber board
3
External textile shade
4
Triple-glazed wood framed window
5
Balustrade. U: 0.15W/m'K
30
mm rough-sawn silver fir cladding boards
70 mm furring strips with ventilated cavity
Building paper
18 mm fir sheathing
60-80 x 300
mmt imber posts with
300 mm thermal insulation in-between
19mm spruce laminated veneer lumber
board
Vapor retarder
50 mm services cavity consisting of
horizontal furring strips with sheep wool
insulation in-between
12.5
mm gypsum board
20 mm silver fir paneling
6
22 mmoak parquet. oiled
58 mm screed
Vapor retarder
30
mm impact sound insulation
38
mm bed of bonded stone chippings
332
mm prefabricated ceiling panel.
consisting of laminated veneer lumber
board. laminated timber beams. and
40 mm sheep wool insulation
100 mm suspended ceiling
50 mmsheep wool insulation
15
mm fire-resistant gypsum board
278mm suspended timber ceiling grid
40 mmacoustical sheep wool insulation
Acoustical mat. black
20 x 40 mm silver fir strip acoustical ceiling
7
Floor (to unheated basement).
U : 0.30 W/m'K
22mm oak parquet. oiled
58 mm screed
Vapor retarder
30 mm impact sound insulation
70mm bed of bonded perlite
300
mm reinforced concrete slab
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104 Community Center Ludesch
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1 floor
Jl
Basement 1:60 0
l _
105
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106 Community Center Ludesch
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I
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107
Energy Concept
In order to fulfill the demands of a truly ecological and sustainable building, the
community center was built according to the current Austrian passivehouse standard,
which stipulates that the heating energy needs cannot exceed
15
kWhjm
2a
. This impor
tant goal was achieved through the use of triple glazing, superior thermal insulation,
extremely airtight construction, as well as a mechanical ventilation system which
prevents excessive energy lossesthrough improper natural ventilation. A ground-water
pump is coupled with the venti lation system and exploits the water's year-round
constant temperature for heating inthe winter and cooling during the summer. If needed,
additional heating energy can be provided by the municipal biomass-powered district
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heating system, which already supplies more than eighty households in the village.
Potable hot water is generated by the
30 m
2
solar collector system on the building's
roof. The large glazed canopy not only servesto protect the building and its users from
the elements, but its 35 0 m
2
of laminated safety glass hold translucent PV panels which
generate
16
, 0 0 0
kwh of renewable electricity annually. This amount of energy is fed
into the public grid and can power up to five households. The primary energy used for
the building's construction is less than 18 kWhjm
2
,
and constitutes about half of the
energy typically consumed by more conventional construction methods.
The community center's net construction cost amounted to
€
5.9 million. The decision
to use environmentally friendly materials instead of conventional building products
added
1.9
percent to the overall budget. Further expenses can be attributed to the
installation of innovative building services and the PV panel array. However,these addi
tional costs can be put into perspective when taking into consideration the building's
life expectancy, its reduced maintenance cost, additional subsidies received by the
local and federal governments, aswell asthe added income from electricity generation.
Thecommunity center's successful completion provestha t a sustainable and ecological
planning approach for public projects is possible without a significant increase in
construction costs.
108
Housing Development Fichtenweg, Bartholomaberg-Gantschier
Hans Hohenfellner
Compact
and
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Cost-Efficient
sartholomaberg is a small community and tourism resort in the Montafon valley. The
region is extremely mountainous and famous for its hiking, skiing, and mountain-biking,
but
asyou might imagine, level building ground is scarce. Since the site of this project
was one of the few flat lots in the village and therefore very valuable, the client sought
to maximize the opportunity by increasing density. This terraced housing development
consists of six two-story units, each offering
103
m
2
of l iv ing space. Its compact and
cost-efficient design makes it attractive and affordable for younger generations to own
their f irst home and serves asa model for future growth in the area.
The individual units are accessed from the northeast side. This elevation appears solid
and introverted through the use of small windows which help to minimize excessive
heat lossduring the winter months. The opposite, southwestern facade opens up to the
surrounding landscape with generous amounts of glazing, roof terraces, and patio spaces,
thus taking advantage of any incident solar heat gain. Kitchen, dining, and living rooms
are located on the ground floor, while three bedrooms, a bathroom, and a generous
walk-in closet occupy the upper level of
each unit.
Even
though the housesare compact
in size, the interiors appear relatively spacious. The architect borrowed from the past by
employing space-making techniques used in the design and construction of traditional
farmhouses. Byplaying with proportions and window sill heights, he was able to create
1:2000
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110 Housing Development Fchtenweg, sartholornaberg-aantschler
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1:50
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Roof, U : 0
.15
W/m'K
50 mmgravel
fill
Three-ply bituminous roofing membrane
separat ion layer
40-120 mm rigid insulation, laid to fall
22 mm oriented strand board
90
x
220 mmt imber beams with
thermal insulation in-between
Vapor barrier
30 mmfurringstr ips
12.5 mm gypsum board
2
Double-glazed window in larch frame
3
Terrace, U =0.15W/m'K
30 mm larch slats
BO
mm substrate
Single-ply bituminous rubber membrane
60-100 mm rigid insulation, laid to fall
waterproofi ng membrane
22mm oriented strand board
90 x 220 mmt imber beams with
thermal insulation in-between
Vapor barrier
30 mm furring strips
12.5 mm gypsum board
4
Floor,U a 0.18W/m'K
15mm parquet flooring
60 mmscreed with integrated
underfloor heating system
Vapor retarder
50 mm impact sound insulation
22mm oriented strand board
90 x 220 mmt imber beams with
thermal insulation in-between
Vapor barrier
30 mm furring strips
12.5 mm gypsum board
5
Exterior wall, U = 0.25 W/m'K
20
x
66 mm larch cladding boards
24mm ventilated cavity
Vapor retarder
16mm fiberboard
180mm insulated timber panel
15mm oriented strand board
Vapor barrier
30 mmfurring strips
2
x
12.5 mm gypsum board
6
Floor, U = 0.23 W/m'K
15mm parquet flooring
60 mmscreed with integrated
underfloorheating system
Vapor retarder
140 mm rigid thermal insulation
20 mm impact sound insulation
1BO
mm reinforced concrete slab
111
a sense of spaciousness in eventhe smallest room. Openings are cut into the elongated
building volume to form intermediate spaces in-between the individual units. These
covered outdoor areas simultaneously function as carport, covered entrance, and
screened private seating area, and consequently provide the inexpensive and compact
homes with a large amount of flexible transitional space.
Each
unit has its own basement
level which contains all service connections, including the hook up to the development's
central heating system.
construction and Energy Concept
The prefabricated timber panel system with highly insulated flat roofs rests on a
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reinforced-concrete basement, and was designed according to Vorarlberg's Oko r
guidelines. A system of non-loadbearing interior partit ion walls allows a maximum of
flexibility and customization since owners can resizespaces according to their individual
needs. Continuous horizontal larch cladding forms the exterior envelope and unifies the
individual units into one large yet compact building volume. Overtime, sun and rain will
weather the wooden boards providing the building with an evengray-brown patina.
The housing development is equipped with a 26 kWcentral wood-pellets heating system
which supplies all six units and is housed in a communal basement space. Increasing in
popularity, pellets are a type ofwood fuel made from compacted sawdust asa byproduct
of sawmilling. Wood pellets burn with a very high combustion efficiency and also provide
a CO
2-neutral
solut ion, since the quant ity emitted during combust ion is equal to the
amount absorbed bythe tree during its growth. A 50 m
2
solar collector with large buffer
storage supplies the entire development with domestic hot water. Through its mini
mized footprint on the site, compact volume, and energy efficiency, the housing project
offers a sensible alternative to the typical detached single-family houses which signifi
cantly contribute to the sprawling and uncontrolled development throughout the region.
2
nd
floor
1
floor
1
:500
112
Community
Center
RaggaL
Johannes Kaufmann
Retaining Regional
Value
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Raggalis a village of about goo inhabitants in the remote GreatWalser Valley.Thesmall
rural mountain community sought to unite all its necessary municipal services under
one roof. The competition-winning design for the new community center proposed a
single-story building facing the village's main square, which then rises to a three-story
volume towards the north by taking advantage of the site's topography. The building
complements the overall ensemble of church, school, and inn, and at the same time
preserves the spectacular panoramic view from the square. Asa result, important visual
relationships between the existing buildings can be retained, and the village's historic
fabric remains intact.
The bui lding's pitched roofl ine was determined through the spatial arrangement of
programmatic functions, most importantly the north-facing community council board
room on the top floor. Municipal offices, tourist information, family counseling, and the
community kitchen are on the ground floor which can be easily accessedfrom the main
square. Theseparately accessible lower level housesa band rehearsal room, mechanical
service spaces, and a biomass-powered heating plant.
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116 Community Center Raggal
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2
0
• floor
:::J
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,
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117
Energy Concept
The architect's goalwas not to try to achieve the Austrian passive
house
standard at all
cost,but hestill employed techniques and technologiesthat
reduce
energy consumption.
A compact
volume,
airtight
envelope assembly,
triple
glazing
, timber wall
panels
with
32 0
mmof insulation, and amechanical ventilation system with heat recovery make the
community center a low-energy building. Nonetheless, large north-facing windows
open
up to the surrounding
landscape
and take advantage of the viewinto the valley
below. A biomass-powered heating plant in the basement runs mostlyon
wood
chips
and supplies heating energy to not onlythe newstructure, but also seven additional
buildings in the village .
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Northeast elevation 1:400
1
1:400
The community center is considered to be the product of a successful collaboration
between
everyone involved: a localarchitectwho
understands
the
needs and desires
of
the
community,
a client whotrusts and
respects
the architect, and finally
professional
consultants and skilled craftsmen - all of whom contributed to the
smooth
planning
and
construction
process.
Northwest elevation
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118
Housing Development Sandgrubenweg, Bregenz
Gerhard Horburger,
Helmut
Kuess,
Wolfgang Ritsch,
Norbert
Schweitzer
Sustainable Living
Each of the four four-story blocks contains five uni ts per f loor and is accessed by a
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centralized staircase and elevator. The buildings' gently curved geometries are a com
bined result of urban planning, the site'stopography, andthe desire to maximize incident
solar radiation.
Based
on a system of overlapping sine curves, this arrangement ensures
that the buildings do not cast shadows over each other. The positioning of the volumes
on the site, the far-reaching views from the generous terraces, and the adjacent park
with its large trees contribute to generating an almost rural setting. The housing devel
opment offers a comprehensive set of amenities to its residents, which include bicycle
rental, laundry service, shopping service, moving assistance, and even car sharing.
The low-energy housing development with 75 owner-occupied units served as a pilot
project and aims to translate the qualities of single-family housing into a multi-family
residential project . One of the key aspects was to offer a modular architecture with
maximum flexibility that would allow future owners to customize their f loor plans
according to individual needs. Initially, potential customers were able to choose a floor
plan size between 30 and
200
m
2
, which they werethen able to partit ion and arrange as
desired. While standard floor plan layouts were developed, buyers were able to cus
tomize their future apartments by choosing from a catalogue of options and upgrades,
which included furnishings, fixtures, information technology and communication equip
ment, aswell as colors and finishes. In this way, the owners were able to visualize the
1:2500
119
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120 Housing
Deve
lopment Sandgrubenweg, Bregenz
designof their own individual units at anearly stage,and it alsoallowed them to establish
a precise financial budget. Equally as important as the initial customization was the
abili ty to facil itate f loor plan changes at a later date by removing internal parti tion
walls, which required extensive forethought with regard to services integration and
aestheticsduringthe design phase.
Each
unit should beable to grow
old with
its owner
by adapting to changing user requirements over time. Even though this framework
allows for a high degree offlexibility for the individual units, the overall exterior appear
ance of the entire building volumes remains consistent and unaffected. While windows
and doors can be arranged according to individual preference, the continuous terraces
lining the buildings' perimeters, as well as the movable perforated metal shutters,
compensate for any irregularities in the elevations.
The housing development is part of a comprehensive research project called inkl.
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wohnen (all-inclusive living), which was initiated by the client - an investor and prop
erty developer - in order to explore opportunities in the sustainable development of
multi-family residential buildings. The study was supported by the Austrian Federal
Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology as part of its Building of Tomorrow
program, which pursues clearly defined goals such as improved energy efficiency, the
use of renewable energy sources and environmentally friendly building materials, as
well as increased consideration of user needs and services, while at the same time
keeping to a budget that is comparable to conventional construction methods. A team
of experts from various disciplines including architecture, urban planning, building bio
logy, building ecology, building physics, facility management, information technology,
aswell as psychology and sociology closely collaborated on this project. The objective
of the study was to develop a holistic approach for multi-family housing developments
by including a number of specific features and offering a range of high-quality services.
It was determined that the resulting innovative concept should be implemented with a
particular focus on life-cycle costs, sustainability, and the creation of long-lastingvalue,
but without incurring additional costs for the occupants despite the improved services.
11\
floor 1:600 2
t
•
floor 3'· floor
4' 1oor
-
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121
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,
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122 Housing Development Sandgrubenweg, Bregenz
2
Triple glazing U = 0.70W m 'K
(Building B, low-energy standard)
4
3
Sliding shutter
1
Roof,U = 0 .115 W m 'K (Building B,
low-energy standard)
Hydro seeds includingsedum
100mm extensive substrate
Drainage channel
Protection and storage mat
340 mm rigid thermal insulation
Vapor barrier
Fbrous mat
2BOmm reinforced concrete slab, laid to fall
- t ~
fl
f- 3
- 2
I
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1
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5
External textile shade
8
Exterior wall, U =0.145W m 'K (Building B,
low-energy standard)
19 mm larch laminated veneer lumber board
60 x 40 mmfurringstri pswithventil ated cavity
in-between
15mm oriented strand board
200 mmt imber framing with thermal insulation
in-between
15mm gypsum fiberboard
60 x 50 mm furring strips with thermal
insulat ion in-between
12.5mm gypsum board
7
27 x 100 mm timber decking
27x 100 mm furring strips
60
x
100 mmfurring stripson height-adjustable
pedestals
waterproofing membrane
Fbrousmat
280-
370 mm reinforced concrete, laid to fall
Siding shutter track
6
Floor, U = 0.169W m'K (Building B,
low-energy standard)
15 mm parquet
60 mmscreed
Vapor barrier
30 mm sound impact insulation
150mm rigid thermal insulation
280 mm reinforcedconcrete slab
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123
Construction
A reinforced-concrete frame consisting of slabs and columns forms the buildings'
structural system, which rests on the communal underground reinforced-concrete
parking garage. The non-loadbearing exterior and interior walls, aswell asthe privacy
screens between individual terraces, are made of prefabricated timber panels. Rather
than being glued, these are mechanically fastened to ensure ultimate flexibility. The
facade panels are clad in untreated larch and allow window and door openings to be
easily moved and relocated. Movable interior timber panel partitions allow for easy
adaptation to changing user requirements over time. Deepfloor and ceiling build-ups
accommodate building services and facilitate flexibility, while adequate room heights
of
2.65
m allow optional ventilation ducts to be suspended from the ceiling. Conven
tional chasestypically necessary to supply bathrooms and kitchens could be avoided.
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The only vertical elements are wastewater pipes and rainwater downpipes, which are
concentrated in several locations. Moveable, powder-coated and perforated metal
sheet shutters along the buildings' per imeters serve as sun-shading devices. In
combination with the continuous terraces, they allow the creation of individualized
outdoor living spaces and opportunities for retreat without changing the buildings'
overall exterior appearances.
Energy Concept
Three
ofthe
four buildings were designed according to Vorarlberg's
oko
2 guidelines.
In order to quali fy for f inancial assistance under this initiat ive, the buildings had to
comply with a number of str ict ecological guidelines, including a reduced heating
demand of 35 kWhjm
2 a
or less, which is considerably lower than that for s imi lar
conventional residential buildings being completed at the sametime . A central wood
pellets heating system supplies all apartments with heat through the integrated
underfloor heating. Each residential unit has its own control panel which is used to
simultaneously regulate room air temperature and monitor energy consumption. Own
ers were able to select a mechanical ventilation systemwith heat recoveryasan optional
upgrade at the time of purchase.
The fourth building is the f irst multi-family residential bui lding in Austria to be built
according to Vorarlberg's oko 3 passive house guidelines, which stipulate a heating
demand of only 15 kWhjm
2a
or less.
Even
though highly desirable, it proved to be
problematic to design all four buildings according to this rigorous standard. The fact
that the build ings are located on a north -facing slope made it d if ficu lt to take ful l
advantage of significant solar heat gain. In addition, only 20 percent of the future resi
dents agreed to have a mechanical ventilation system installed, a feature necessary to
reducethe heating demandto the required value.While the other three buildings benefit
ed from certain passive house features such astriple glazing, only the fourth was com
pleted in its entirety according to the strict conventions of the passive houseregulations.
The housing development sets a new standard in multi-family residential construction.
As the outcome of an extensive research study, the project serves as an excellent
example for the successful and comprehensive integration of economical, ecological,
social, and health-related concerns. Data and knowledge on performance and use will
be collected during the next several years, and will be particularly helpful in improving
and advancing the concept for future multi-family residential developments.
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126 Secondary School Klaus-Weiler-Fraxern
after a record-breaking planning and construction period of only eighteen months. With
a heating energy demand of less than 1S kWh/m
2 a,
the bui ld ing is the f irst school in
Austria to comply with Vorarlberg's stringent passive house energy standards.
The t-shaped building volume isslightly set backfrom the main road, and in combination
with the existing gymnasium forms a square in front which is shielded from the street by
a line of trees. The narrow bar facing the public square housesthe covered main en
trance and double-height assembly hall on the ground floor, aswell asthe communal
l ibrary on the upper level. It blocks the classrooms and schoolyard behind from any
street noise. The school's double-loaded main volume contains twelve regular class
rooms on two levels along the eastern edge, whereas adminis trat ive spaces and
special-purpose classrooms are located on the west-facing side. A three-story atrium
nextto the central corridor allows daylight to penetrate down to the lower level through
a wide skylight above. Individual bridges connect the classrooms to the east, while a
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zone
of
service spaceswhich includes bathrooms and fire stairs lines the corridor onthe
west side. The skylights and
tall
built-in coat racks break down the central circulation
zone into smaller spaces and transform the long corridor into a lively meeting space
during recess. The bridge connections feature glass balustrades and allow oblique
views through the atrium space. Someof the terrain was carved out around the building
to provide the workshop spaces on the lower level with sufficient daylight. A wide bed
of gravel stretches through the entire lower floor right below the atrium void.
Ground noor 1:1000
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128
Secondary
Schoo l Klaus -weiler-Fraxern
2
D = = = = = = = =
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,
,,
' ' , , j
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3
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U • 0
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100 mm extensive green roof
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300 mm rock wool thermal insulation
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22 mmoriented strand board
520-380 mm laminatedtimber beams,
laid to fall
22mm oriented strand board
12mm suspended birch plywood ceiling
9
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w/m'K
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220 x 640 mm laminated timber beam
6
540 x 60 mm laminated timber window reveal
7
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8
3
mm epoxy resinfloor finish
60 mm screed
25mm impact sound insulation
50
mmfill
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33mm laminated veneer lumber board
80
x
380 mm laminated timber beams with
100 mm rock wool insulation in-between
33mm laminated veneer lumber board
12mm suspended birch plywood ceiling
12
Exterior wall.
U
=
0.11
W/m'K
20 mm untreated silver fir cladding boards
30 mm furring strips
40 mmfurringstr ips
Wind paper
2 x 40 x 60 mmfurringstrips with rock
wool insulation in-between
33mm laminated veneer lumber board
180 mm laminated timber beamwith
180 mm rock wool insulat ion in-between
33mm laminated veneer lumber board
vapor barrier
84mm furring str ips with 50 mmrock
wool insulation in-between
12mm birch plywood board
130 Secondary School Klaus-weiler-Fraxern
construction
Despite the
tight
schedule, the architects avoided a conventional design solution but
instead opted for the development of a sustainable building concept with high spatial
qualities and attention to detail. The compact and clearly structured building volume
helped to reduce cost and maximize energy efficiency. The school's simple yet spatially
interesting arrangement is rooted in the economy of the chosen prefabricated structural
timber box elements. Made of locally harvested silver fir, they rest on the site-cast con
crete basement while their exterior is clad with untreated silver
fi r
boards. The offsite
prefabrication of the timber elements, the avoidance of elaborate and costly foundation
piles due to the structure's l ightweight nature, the fast on-site installat ion, and the
elimination of drying times facilitated the project's very short construction time.
The structural system of the entrance and assembly hall volume consists of laminated
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timber beams and columns which also support the completelyglazed facade. The build
ing's south-facing elevation had to be protected from excessivesolar heat gain. Rather
than employing louvers which would havecompromised the view of the Rhineriver valley
below, the architects opted for a corrugated and perforated copper screen with an
open area of 30 percent. Supported by a separate steel frame structure, this light
weight metal veil shields the spaces behind while allowing visual connections to the
outside. Throughout the day,the screen appears defensive, lending the building a solid
appearance. During evening events, however, the building glows and allows filtered
views of the inside. Sun shading to the west- and east-facing classroom windows is
provided by automated external blinds which can also be individually controlled by the
users if necessary. A band of operable windows is located below the fixed glazing at the
eye level of seated students. They retain views to the outside, but are well-protected
from the sun by being set far back from the main facade plane. All interior spaces are
extensively clad with birch plywood panels, which help to generate a warm atmosphere.
Concrete floors are found in the assembly hall and the lower level, while the upper
stories havea red epoxy resin floor finish, a vibrantcontribution to the otherwise muted
color palette.
EnergyConcept
The close collaboration between the local authorities, the architects, the consult ing
engineers, and the participating construction firms allowed the development of a highly
sustainable and energy-efficient building concept. Byselecting environmentally-friendly
building materials, by constructing a compact, well insulated and airt ight envelope,
and by install ing a passive heating and ventilation system, it was possible to limit the
building's heating energydemandto
15
kWh/m
2a
, thus complying with Vorarlberg'spassive
houseenergystandards.Thermodynamic simulations were conducted during the planning
phase to assure the achievement of target values. Continuous monitoring during the
first two years of operation has shown
that
the building performs even better than anti
cipated, since the heating energy demand for the entire complex is only
11.4
kWh/m
2 a .
The facades are highly insulated through the use of triple-glazed windows and the
application of 3 0 0 mm rock wool insulation in roof and wall panels. The assembly hall
and libraryspaces - which do not meet passive house energy standards - are equipped
with a low-temperature underfloor heating system. All remaining spaces are heated
and cooled through the centrally controlled ventilation system. Equipped with a heat
exchanger, the system recovers around 85 percent
of
the heat from the discharged
exhaust air. A ground source heat exchanger, consisting of 27 polyethylene pipes, each
131
26 m longwith a diameter of 4 0 0 mm, is located in the ground below the assembly hall.
This system preheats or precools the intake air according to the seasons to about
18·C,
making any addit ional air conditioning unnecessary. A bypass system allows air to
directly enter the building if exterior temperatures are around
18
to 20 ·C . Supplemental
heating energy is currently supplied by a condensing gas boiler, which will eventually be
replaced by a biomass-powered heating plant run on wood chips. While an electric
water heatergenerates hot water, provision has been madeto connect the water system
to solar col lectors in the nearfuture. A total of
24 0
m
2
of
PV
panels have been installed
on the roof and deliver 20 kWp which are fed into the public grid. Rainwater is collected
and used for the sprinkler system. The entire bui lding is control led by a bus system
which ensures optimal performance of heating, cooling, ventilation, sunshading, and
lighting systems.
All these strategies havecontributed to a reduction of the building's energyconsumption
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of about 75percent , while increasing the overall construction budget by merely 3 percent
compared with a conventional building. Through successful completion of this pilot
project, the local authorities of Klaus, Weiler, and Fraxern have demonstrated their
commitment to the environment and the conservation of resources. The new school
building has already received several awards for its architectural qualities and energy
efficiency.
roof
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central ventilation station
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control valve/fire dampe
mshut -offnap
I hea ti ng reg is te r
central ventilation collector
station library
rotary heat exchanger
(heat recovery)
cross now heat exchanger
(heat
recovery)
collec tor
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•
onstruction
ystems
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Housing Development Miihlweg, Vienna
Exporting Expert ise
Hermann Kaufmann + Johannes Kaufmann
Hugo Kleinbrod Chapel, Lustenau
The Church Comes to
the
people
Hugo Dworzak
Tschabrun Logistics Center, Rankweil
Al l About Wood
Christian Lenz
Hospital Dornbirn
F
loat
ing Feat
herweight
Gohm & Hiessberger
Nordwesthaus, FuBach
Light and Shadow
Baumschlager Eberle
134 Construction Systems
, rrn Fanghousing development, Hlichs . 1979
(Arch,tektengeme ,nschaft
coocerauve)
Vernacular Timber Construction
Dueto the prevalence
of
timber and the region's carpentry tradition, several vernacular
construction techniques were developed in vorarlberg. The careful evolution of these
principles over centuries led to buildings with life spans of
200
to 300 years, and many
outstanding structures haveendured the test of time and are still standing. The Stander
bohlenbau, a post-and-beam construction method, is the oldest timber construction
technique in Vorarlberg, and only a few examples have survived . [4] Derived from a
construction practice where vertical posts were simply driven into the ground, later
techniques rested the posts on a masonry foundation in order to keeptimber elements
awayfrom moisture. Postsand beams make upthe structural framework, and horizontal
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Page132 Halde II housing development Bludenz H ~ a v y
masonry walls filled in with a lightweight
limber
framed floor
and wall system (Hans Punn)
timber planks80 -120 mm in width form the walls. Theseare slotted into verticalgrooves
which have been cut into the posts.
[IJ
The standerbohlenbau uses considerably less
wood than the much larger log construction, and was therefore mostly used for out
buildings such as hay barns and stables.
[III
The slockbau, or log construction, isthe building technique most commonly usedfor
traditional farmhouses in Vorarlberg. Timber members are stacked horizontally and
linked in the corners using cogged joints. The Kopfstrick, or locked lap
joint,
is the
oldest cornering technique, and the members extend beyond the wall faces at the
corners. [2] Bythe end of the eighteenth century, this type of connection was gradually
replaced by the Schwalbenschwanzstrick or dovetail joint, which featured a flush
corner. [31 Hardwood pegswere inserted into the logsto interlock the individual courses,
creating a structure of great rigidity. [III] With increasing industrialization, the availability
of mass-produced inexpensive nails allowed the facades to be clad with a scale-like
shingle skin that effectively protected the structural members from rain.
When thinking of traditional European houses, the typical Fachwerkbau, or timber
frame construction, usually comes to mind. Thissystem consists of a structural frame
work which is fil led in with wattle, clay, and chopped straw. Vorarlberg is, in fact, the
only Austrian province that possesses a significant number of these types of buildings,
due to its geographical location at a point where different construction techniques
meet, making for an interesting mix of styles. However, timber-framed houses were
mostly b
uilt
in areas rich with deciduous trees, since these predominantly produced
short structural members. construction systems such as post-and-beam construction
and log construction were prevalent in Vorarlberg, taking advantage of the abundance
of coniferous trees which provided long and straight members.
[IV]
135
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2 Rh int al haus In schnihs
built
u on th
to construcuon
techniqu
136 Construction Systems
5 Stuccohidesthe limber framework of a farmhouse In R6this
Change in Tradition
The building codes of various periods in history appear to have discouraged timber
construction. Inthe Middle Ages, many cities introduced bans against the use oft imber
as a building material and roof covering, mainly as a means of fire prevention. These
regulations had litt le success, since entire cit ies burned down time and again. Mean
while, most houses in the countryside continued to be built exclusively out of
timber
until the end
ofthe
nineteenth century.
[v)
Vorarlberg's timber construction tradit ion was put to the test with the rise of the
bourgeoisie and the establishment
of
new values inthe late nineteenth century. Sud
denly, timber houses conveyed an image of poverty and were out of fashion, since they
were considered a sign of belonging to the working class. In addition, it became popular
belief
that timber
was an ephemeral and perishable building material, even though
thousands of historic timber buildings proved otherwise. Masonry homes were the new
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6-8 Estatehouses built with the tradnional log construction
technique. Altach. 1934-35 (Hermann xeckers)
7
--
--
'
8
status symbol ofthe middle and upper classes and became the prevalent building type.
Asa result, many
timber
houseswere covered up with stucco after the fact in order to
makethem look like their more expensive masonry neighbors.
[VIJ(S.9)
The advantages of timber construction were rediscovered in times of economic hard
ship. Between the First and Second World Wars, the distinguished Austrian architect
Clemens Holzmeister published his essay Der Holzhausbau, or Timber House Con
struction, which discussed the decline
of
the
timber
construction
tradition.
In his
publication, Holzmeister presents numerous encouraging examples of successful old
timber
buildings, manyof them in Vorarlberg, and points the way to a new era oft imber
construction. Above all, he points out the posit ive impact of managed forestry and the
use of locally available resources on the economy in times of crisis. In the 1930S, the
Austrian federal government launched a building program to battle the housing shortage
and rising unemployment. Across the country, the creation
of
new housing estates at
the perimeters of existing settlements was aimed at providing jobs and housing for the
unemployed andshort-term workers. Eight of these estateswere developed in Vorarlberg,
and all of the homes were
built
using traditional log construction techniques with
members
12 0
mm thlck.nv-zo) The large amount of readily available labor allowed for
cost-effective prefabrication. Additionally, the chosen
timber
system allowed future
owners to contribute approximately
1,500
hours of the ir own t ime and labor to the
construct ion of their home. This set a new precedent, and architects in Vorarlberg
would usethis combination of professional, industrialized prefabrication with unskilled
do-it-yourself labor for the construction of residential projects in the future.
[VIIJ(6-8)
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138 Construction Systems
10 11 rrnFang hOUSlnR development. Hochst. 1979
(Arch.tektengemeinschaft Cooperative)
A New Era
Timber construction finally experienced a revival in the 1960s, when a group of young
architects started practicing in Vorarlberg. Hans Purin, Rudolf Wager, Jakob Albrecht,
Gunter Wratzfeld , and Leopold Kaufmann designed
timber
houses, which, through their
lack
oftraditional
elements in combination with open floor plans, flat roofs, and unusu
ally large windows, received a
lot
of criticism among the general population. Leopold
Kaufmann remarks: My first projects - in the sixties - had neither the proper roof, nor
the proper form, nor the right windows . The result was
that
my neighbors no longer
greeted me after attending SundayMass. [VIII) With their designs, they formulated alter
natives to the prevalent local provincialism, which was the result of misguided formal
interpretations of the historic building stock. [IX) Rudolf Wager states : I consciously
attempted to build in opposition to traditional tendencies. During my apprenticeship as
a carpenter, I realized how thought less the so-cal led traditional construction had
become. These stereotypical houses were not really traditional buildings ... I did not
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11
want to derive newpossibilities andvariations in a well-behaved and consistent manner,
but needed to oppose this thoughtlessness.
[X)[12)
The architects established a dialogue
with the region's rich timber building tradit ion and used the carpentry trade's crafts
manship skills asa basisfor their newtimber-frame construction systems. Working with
timber also meant that buildings had to be well constructed, and particular attention
had to be paid to the correct assembly of wal ls and roofs. Space-making began with
designing the structural system, which played an important role asan expressive visual
element.
Vorarlberg's population is known asbeing thrifty andhardworking, andits motto schaffa,
schaffa,
HOsIe
baua translates to Work, work, and build a
little
house. While the
single-family home continued to be the prevalent housing type, the strong desire for
home ownership contributed to urban sprawl and put home owners under enormous
financial pressure. An important question arose among architects: who are we building
for
if
most people cannot afford their own house?Hans Purin, one of the pioneers of the
new architecture movement, offered a solut ion to the problem with the design of the
housing estate
Halde
in Bludenz in 1964. A framework of massive masonry walls was
provided, which could then be filled in by future residents using a system of lightweight
timber-framed f loors and wal ls , a llowing the owners to
complete
approximately
20 percent of the construction themselves. The project served asan excellent example
for simple, cost-efficient, and collaborative building. According to Austria's most well
known architectural critic Friedrich Achleitner, the Halde housing estate still belongs
to the most respectable achievements in Austrian residential construction. (XI] [13-1S The
newly formed Cooperative, a group of young architects consisting of Dietmar Eberle,
Wolfgang Juen, Markus Koch, and Norbert Mittersteiner, used a similar approach in
1979when designing the lrn Fang housing estate. In cooperation with their clients,
they were looking to develop alternative ways of living and building together. Timber
was the building material of choice, since it was easyto process
without
the need for
heavymachinery or highlyskilled workers, and also allowed for simple structural systems
139
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140 Construction Systems
13-15 Halde housing developments. Bludenz.
19&t
(;7 (Hans
Pu n)
with a large amount of f lexibility. While professional carpenters erected the primary
timber-framed structure, the floors, walls, glazing, winter gardens, and cladding were
completed bythe young architects and future residents. This made the project financially
viable for everyone involved and allowed for individual variations and the creation of
communal living spaces unprecedented on the housing market at
that
time. [XIII][1.10-11)
At t imes, the simplest, most eff ic ient way to produce a part icular bui lding element
influenced design decisions more than purely formal aspects, which resulted in a new
aesthetic that was initially rejected bythe general population andthe building authorities.
Although the new timber houses were disparagingly called chicken coops or barns,
since their appearance contradicted the popular expectations of a privately owned
home at
that
time, the experience gained in working onthese low-cost projects allowed
the architects in Vorarlberg to develop professional and logistic skills
that
addressed all
aspects of the building process. The quality of the built environment reached a new level,
which ultimately impressed and increasingly convinced the large building cooperatives,
construction companies, and local authorities. The resulting simplicity, rationality, and
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14
15
minimal aesthetic were not the product oftheoretically applied ideas, but the outcome
of a profession aspiring to make a step-by-step transition from traditional craftsmanship
to customized industrial fabrication. Straightforward modern construction methods
were employed , with the goal of minimizing the use of material while generating a
maximum amount of enclosed space. Onceunderstood, this approach suited the native
population's highly developed sense of value for money.
[XIV)
The architects' approach was supported by local building law which differed from the
rest of Austria, since Vorarlberg did not require an architectural license to submit a
bui lding permit for approval. As a result, the members of the Cooperative, aswell as
many other individuals including Hermann Kaufmann, Helmut Dietrich, Carlo Baum
schlager, and Wolfgang Ritsch, were able to start bui lding right out of architecture
school without havingto go through anytype of extended internship training. Eventually,
the new movement became so popular and successful that the Austrian architects'
registration board felt the need to intervene, since the designers neither sat the state
registrat ion exam nor paid any of the high membership fees. In an act of civ il disobe
dience, a group of sixteen rebellious planners united to form the Gesellschaft Vorarl
berger BaukOnstler (Society ofVorarlberg Building Artists). Threeof its members were
already facing legal action, and the newly founded association consolidated funds to
cover
their
legal fees. The ent ire controversy about the right to pract ice was widely
debated in the media, and in the end resulted in a compromise between the nat ional
board and the group. [xv)
141
I .
VI
lech, Hollbaulen
In
Vo arlbe g.
7
I
rt;
IMu
h v
\I
III
1\ Lande und val kund Geschlc hl Will cna]:
und 1
\ la r a r lb g
8and
111.
q
IV agmei
ter , HolloaukunSlln
vorartberq.
V Ibid .. 5.
VIII
Kapfmge,.
ConS/fuCllve Provocal,on.
47
I lech
Hollbaulen ,n
vorartberq
fI n
OokumenlOl/on
de
lel l l n 0Jah
0
IbId.
°
I F fl ed fl ch Achle lne,. OSlerrelch,sche Arch leklur
,m 0
. sonmunaen 80nd
I
(SallburgfVl
nna: ReSidenz
Verlag. 1980),
399.
XII
1
ch,
Hollbau len In vororlberg
4' 52.
XIII Kapfinger, -The vorarlberg School of Arctntecture. 13.
XIV Ib'd . •24
XV Ibid ..
13-15.
In
vot sru 9 .il r ul u
The new
timber
construction movement can be considered a contemporary answer to
Vorarlberg's existing building traditions, and
it
served asthe basisfor the region's unique
architectural renewal. With wide acceptance in the populat ion, the local architects
have moved away from merely designing and building single-family houses and are
taking on larger commissions including schools, office buildings, industrial facilities,
fire stations, museums, and multi-family housing. Since timber does not always offer
the most suitable solutions for many of these building tasks, the architects are increas
ingly looking to steel, concrete, and masonry. Through building predominantly with
t imber, they have developed a rigor and expertise as part of their discipl ined design
processthat hasprovenusefulwhen employingother building materials andconstruction
techniques. Thisalso applies to the building trades, and it is particularly evident in the
carpenters' skil lful design of concrete formwork, which leads to fair-faced finishes of
exceptionally high quality. While a large percentage of new buildings continue to be
primarily constructed out of t imber, the impulses init iated by the second generation
pioneers in the 1980sand 1990Sserve asfertile ground for further advancement, allowing
young architects freedom for experimentation and innovation. Today, they continue to
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build upon these solid foundations.
Numerous municipalities have established design advisory committees to serve as an
interface between building professionals, the local authorities, and the overall popu
lation. As active members of these bodies, architects advise the local communities on
planning and building matters and play anintegral role in the shaping of the future built
environment. Due to an increase in population, the fabric of Vorarlberg's urban land
scape has changed dramatically since the 1960s. The 29 independent municipalities in
the Rhine river valley in particular have transformed into an almost continuous, low
density agglomeration of villages and towns. Overthe last few decades, the population
hascome to realize that the social, ecological, and economical concepts and principles
the architects havedeveloped for individual buildings need to be applied on an urban
scale. The local government has therefore launched the research project Vision Rhein
tal, which looks at settlement patterns, transportation, economy, landscape, and
social infrastructure in order to ensure sustainable growth in the future. The region's
unique and sensitive approach to building provides convincing evidence ofthe archi
tects' involvement in solving the problems and addressing the needs of the society in
which they live. Asa result, many ofVorarlberg's architects enjoy an international repu
tation today, andthey teach at universities and build in, among other countries, Germany,
Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and China.
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144 Housing Development MOhlweg. Vienna
Urban planning strategies were elemental in generating the geometry and positioning
of the building volumes on the site, and the variation of dwelling unit typologies reacts
to these site-specif ic conditions. The architects' goal was to provide as many south
and west-facing apartments as possible and to offer a range of dif ferent f loor plan
layouts. The buildings' circulation typologies vary and form spatially compelling and
inviting spaces which offer numerous opportunities for interaction between residents.
The creation of unappealing and monotonous circulation spaces, which are often found
in affordable housing developments, can be avoided. The two L-shaped structures are
accessed through external stairs and walkways, where one of each of the buildings'
wings has a double-loaded corridor. The third building consists of an elongated rectan
gular volume which houses multistory units. Each apartment unit features a generous
pr ivate outdoor space in the form of a terrace or loggia. All of the buildings ' main
entrances open up to the surrounding streets aswell asthe interior courtyard , which fos
ters the site's permeability and allows residents easyaccessto the central open space.
Even though an additional rooftop level had been approved, the architects refrained
from its addition, and thus each of the buildings consists of merely four stories. Their
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restrained volumes and simple vocabulary are in harmony with the urban concept.
construction
The housing development's basement and ground floor levels are made of site-cast
reinforced concrete while the three upper floors are entirely constructed out of timber.
The upper-level floor slabs and loadbearing interior walls consist of large-format pre
fabricated laminated timber panels. Vertical loads are transferred bythese wall elements
while the solid f loor slabs funct ion as continuous beams and span perpendicularly
across. Their exposed wooden undersides form the ceiling finish inside the individual
apartment units. These
timber
wall and floor panels possessexcellent material proper
ties. Their multilayered cross-laminated structure makes them particularly resistant to
deformation through temperature and humidity changestypically experienced with solid
t imber products. In addit ion, their large formats of up to 3 m
by
is m allow for a high
level of prefabrication, easy installation, and reduce the amount of necessary joints
which proves advantageous for fire protection purposes. Most of the exterior walls do
not have to carry any loads, which made it possible to use non-loadbearing, highly
insulated
timber
facade panels. Theseprefabricated lightweight elements are clad with
rear-ventilated vertical larch boards on the outside and are finished with gypsum board
on the inside.
wood
windows and cladding systems are pre-installed in the factory. The
external circulation walkways aresteel structures and sit in front of the timber structure,
while their non-flammable decks are made of precast concrete elements.
145
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146 Housing Development Milhlweg. Vienna
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Building paper
Parapet element, consisting of: 15mm
gypsum fiberboard, 100 mm framing,
15mm gypsum fiberboard
2
Roof, U = 0.16W/m'K
15mm gravel fill
Two-ply bituminous roofing membrane
Bituminous fireproofing membrane
160-250 mm rigid insulation, laid to
fall
vapor barrier
12Bmm laminated
timber
panel
Suspended ceiling 12.5 mm plaster
substrate board
Render
3
Laminated safety glass fixed to steel
section 60
x
120
x
6.3mm
4
Laminated safety glass louvers
13
10 mm finished floor
60 mm screed
Vapor barrier
30 mm mineral wool impact sound insulation
180 mm reinforced concrete slab
14
15mm tiles
140-155mm precast concreteelement
10 mm elastomeric bearing
15
40 mm man-made stone tile in gravel bed
Mat
120 mm thermal insulation
Waterproofing membrane
Leveling layer
350 mm reinforced concrete slab, laid to fal l
16
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10mm floor finish
60 mm screed
vapor barrier
30 mm mineral wool impact sound insulat ion
147
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5
Bituminous roofing membrane
150-290 mm precast concrete element
10mm elastomeric bearing
6
Steel beam HEB
1BO
7
Exterior wall, U
=
0.14W/m'K
Render
12.5 mm plaste r substrate board
15mm gypsum fiberboard
240 mm insulation between timber framing
15mm gypsum fiberboard
Vapor barrier
50 mm rockwool insulat ion
12.5mm gypsum board
120 mm thermal insulation
350 mm reinforced concrete slab
17
Exterior wall, U
=
0.24 W/m'K
12.5mm plaster substrate board
180mm mineral wool thermal insulation
200 mm reinforced concrete wall
8
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9
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flat
steel bar
50/8
10
40 mm man-made stone
tile
on pedestals
B
tum
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Leveling layer
146 mm laminated
timber
panel
suspended ceil ing
12.5 mm plaster substrate board
Render
11
10 mm finished floor
60 mm screed
vapor
barrier
30 mm mineral wool impactsound insulat ion
94mm bed of loose fill
146 mm laminated
timber
panel, underside
exposed
12
150 mm fire protection overhang, consisting
of sheet metal f lashing supported by steel
angle, underside larch board
148 Housing Development MUhlweg, Vienna
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All facadesincluding those of the reinforced-concrete ground floor use identical material
finishesin order to unify each building into a homogenousvolume. Theuntreated wooden
facades expressthe buildings' structural timber systems on the outside and are used in
combination with colored shutters. Flush mounting ofthe facade materials ensures an
evenweathering of all wooden surfaces. an aspect of utmost importance for the accep
tance of the building's aging overtime by its residents. Eventually, this effect will intensify
the contrasting play of colors with the juxtaposed shutters and recessed loggias.
According to Vienna'sbuilding regulations at the time, only facade claddings made of
hardwoods such as oak or acacia fulfi lled the strict f ire safety standards for four-story
residential construction. Since a hardwood facade was cost-prohibitive, the architects
developed an alternative solution in collaboration with Holzforschung Austria, the
country's leading research and testing institute for timber. Fire tests with prototype
designs were conducted in order to achieve the required fire ratings. The results of the
research project allowed the use of larch cladding in combination with 150 mm fire
protection overhangs in-between floors. These continuous horizontal wooden sills are
clad in sheet metal and posit ioned to serve as the supports and guides for the sliding
shutter system. Through this, a design solution was found
that
not only addressed fire
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protection issues, but also satisfied aesthetic and financial concerns.
Energy Concept
A straightforward energy concept was employed in order to conform to Austria's low
energy standard. The entire development's heating energy demand of 38 kWh/m
2a
is
achieved through the use of high-qual ity wood windows and heavi ly insulated wall
build -ups. Heating energy is provided by a conventional condensing gas boiler while a
network of low-temperature pipes (60/40'C) dis tr ibutes the heat to the individual
apartment units. A 168 m
2
solar heating system supplies 50 percent of the annual hot
water demand. The south-facing solar panels are located on the elongated building's
f lat roof and are set at an angle of 45 percent. A central storage tank is heated by the
solar collectors and provides eachapartment with hot water through a heavily insulated
pipe system which minimizes heating energy losses.
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Hugo Kleinbrod Chapel. Lustenau
Hugo Dworzak
The
Church
Comes
to the People
Based at the Reichshofstadion, the soccer club
SC
Austria Lustenau is famous for its
celebrations after home games. Following matches, its players and supporters enjoy
themselves in the Austrian Village, a grouping of temporary concession booths.
Located right next to the soccer stadium stands, the
little
ensemble provides food and
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drinks for about
4,000
visitors. The president of the soccer club observed that each
village has a church, or at least a chapel, and decided to add a spiri tual side to the
village's current commercial and secular character. However, the construction of only
temporary structures was allowed, and no additional building permits were supposed
to be issued. Asa result, the design of a small chapel was developed not only asa tem
porary solution, but asa mobile structure with the option of moving it to another location
at any given time.
Equipped with wheels, the idea was to bring the place of worship to the people rather
than the other way around. Thechapel's dimensions of 2.5 m by5 m correspond to the
size of a standard parking space, meaning
that
the bui ld ing can be relocated and
parked anytime and anywhere; and its overall height of 4.85 m allows for easytrans
port
under bridges and overpasses. Employing a simple rectangular floor plan and a
pitched roof, architect Hugo Dworzak decided to make the chapel's exterior shape
reminiscent of traditional places of worship. The equilateral triangle forming the gable
symbolizes the
trinity of
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. During everyday use, the chapel
offers seating for nine worshippers while a small door at the frontservesasthe entrance.
However,the mobile structure can be moved to the playing field for bigger events and
ceremonies, where it can open up to accommodate a larger audience. Through folding
up its wal ls on three sides, the chapel 's interior expands to the outside allowing
it
to
engage a larger crowd . The wall surfaces turn into cantilevering roofs which form the
shape of the Holy Cross if seen from above.
151
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· d Chapel
Lustenau
52 HugoKlembro
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construction
The chapel's simple structural frame consists of 2 x 4 timber members. Inside, its wall,
f loor, and ceiling surfaces are entirely clad with horizontal wooden slats which help to
generate a warm atmosphere. Consisting of a white textile membrane, the exterior skin
is evocative
of
atent, emphasizing the building's mobile and nomadic character. Daylight
penetrates through the translucent fabric and wooden slats, making windows unneces
sary, while at night, f luorescent l ights embedded between the inner and outer shel l
i lluminate the interior and signal the chapel's sacred nature to its surroundings. The
holy Christian symbol appears twice in the little building: the door handle consists of a
crucifix, and the slatted
wall
behind the
altar
is
cut out
in the shape
of
a cross. The
chapel also contains a bell which was designed by artist udo Rabensteiner. Even though
the little structure is usually located at the stadium, it can sometimes be seentraveling
the streets of Lustenau on the way to a wedding or baptism.
The chapel was named after priest Hugo Kleinbrod who upon return from imprisonment
during the war took it upon himself to look after poor chi ldren and orphans. Besides
founding the Vorarlberg Children'sVillage, an organization which focuses on the family
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~ ~ \
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based, long- term care of chi ldren who can no longer grow up with
their
biological
famil ies, he also established a soccer club for the local boys of Lustenau, providing
them with a senseof belonging and identity.
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Tschabrun Logistics Center, RankweiL
Christian Lenz
All
AboutWood
Conveniently located in a business park in Rankweil, this project is immediately adjacent
to the Autobahn
A14,
vorarlberg's main artery, which runs through the entire Rhine river
valley. The building serves as the main distribution center for the region's largest sup
plier of wood products and consolidates four previously used smaller storage facilities.
The client wanted to create a contemporary timber structure that would demonstrate
the many advantages of wood as a building material, including reduced construction
time, cost-effective
but
sophisticated and energy-efficient design solutions, aswell as
the preservation of natural resources through the careful use of renewable building
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products.
Particular emphasis was put on choosing locally sourced materials to create a contem
porary commercial facil ity. Most of the building materials used for the construction of
the new logistics center were taken right out of the company's own product catalogue,
sothe build ing servesasan effective billboard for the firm's corporate image and business
operations.
Construction
The large, dark-colored building volume with black, box-shaped skylights and circular
window openings has a strong presence. At 120 m by105 m, it constitutes one of Central
Europe's largest storage facilities made of structural timber. Except for the reinforced
concrete columns, the entire building including structure, walls, and ceilings, is made
of wood. Resting onthe columns are 4.60 m-deep laminated timber trusses which span
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156 Tschabrun Logistics Center. Rankweil
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with granulated slate surface
160
mm rigid thermal insulation in two layers
5 mm foil-laminated bitum inous vapor barrier
22 mm oriented strand board
2
100 x 280
mmt imber purlin
3
160 x 280 mmt imber edge purlin
4
160
x 660-750 mm laminated timber beam
5
Exterior wall. U = 0.31W/m'K
8 mm phenolic resin board
100 mmfurring strips with ventilated cavity
in-between
waterproofing membrane
180 x 100 mm horizontal timber members
with 160 mm rock wool insulation in-between
24
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6
160 x 400 mm laminated timber column
7
Reinforced concrete slab on piers
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157
27 m and serve as primary structural members. Glued laminated beams (160 mm by
1,100-1,280 mm) spanning 18 m form the secondary system, while oriented strand
boards are supported by 100 mm by
280
mm solid-sawn
timber
purlins holding up an
8 m span. The entire building is braced through fixed precast-concrete column connec
tions, and K-bracing is used in the facade plane at regular intervals.
To accommodate heavy-duty cantilever shelving systems and block storage configura
tions, the building's floor slab is supported on
950
piers with an average depth of
12
m.
The decision to install a sprinkler system through the entire building made it possible to
avoid the separation of the space into individual fire compartments. These provisions
allow the new
13,200
m
2
building to provide plenty of space with the maximum amount
of flexibility expected of a distribution facility this size.
The exterior is clad in phenolic resin boards, and every effort was made to minimize any
potential cut-off waste early in the building's planning stages. Rational and efficient on
the inside, the building appears playful on the outside. Circular openings are set into
the facade and are evocative of floating soap bubbles. Tominimize construction costs,
these windows do not use anelaborate framing system, but are inserted intothe facade
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using simple gaskets found in vehicle manufacturing.
Theconsolidation offour smaller storage facilities into one centrally located distribution
center serves asthe basis for the company's improved performance and efficiency. This
effort is supported by state-of-the-art logistics operations, which includethe use of the
latest logistics software for routing, loading, and unloading of the company's
truck
fleet. Additionally, the streamlining of individual processes such as the pre-loading of
goods on pallets significantly reduces vehicle idle time and contributes to the reduction
in operating costs. While deliveries are currently done exclusively by truck, a change to
a container-based operation could easily be accomplished by retrofitting the logistics
center with gantry cranes.
Combining the company's operations in one central Vorarlberg location also turns out
to be an environmentally-friendly solution, since it not only allows faster delivery of the
company's products to the local builders and craftsmen,
but also reduces transportation
distances and saves resources. The completion of the logistics center is an excellent
example of how smart design solutions can have a positive impact on business opera
t ions. The new building has allowed the company to improve its logist ics, and at the
same time, it retains the flexibility to compete and adapt in an ever-changing market.
Of
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158
Hospital Dornbirn
Gohm
&
Hiessberger
Floating
Featherweight
Hospitals are buildings
that
are constantly undergoing redevelopment. Theyare contin
uously faced with the latest technical and functional innovations, which then require
complex modifications and additions to the existing building fabric. Two decades after
its completion, the hospital ofVorarlberg's largest city, Dornbirn, required restructuring.
The intensive care units were increased in sizeand connected with the operating rooms,
new corresponding staff rooms had to be provided, and the hospital's main entrance and
emergency room were reconfigured and remodeled. Administrative and doctors' offices
were completely moved out
ofthe
existing building and relocated in a new addition.
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The project's major challenge was the fact that the only space available for a potential
addition was above the existing underground parking garage, which had been
built
in
1983
but
could not provide the structural support for a multistory building on top
of
it .
Requiring utmost planning precision, the architects Markus Gohm and Ulf Hiessberger
solved the problem with a l ightweight steel structure resting at the places where the
parking garage's roof slab could be reinforced to support the additional load. The new
two-story, nearly 70 m long volume hoversin the air between the existing hospital building
and the canopies of the sycamore trees lining the street, and isonly supported by a few
slender steel columns and two concrete staircase cores. The architects' bold design
proposal not only maximizes the space generated for the hospital, but also constitutes
an intervention on an urban scale, increasing density within the city fabric, while stil l
leaving room
for
green space.
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160 Hospital Dornbirn
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The elevation of the addit ion was conceived not only for structural reasons, but also to
improve the functionality of the hospital's operations. A bridge links the new offices
with the intensive care units on the second level of the old bui lding, creat ing a direct
connection and thus minimizing walking distances. Furthermore,
it
ensures
that
the
visual connections to the main entrance from the street and the surrounding neighbor
hood can be maintained, and
that
wayfinding in the hospital grounds is left intact. The
construction of the new building was followed by renovation of the existing wards and
treatment areas in the original building. The refurbishment of the intensive care units
needed to address the different and occasionally evenconflicting needs of patients and
medical staff: the requirement for tranquillity wasjuxtaposed with sometimes extremely
stressful activities. Lighting, color, and materiality combine to create a positive setting
for patients. The functional design
of
the spaces reduces the time needed for routine
tasks. The intensive care units, operating rooms, and staff rooms were completed in the
summer of 2005, to be fol lowed by the outpat ient facil it ies on the f irst floor, and the
remodeling of main entrance and cafe on the ground floor.
construction
The
7.5
m
-tall
steel columns (407 mm by 10 mm) support 720 mm-deep welded steel
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beams. Theentire two-story building volume above consists of a lightweight structural
steel frame which cantilevers up to 10 m and two reinforced-concrete staircase cores
provide lateral bracing for the entire structure. Subtle finishes on the exterior provide
an understated elegance which reduces the building's massvisually, making it appear
almost weightless: the underside is clad in shimmering aluminum sandwich panels, and
silver-painted prefabricated
timber
elements with dark-colored wood windows were
chosen for the vertical facades due to their lightweight nature. A delicate fixed glazing
system wraps around the entire building, forming a double envelope enclosure. In the
summer, the new addition almost disappears in the dense foliage of the sycamoretrees.
The sophisticated technical and structural solutions ofthe design are suppressed, and
giveway to a more expressiveinterior, in which the office spacesare clearly arranged on
two levels around a glass-covered atr ium. Each individual office looks out onto the
atrium space through a full-height and soundproof fixed glass partition, while privacy
can be achieved through lowering an opaque texti le rol ler shade when desired. The
combination of vast amounts of glazing on the interior and exterior creates a building
with ultimate transparency, allowing far-reaching visual relationships on the inside, as
well as panoramic views of the city.
The interior's warm finishes and colorful materials, large amounts of daylighting, and
excellent acoustics generate an atmosphere which extends beyond the commonly
expected sterile hospital setting. The flexible partitioning system separating the indi
vidual offices is made from rich chestnut wood. Brick-red resin f looring, yel low and
green roller shades, aswell asthe white balustrades on the upper level all contribute to
the creation of a friendly and inviting healthcare environment.
162 Hospital Dornbirn
2
4
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Roof, U = 0.12W/m' K
Modular metal roofing system, consisting of:
- r ibbed roofi ngpanel
- purlinsfor 3% slope
-
waterproof
ing membrane
- insulated coffered sheet metalceiling panel
- insulated sheet metal prof i le
Cavity
Fre-rated ceiling consisting of 2 x 12.5 mm
gypsum board with sandwiched vapor barrier
Servicescavity
12.5mm suspended acoustical ceiling
with laminated acoustical mat
2
G
utt
er
3
Aluminum ventilation louvers
4
Steel column FR
120/200/
10
5
Triple glazing, U : 0.7W/m'K
6
3 mmepoxy resin floor
8
2 x 5 mm laminated safety glass
853 mm ventilated facade cavity
203 mm prefabricated
timber
element ,
consisting of:
- 12mm composite t imber board
- 30 mmminera l wool
ther
mal insula
tion
- 12mm oriented strand board
- 120mm
therma
l insulation
- 19mm laminated veneer lumber board
- 10mm cement-bonded fiberboard
Vapor retarder
150mm services cavity
20 mm i n
teri
or finish
9
Steel beam HEA220
10
Motorized external shade
11
Floor,
U -
0.13W/m'K
3 mm epoxy resin floor
72
mm screed
Vapor retarder
25mm
impact
sound insulati on
70 mm bed of l ightweight
fi l l
50 mm corrugated
metal
decking
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13
i
14
10
I
72mm screed
Vapor retarder
2Smm
impact
sound insulation
70 mm bed of lightweight fill
50 mm corrugated metal decking
Fire-rated ceiling consisting of 50 mm
insula
tion
on top of 2 x 15mm gypsum board
350 mm services cavity
12.5 mm suspended acoustical ceili ngwith
laminated acoustical mat
7
Steel beam HEA 300
Cavity
with
50mm
thermal
insulat ion
30 mmoriented strand board
150 mm mineral wool
thermal
insulation
Suspended composite cladding panel,
consisting of two aluminum sheets
heat-bonded to a polyethylene core
12
Welded steel beam, w=400 rnm, h-720 mm
taperingto h=550 mm
13
Steel
grat
ing
14
Steel beams, ranging from IPE360 to IPE600
163
Energy Concept
Since the addition consists of a lightweight steel structure with timber infill panels, the
challenge was to create a comfortable indoor climate for a building with relatively
little
mass. Therefore, the building services were closely coordinated with the actual thermal
comfort requirements and were optimized through simulation, making it possible to
develop an energy concept which provides a high level of comfort with a relatively low
energy consumption of 45.7 kWh/m
2 a .
The building's main components include high
quality
triple
glazing with a u-value of 0.7 W/m
2K ,
advanced solar shading devices for
offices and the atr ium roof, a vent ilation system with heat recovery, as wel l as an
underfloor heating system, which can be usedfor cooling during the summer.Thedouble
facade also serves asa climatic buffer space and protects the actual thermal envelope
aswell asthe retractable solar shading system from wind and rain.
The hospital's expansion and refurbishment is yet another example of how perceptions
and paradigms have changed in healthcare design over the past decade. Rather than
continuing in the t radi tion of the 1970S and 1980s, when large architecture firms
designed massive and anonymous medical complexes, there has been a return to an
architecture
that
is more focused on an attention to detai l at a smaller scale. Thenew
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trend is to create comfortable, functional, and user-friendly environments with plenty
of daylight, high-qual ity materials and finishes, despite the need for increasingly
complicated building services and technical medical equipment.
0
D
L.
I
•
r r
I
I
1:1000
164
Nordwesthaus,
FuBach
Baumschlager Eberle
Light
and Shadow
Located on Lake Constance, the club house concludes a three-phase transformation
process that has seen the gradual conversion of an old gravel pi t i nto a marina . By
avoiding any picturesque references, the clear and simple geometries of all architectural
interventions contrast with the surrounding natural setting. In
2000,
architects Carlo
Baumschlager and Dietmar Eberle finished the first phase with the completion
of
the
elevated
port
office. The concrete tube cantilevers over
10
m and offers lakeside views
for the marina owner. Thesecond stage followed in
2004
and involved the actual harbor
wall itselfwhich was constructed out of local stone, providing a sustainable habitat for
waterborne plants and wildli fe. As juxtaposition to the port off ice, the club house
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represents the final stage of the waterside development. The new monolithic
14
m high
structure appears to float, rising directly
out
of the water.
•
\
1:5000
I
I
•
•
,
••••
-.
.
. .:
,II.
· 4
.- .
.
-
:
.:. ;-
•••••••
-
.
•
•
.
.-
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..•
..
,
.
•••••
c
•
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166 Nordwesthaus. FuBach
Nextto the boat dock and moorings, the building housesa space for boat storage and
maintenance at water level. A mezzanine f loor contains bathrooms and stairs and
provides access from the landside to the club room above. This dramatic 8.80 m
tall
multipurpose space serves as meeting venue for the sailing community. The building's
irregular biomorphic concrete structure is clad with rectangular glass panels, whose
surfaces have been mechanically modified to reduce the stark contrast between core
and envelope. The translucent glass skin filters and reflects natural and artificial light,
creating a changing play of l ight and shadow on the inside and outside. Views out are
intentionally limited to two glazed openings which are set into deep concrete reveals.
During the day,the gathering space is transformed into a kaleidoscope
of
its surround
ings, while reflections from the water surface seem to generate constant movement on
the glass facades. At night, the integrated cei ling l ights in combination with feature
lighting on the concrete structure itself provide an x-ray projection
of
the building's
internal organization which is visible from afar.
construction
Theentire structural system consists of site-cast reinforced concrete and was developed
in close collaboration with the structural engineers.Thedesign is based on a 7 m by
14
m
box with a height of
14
m and issupported on foundation piles which rest on the floor of
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the harbor basin. To achieve lightness and transparency, the exterior walls of the box
were dissolved through the introduction of vertical openings, thus pushing the limits of
the structural system. The remaining column-like structure in the lower third section is
connected and braced by the club room's concrete f loor slab. In the upper third, the
column segments reunite to form a more solid wal l surface. The result is a concrete
structure with very del icate appearance. An eff ic ient formwork concept had to be
developed to keep construction costs within the available budget. Forthe purpose of
placing the concrete, the building was subdivided into five sections in elevation and two
sections in plan. This division into ten independent pouring stages allowed the repetitive
use of individual formwork elements. All exterior and interiorwall surfaces were formed
using a standard panelized steel formwork system. A modular system consisting of
600 mm long reusable wooden formwork segments was developed to accommodate
the curved reveal surfaces. The total number of elements was limited: three radii were
provided in both a convexand concave form, resulting in six different elements. Various
combinations
of
these three radii made it possible to form each curve, allowing the
creation of non-repetitive shapes with the use of repetitive formwork.
3
4
~
n
o
2
I
u
\
167
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6
\J
1
Roof
Double glazing laid to fal l. consist ingof :
8 mm Toughened safety glass ICE-H
20 mm Air space
6 mm Toughened safety glass
Anti-shatter film
1:50
7
8
2
Dach
50 mm Gravel fill 16/32
Waterproofing membrane
180mm Polystyrene rigid thermal insulation
vapor barrier
Mat
300 mm Reinforced concrete
3
Roof substructure
Flat steel bar 80/ 10 black
4
Double glazing, laminated to aluminum
profile anodized black
5
Wall bracket and fixing
Flat steel bar black
6
Exterior wall
Double glazing. consisting of:
8 mm Toughened safety glass ICE-H
18mm Air space
6 mm Toughened safetyglass
250 mm Facadecavity
300 mm Reinforced concrete
7
Plinth cladding
single glazing
8
300 mm Renforced concrete slab
168 Nordwesthaus. FuBach
: . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1
t
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1:
400
1
•
• •
I
~ i l i
•
•
1-
__ ••
J
I floor 1
:400
169
For the product ion of the glass panes, a centuries-old manufacturing process was
revived. Thisunique technique involvesthe careful chipping of the glass surface, resulting
in a finish with varying degrees of opacity, translucency, and transparency.The appear
ance and variations of these patterns seem to have been taken straight from nature,
since they can best be compared to ice crystals which form on a window pane during a
cold winter day. The process produces translucent finishes without the need to apply
colors or add layers of any other materia ls, and can be used with all types of glass.
Along the perimeter of the bui lding, steel plates attached to the concrete structure
support horizontal aluminum mullions. The individual 3 m by .6 0 m double glassed
units are glued into these mullions withoutthe use of any additional mechanical fixings,
allowing the creation of a smooth and abstract external skin. Sixof the large glass panels
areoperable elements whichcan be opened for ventilation. Seamlessly integrated into the
envelope, they employ a crank mechanism with ropes commonly found in boatbuilding.
Baumschlager Eberle developed the interior lighting concept in close collaboration
with several lighting manufacturers. Bychoosingto illuminate the curved revealsurfaces,
a softening of the hard concrete edges was achieved. A multicolored
LED
fixture was
specifically developed for this purpose, it constrains the light direction to the
li t
reveals
while at the same time minimizing glare. Recessed into the site-cast concrete, color
and intensity of the
1,6
light fixtures can be programmed through a digitally controlled
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management system. Continuously changing daylight conditions and atmospheric
l ight ing effects at night s trongly inf luence the user experience. The c lub house's
architecture exploits the tension that exists between nature and the manmade, opacity
and transparency, light and shadow, and day and night.
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commun ity Center Ludesch
Client: Gemeinde Ludesch Immobilienverwaltung s
GmbH
&
Co KEG
Architect: Hermann Kaufmann ZTGmbH, Schwarzach
Project Team: RolandWehinger, Martin Uingle. Norbert Kaufmann
Construction Management: Albrecht Bau-
&
Projektmanagement. Dornbirn
St
ructural
Engineering: Mader + Fatz, Dornbirn
Merz Kaufmann Partner, Dornbirn
Zementol, Dornbirn
Mechanical Engineering: Synergy Consulting
+
Engineering GmbH, Dornbirn
Eectrical Engineering: Wilhelm Brugger. ThUringen
Building Physics: Bernhard Weithas, Hochst
Ecology: Osterreichisches Insti
tut
filr Baubiologie und
sauokotog e. Vienna
Timber Constructio n: ARGEWucher - Sutter Holzbau, Ludesch
Date of Completio n: 2005
Housing Development Fichtenweg
Client : Fritz Holzbau, aarthotomaberg-a antschler
Architect: Hans Hohenfellner, Feldkirch
Project Team: Hansjorg Thurn
Construction Management: Fritz Holzbau, sarthotomaberg
Gantschier
Structural Engineering: Erik Brugger, Bludenz
Mechanical Engineering: somag Installationen GmbH, Schruns
Eectr ical Engineering: Durig Elektrotechnik GmbH, Schruns
Timber Construction: Fritz Holzbau, aarthotomaberg-a antschler
Date of Complet ion: 2005
171
Housing Development MUhlweg
Client : BWSGemeinnUtzige Allgem eine aau-,
Wohn- und Siedlungsgen. Reg. Gen.m.b.H
Architect:
ARGE
Hermann Kaufmann ZTGmbH, Schwarzach
Johannes Kaufmann Architektur, Dornbirn
Project Team: Christoph DUnser, Johannes Kaufmann,
M
artin
RUmmele
Str
uctural Engineering: Merz Kaufmann Partner, Dornbirn
Mechanical Engineering: Pesek P anungsbUro, Felixdorf
Eectrical Engineering: s.d. & engineering, Vienna
Building Physics/Acoustics: Holzforschung Austria, Vienna
Landscape Planning: PlanSinn GmbH, Vienna
Date of Compl etion: 2006
Hugo Kleinbrod Chapel
Client: SC Austria Lustenau
Architect : Hugo Dworzak, Lustenau
Construction: Holzbau Stephan Muxel, Au
Date of Completion: 2007
Logist ics Center Tschabrun
Client: Hermann Tschabrun GmbH
Architect: Christian Lenz ZT GmbH, Schwarzach
Proect Team: Philipp Berktold, Carsten Redlich
Construction Management: ILFBeratende IngenieureZT
GmbH, Dornbirn
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Community Center Raggal
Client: Gemeinde Raggal lmmobilienverwaltungs
GmbH
&
Co KEG
Arch
itect
: Johannes Kaufmann Architektur, Dornbirn
Pro
ject
Team: Rainer Geb
hardt
, Alexandra Echenlaub,
Dark Schick, Paul Steurer
Construction Management: wolfgang Summer. Klaus
Structural Engineering: Merz Kaufmann Partner,
Dornbirn (ti mber)
Thomas Burtscher, Raggal (concrete)
Mechanical Engineeri ng: e-plus, Egg
E ectrical Engineering: IngenieurbUro Brugger, ThUringen
Timber Construction: Sutter Holzbau, Ludesch
Date of Completion: 2006
Housing Development Sandgrubenweg
Client: Rhomberg BauGmbH
Architect: Architektengemeinschaft Gerhard H
orbur
ger,
Helmut Kuess, w olfgang Rtsch, Norbert Schweitzer
Project Team: Baki Kaya
Structural Engineering: Mader
+
F atz, Bregenz
Geotechnics: Andres Geotechnik, St. Gallen
Mechanical Engineering: Pe er Messner GmbH, Dornbirn
Ee c
tr
ical Engineering: Kurt DUngier, GaiBau
Building Physics: Lothar KUnz GmbH, Hard
Date of Completion: 2006 (first phase: building C + D)
Secondary School Klaus-Weiler-Fraxern
Client: Gemeinde Klaus ImmobilienverwaltungsGmbH
&
Co. KEG
Architect: Dietrich Untertr ifalle r Architekten Ziviltechniker
GmbH, Bregenz
project Management: Peter NuBbaumer
Project Team:Tobias Dieng, EvaDorn, Philipp Nagel, Jana Sack
Construct ion Management: Gmeiner BauGmbH, Schwarzach
Structural Engineering: Merz Kaufmann Partner,
Dornbirn (timber)
Mader + Flatz, Bregenz (concrete)
Mechanical Engineering: Synergy, Dornbirn
Electrical Engineering: Hecht, Rankweil
Landscape Planning: Rotzler Krebs Partn er GmbH, Winterthur
Building Physics: Bernhard Weithas. Hard
Acoustics: Karl BrUstle , Dornbirn
Date of Completion: 2003
Struct ural Engineering: MerzKaufmann Partner GmbH, Dornbirn
Mechanical Engineering: ILFBeratende Ingenieure ZTGmbH,
Dornbirn
Electrical Engineering: ILFBeratende Ingenieure ZTGmbH,
Dornbirn
Building Physics and Acoustics: Lothar KUnz, Hard
Logistics: Reinhardt & ArensGbr, Berlin
Dateof Completion: 2005
Hosp
ital
Dornb irn
Client: Stadt Dornbirn
Architect: Gohm & Hiessberger Architekten, Feldkirch
Project Team:AndreasXander, Susannestockerl, Otto Brugger
Construction Management: RUsch, Diem, Schuler, Dornbirn
Struct ural Engineering: RUsch, Diem, Schuler, Dornbirn
Mechanical Engineering: GMI Ingenieure, Dornbirn
Electrical Engineering: Peter Hammerle, Lustenau
Building Physics: Bernhard Weithas , Hochst
Clinical Engineering: MTPGmbH, Hall in Tirol
Date of Completion: 2004 (Addi
tion)
, 2006 (ICU)
Nordwesthaus
Client: Hafen Rohner GmbH & Co KG
Archit ect: Baumschlager Eberle, Lochau
Project Management: Christoph von Oefele
Structural Engineering: Mader
+
Flatz, Bregenz
Mechanical Engineering: GMI Ing. Peter Messner GmbH.
Dornb irn
Electrical Engineering: GMt Ing. Peter Messner GmbH,
Dornbirn
Glass Manufacturer: Glas Marte GmbH, Bregenz (ICE-H)
Date of Completion: 200B
Page
172 Proect Summary
project
Net Usable Area Energy Concept Heating Energy Demand Structural
system
18 E ementary School Doren l,400m'
Low-energy standard (1); good surface-area-
19kWh/m'a
Fair-faced reinforced concrete walls
Cukrowicz Nachbaur to-volume ratio; high thermal mass; south faci ng and floo r slabs
orientation; mechanical ventilation system;
biomass-powered heating system (wood pellets)
26 Ski Lodge Schneggarei
560 m'
Heating and ventilation system with heat recovery, Prefabricated timber panels on
Katia Schneider + Gerold
connected to municipal biomass-powered dist r ict reinforce d concre te basement
Schneider, All meinde heat ing system
Architektur, Philip Lutz
32 Parish Church S . Ulrich 1,497 m' Underfloor heating connected to munici pal
Exis ing building: masonry
Christia n Lenz biomass-powered district heat ing system; electric (remodel of existing
Addition : fair-faced reinforced concrete
infrared heaters for pew areas build ing)
36
RO
scher Residence
251 m'
Low-energystandard (11; high thermal mass; south
20kWh/m'a
Prefabricated solid timber panels
Oskar Leo Kaufmann, facing orientatio n; biomass-powered heating system
on fair-faced reinforced concrete
Albert ROf
(wood chips) ground floor
42 Community Center Obersaxen 2,360 m'
Good surface-area-to-volume ratio; highthermal
approx. 30 kWh
/m 'a
Stecast reinforced concrete walls;
Matthias Hein
Existing buil ding: mass; southwest-facing orientation; conventio nal precast high-strengt h concrete columns;
1,401 m'
heat ing and ventilation system precast concrete holl ow core slab roof
Addition: 959 m'
48
Olperer House
592 m'
High thermal mass; southwest-facing orientat ion ; Prefabricated laminated solid t imber
Hermann Kaufmann PVpanels; combined heat and power plant for (building is only operated
panels on partial reinforced concrete
electricity g ene ra tion , h ea ting , a nd w at er pur i- d ur in g summ ert ime)
basement
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fication; supplementary heating through tiled stove
64 Community Center S t. Gerold
571
m'
Passive house standard (J; good surface-area-to-
10.7 kWh/m'a
Timber frame construction
Cukrowicz Nachbaur
volume rat io; south -facing orientation; heating and (fi rst four-story t imber build ing
ventilation systemwith heat recovery andgeothermal
in Vorarlberg)
heat pump; provisions for PVpanel integration
70 Metzler Residence 176m'
High thermal mass; sou thwest -fac ing or ien ta tion; ( 50kWh/m'a
Fair-faced reinforced concrete with
Marte Marte centralized building management system; steel colu mns
underfloor heatingand cooling systemwit h geo-
thermal heat pump; provisions for solar hot
water collectors; supplementary heating through
open fire place; unheated natural swimming
pond with biological filter zone
76
SYST
EM3 51m'
Good s urface -area-to-vo lume ratio ; high t her mal ( 10 k Wh/ m'a Prefabricat ed l aminat ed soli d
Oskar Leo Kaufmann,
mass; opt ional t hicker wall build -ups to achieve (ta rget val ue since t imber p anels
Albert ROf
low-energy house (
1
or passive housestandards ('I; prototype)
optional skinsystem for improved thermal
insulation and energy generation through inte-
grated PV cells
82
Rauch Residence
200 m'
Low embo die d e nergy ; radiant w al l heat ing coil s; 72.0 5 k
Wh/m'a
Rammed earth constructio n
Planungsgemeinschaft
tile d stove; biomass-powered central heating
(insulating properti es
Lehmhaus: RogerBoltshauser,
system (wood pellets); solar hot water collectors
of rammed earth not
Marti n Rauch
accounted for in calculation)
88
Gasthof Krone
500 m'
Existing buildi ng: traditional log
Bernardo Bader (remode l of exist ing building)
construction (Blockbau)
100
Community CenterLudesch 3
,135
m'
Passive house standard
(I ;
heating andventilation
138 kWh/m'a
Prefabricated timber panels on
Hermann Kaufmann
system with ground water heat pump; solar
reinforced concrete basement
hot water collectors 30m '; PV panels 350 m'
(16,000 kWh/a); supplementary heating through
municipal biomass-powered district heating system
108 Housing Development 619 m'
Oko1standard
(31
good sur face-a rea- to- volu me Row ho use: 65.1 kWh/m 'a
Prefabricated timber panels on
Fichtenweg
6 units with
rat io; south- west facing orie nta tio n; 2 6 k W End house: 7 0.5 k W h/m' a
reinforced concrete basement
Hans Hohenfellner 103.3 m each b iomass-poweredcent ral hea tingsystem (wood
pellets);solar hot water collectors 50m'
11
2
Community Center Raggal
731 m'
Low-energy standard
( 1 ;
good surface-area-to-
23kWh/m'a
Prefabricated timber panels on
Johannes Kaufmann
volume ratio: mechanical ventilat ion system with
reinforced concrete basement
heat recovery; bio- mass-powered heating
system (wood chips)
Page
project
Net UsableArea Energy Concept
Heating EnergyDemand
Structu ral System
173
118
Housing Development 5.812 m'
8uilding A: passive house {), ako 3 standard (
1
;
8uilding A: 10.55kWh/m'a
Reinforced concrete columns and
Sandgrub enweg buildi ngs B. C, and 0: low-energy house (II, o ko 2 Buil ding B: 34.55 kWh/ m'a
floor slabs; non-Ioadbearing
Gerhard Horburg er, Helmut standard (31; und erflo or heatin g connecte d t o Build in g C: 3 0.30 kWh/m ' a
prefabricatedt imber panel walls
kuess, w ol fgang Rt sch, biomass-powered centr al heat ing system (wood Build ing 0 : 32.50 kWh
/m'a
Norbert Schweitzer pell ets) ; opt ional mechanical ventil ation system
with heat recovery (standard in buildingA)
124 Secondary School 4.520 m' Passivehouse standard
(I ;
heating and ven
tilat
ion 11.4 kWh/ m>a Prefabricated timber panels on rein-
Klaus-Weiler- Fraxern system with heat recovery and ground source
forced concrete basement; entrance
Dietrich U
ntertr
ifalle r heat exchanger; PV panels 240 m'; p rovisions f or
andassembly hall: laminatedt imber
solar hot wat er collectors; rain water colle ction beams and colum ns
for sprinkler system; supplementary heating
through condensing gasboiler, to be replacedwith
biomass-powered heating system (wood chips);
142
Housing Development 7,617m' Low-energy st andard P; central heating system
38 kWh/m'a
Prefabricated laminatedsolid timber
MGhlweg
with low-t emperature dist ributio n pipes and panels on reinforced concrete
Hermann Kaufmann + convent ional condensing gas boiler; solar hot water basement and ground floor;
Johannes Kaufmann collectors 168m'
non-loadbearing prefabricated
timb
er facade panels
150
HugoKleinbrod Chapel
11 m'
lightweight timber frame construct ion
Hugo Dworzak (building is not heated or cooled)
154 Logistics Center Tschabrun 13,200 m'
Laminated timber trusses and
Christian Lenz
(buil ding is not heated or cooled) laminated t imber beams on precast
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concrete columns
158 Hospital Dornb irn Addit ion: 3,438 m' Double facade as cli mat ic buffer s pace; solar Addit ion: 45.7 kWh/ m'a
Lightweight steel frameconstruction
Gohm & Hiessberger ICU: 6 00 m' shadi ng system in facade cavity ; mechanical
ventilation system with heat recovery; underfloor
heating and cooli ng system
164 Nordwest haus
180 m'
Hight hermal mass; energy-efficient LEDlighting;
Fa
ir-f
aced reinforced concrete
Baumschlager Eberle no heat ing system (build ing is mainly operated
during summertime)
Definitions
1 Low-Energy House
A low-energy house is generally considered to bea house
that
usessignificantly less energy than required by current
local building codes. It typically usesa high degree of
insulation. energy-efficient windows, low levels of air
infiltratio n. and heat recovery ventilation to lower heating
and cooling energy requirements. Insomecountries, the
term relates to a specific buildingstandard which seeks
to limit the energy usedfor space heat ing, which in many
climate zonesrepresents the largest energyuse. In order
to comply with the low-energy standard in most European
regions.t helimit for a building'sheatingenergy demand
is50 kWh/m'aor less,whichis equivalent to 15,B50 B u/ft /yr.
2 Passive House
A passivehouse is the progression of a low-energyhouse.
It i sa n
ultr
a-low energy building in which a comfortable
interior climate can be maintainedwithout the use of any
significant acti ve heating and cooling systems. Passive
housestake advantage of solar and internal heat gains. and
through this employ passive means.To qualify for the
passive-house standard. European regulations stipulate an
annual heating energy demand of less than15kWh/m'a
(4,755Btu
/ft
'/ yr). Furthermore,t hecombined primary energy
consumption for heating. hot water. and electr icity may
not exceed120 kWh/m'a (38.039 Btu/ft'/ yr).
3 ako 1 2 and 3
ako 1. 2. and 3 are funding levels for new residential
constr uction and the remodeling of existing residential
buildings aspart of anecological subsidiesprogramwhich
is managed by the Energieinstitut Vorarlberg . Building
projects areassessed through a set of ecological guidelines
which evaluate a building's site design, energy consumption,
material choice. mechanical systems. and interior spatial
qualities. A point system is usedt o determine the actual
amount of funding for each individual project . Themost im
portant criteria of theevaluation system are a building's
surface-area-to-volume ratio and its annual heating energy
demand. The more compact a building and the lower its
heating energy demand, the higher the level of financial
assistance. The subsidies program wasrecently restructured
and now comprises funding levels ako1 through 5.
174
Biography
Ulrich Dangel is an Assistant Professor at the University of Texas at Austin where he
teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in design, construction, architectural
detailing, and structural design. Hereceived a Diploma in Architecture from universitat
Stuttgart in Germany and a Master
of
Architecture from the University
of
Oregon. As
both a German and Austrian citizen , his professional career led him to London where he
worked for internationally renowned architecture firms Foster + Partners and Grimshaw
Architects. He is a registered architect in Germany and the United Kingdom and also
operates an emerging design practice in collaboration with his wife TamieGlassin Austin,
Texas.
Acknowledgements
Numerous people helped with the preparation of this book, and while I cannot mention
everyone involved, I would like to acknowledge the fol lowing individuals. First and
foremost, I would like to express my sincere grati tude to the dedicated architects in
Vorarlberg. Without them and their work,this book would not havebeen possible. Many
ofthem took the time to meet with me personally, patiently answered all my questions,
fulfilled my numerous requests, and made their drawings and photographs available for
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publication. I walked away from this experience thoroughly impressed by their likable,
down-to-earth personalities and their unconditional willingness to collaborate. I also
want to express my appreciation to those at Birkhauser Publishers in Baselwho helped
makethis book a reality. In particular, I would like to thank editors Ulrike Ruh,Alexander
Felix and Daniel Morgenthaler
for
their init ial review, continued advice, and general
enthusiasm about the topic.
I am thankful for the financial support I received from the University of
Texas
at Austin.
Myinitial researchwas generously supported bythe Office of the ExecutiveVice President
and Provost with new faculty start-up funds, and a summer research assignment by the
Office ofthe Deanof Graduate Studies allowed meto visit Vorarlberg. I am also grateful
for a research grant awarded to me bythe Office of the Vice President for Research.My
research assistants were instrumental in compiling all the material for this book. Erin
Stark carefully prepared the drawings, and Ben Arbib prepared a first layout-concept.
Their dedicated effort and hard work is greatly appreciated.
Inaddition, this book would havenot been possible without the help of Frederick Steiner,
Dean
of
the School of Architecture at the University ofTexas at Austin, who provided me
with research and financial assistance. I am especially grateful for his continued sup
port
. A very special and sincere thank you goesto my colleagues and mentors Professor
Christopher Long and Associate Professor Vincent Snyder for their advice and encour
agement over the last several years. I am particularly indebted to my partner and wife
Tamie Glass. This publication would havenot been completed without her contribution,
support, and patience, for which I am forever grateful. Finally,this book is dedicated to
my parents Edith and Gunter Dangel, who never wavered in their belief in my chosen
career path.
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Illustration Credits
Architekturzentrum Wien, Photo F Achleitner: p.140 /
fig. 13+14
Collection FranzBeer, Stadtarchiv Dornbirn: p.96 / fig.5
Collection Christa Branz, Vorarlberger Landesbibliothek:
p.9B / fig .8
Adolf Bereuter, Lauterach: Cover, p.10 down; p.37-38, 40-41;
p.62/fig
.6-7;
p.77-81; p.89-91; p.ll3-114,
117
Friedrich aohrlnger, Dornbirn : p
.s
top ; p .1
3 /
fig.2;
p. 94 / fig.1; p.95 / f ig.2; p.135/ fig.2
BeatBOhler Zurich : p.83-87
Architektengemeinschaft cooperative: p.
134/
fig.1;
p. 138 / fig.10
Ulrich Dangel, Austin: p.9 down
left
+ down right;
p
.12/fig
.1; p
.15/fig
.5 ; p.58/fig.1; p.92 ; p.96/fig.3 ;
p.98/ f ig.9; p.135/ fig.3+4; p.
139/
fig.12
Dietrich UntertrifallerArchitekten, Bregenz: p.131
Collection Will ibald Feinig, Altach: p.
136/
fig.6+7
Robert Fessler, Lauterach: p.10top ; p.27-29 ,
31
;
p
.43-45,47
Harald Geiger, Schoppernau: p.151-153
Eduard Hueber + Ines Leong / archphoto.com. New York:
p.165-166,168-169
Dr. Richard Huter, Bregenz: p.61 / fig.5
Architekten Hermann Kaufmann, Schwarzach: p.49-52, 54-55
Hermann Keckeis: p.
136/
fig.8
Bruno Klomfar, Wien: p.
15 /
fig.4 ; p.33-35; p.101-103,
105-106; p.109-111;p .119-121 , 123; p.125,
127,
129-130;
p.140 / fig.15; p.143, 145,147-148; p.
155-157
; p.159-163
Ignazio Martinez, Navia Asturias: p
.15/
fig.3 (proHolz) ;
p.
16 /
fig.
6-8
176
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Meyr-Melnhof Kaufmann, Reuthe: p.56 ; p.59 / fig.2;
p. 63 / fig.
8-9
Collection Rupp / rschol, Gemeindearchiv Horbranz:
p.61/ f ig.4
Rudolf Sagmeister, Lochau: p.
136/
f ig.5; p.1
37 /
fig.9
Hans-Peter Schess, Trogen:p. 19,21; 22-23; 25; p.65, 67, 69
Albrecht Imanuel Schnabel, Gotzis: p.71-72,74-75
Nikolaus Walter, Feldkirch: p.
138/
fig.
11
From other books:
Johann Wilhelm : Architectura civilis, Frankfurt, 1668
(Original in der vorarlberger Landesbibliothek): p.
60 /
fig.3
Johann Deininger: DasBauernhaus in Tirol und Vorarlberg,
Vienna,1894:p .96/ f ig.4 ; p.97/ fig.6+7
TobiasG. Natter,Ute pfanner (Ed.) : Architectura practica
Barockbaumeister und moderne Bauschuleaus vorarlberg,
Bregenz, 2006 : p.132
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