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Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Sustainable energy conversion frombiomass and waste
UNIVERSITA’ DI PERUGIA - Dipartimento di IngegneriaFrancesco Fantozzi
Giornata di Studio sui Sistemi Energetici Efficienza energetica nei processi industriali e nel settore terziario
Ferrara, 7 Febbraio 2018, ore 9.30 - Castello Estense
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
DIPARTIMENTO DI INGEGNERIA
LABORATORI DI RICERCAFCLAB – prof. Bidini
MOTORI – prof. GrimaldiLAR – prof. Di Maria
SESLAB – prof. FantozziSPRAYLAB – prof. Postrioti
LABORATORI DIDATTICIMACCHINE – prof. Bidini
FORMULA STUDENT – prof. Fantozzi
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
SESLAB BIOMASS & WASTE TO ENERGY RESEARCH ON SMALL SCALE-Research and Technical development is necessary to achieve adequate performance of small scale solutions for biomass and waste to energy system;
-The University of Perugia is working on this issue for different perspectives:
-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;
-BIOFUELS DIRECT COMBUSTION;
-BIOLOGICAL PROCESS;
-PYROLYSIS – GASIFICATION;
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
SESLAB BIOMASS & WASTE TO ENERGY RESEARCH ON SMALL SCALE-Research and Technical development is necessary to achieve adequate performance of small scale solutions for biomass and waste to energy system;
-The University of Perugia is working on this issue for different perspectives:
-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;
- BIOFUELS DIRECT COMBUSTION;
-BIOLOGICAL PROCESS;
-PYROLYSIS – GASIFICATION;
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
IPRP WITH GT and ICE
D'Alessandro, B., et al.. The IPRP (Integrated Pyrolysis Regenerated Plant) technology: From concept to demonstration (2013) Applied Energy, 101, pp. 423-431. Cited 23 times. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.036
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
IPRP: attività su syngas cleaning e tar cracking
Combustibile PCI (kJ/kg) Densità (kg/m3) Viscosità dinamica (mPa s)
Gasolio 43350 825 2,72 (20°C) *
Biodiesel 37825 880 3,81 (40°C) *
Olio di girasole 38553 881 22,2 (50°C) *
Girasole esausto 38553 881 42,7 (40 °C) *
Girasole + tars pirolisi 38497 867 22,2 (50°C) **
Concentrazione del tar presente nell’olio:910 g per 15 litri di olio (6,63% in peso)
Paethanom, A., et al.. (2013) Applied Energy, 111, pp. 1080-1088. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.044
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore
DEUTZ BF 4M 2011C4 cylinders 50kW Direct combustionTurbocharged with IC
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore
B. D’Alessandro et al., 2016, “Straight and waste vegetable oil in engines: review and experimental measurement of emissions, fuel consumption and injector fouling on a turbocharged commercial engine”, Fuel, Vol. 182: 198 – 209,
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Olio di pirolisi
Olio di gassificazione
Olio di lino
Olio di mais
Olio di palma bifrazionato
Olio di soia Olio di girasole Olio di arachide
Olio di palma esausto
Gasolio Biodiesel Olio di palma raffinato
Olio di girasole esausto
Sporcamentominimo
Sporcamento medio
Sporcamentoelevato
ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
B. D’Alessandro et al., 2016, “Straight and waste vegetable oil in engines: review and experimental measurement of emissions, fuel consumption and injector fouling on a turbocharged commercial engine”, Fuel, Vol. 182: 198 – 209,
ATTIVITA’ BIO-OLI IN MCI: sperimentazione su motore
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
CRITICITA’ BIO-OLII: FOULING Necessarie opportune modifiche:
motori dotati di precamera di combustione (con singolo serbatoio);
serbatoio olio con scambiatore di calore (T = 60 - 70 °C) per iniezione diretta.
Rispetto al gasolio fossile
maggiori emissioni di CO, HC e particolato;
numero di cetano inferiore;
minore PCI (Olio 30,5 kJ/kg Gasolio 35,700 kJ/kg);
maggiore viscosità (3 cP per il gasolio, 50 – 60 cP per gli oli a T = 20 °C) .
A.M. Liaquat et al. “Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation”, Applied Energy 111 (2013) 882–893 Orhan Altin and Semih Eser,
Carbon deposit formation from thermal stressing of petroleum fuels, 2004
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Processo catalitico (superfice catalizzante)
Formazione di depositi sugli iniettori
(SEM-EDS analysis)
Processo termico(condensazione)
A.M. Liaquat et al. “Impact of palm biodiesel blend on injector deposit formation”, Applied Energy 111 (2013) 882–893
Charles L. Peterson, Samuel T. Jones, “Used Vegetable Oil Fuel Blend Comparisons Using Injector Coking in a DI Diesel Engine”, 2001
CRITICITA’ BIO-OLII: FOULING
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
BANCO FOTOGRAFICO
1. Manovelle per regolazione altezza microscopio e rotazione iniettore;
2. Cinematismo con ruote a denti dritti per orientamento iniettore;
3. Sede cilindrica per iniettore (testato su Deutz BF4M2011C);
4. Barre filettate per la trasmissione della rotazione agli ingranaggi.
Dimensioni esterne (mm) 430 (L) x 185 (P) x 360 (H)Dimensioni interne camera (mm) 320 (L) x 185 (P) x 340 (H)Altezza utile (min/max) (mm) 85 / 210Angoli di rotazione fissi ( °) 0 / 120 / 240Fonte luminosa Lampada incandescenza 100WFonte di acquisizione immagine Microscopio USB fino a 300XDimensione immagine (pixel) 640x480Tipo di azionamento Meccanico ed esterno al box
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
FOULING INDEX
(i,j)
METODOLOGIA RAPIDA di calcolo QUANTITATIVO del fouling:- Acquisizione di immagini tramite CCD interna ad un box;- Realizzazione di una “homemade subroutine” in MATLAB;- Definizione della “Matrice Differenza” come sottrazione di immagini;
5 cm
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
VOLUMETRIC INDEXAcquisizione immagine a colori
Iniettore pulito Iniettore sporco
Matrice differenzaImmagine pulito – Immagine sporco
Elaborazione immagine: Ritaglio Conversione scala di grigi
Sezione Verticale FoulingCalcolo baricentro sezione
tramite Momenti Statici
Calcolo Volume DepositoTh. Pappo-Guldino
Elaborazione immagine: Ritaglio Conversione scala di grigi
con 3 foto che si intersecano ogni 60° si calcola il volume TOTALE come somma di 6 volumi medi; ogni sotto volume costituisce la media tra quelli calcolati secondo il profilo di “destra” e di “sinistra”; passaggio pixel – mm3 ;Il volume del deposito è poi rapportato al volume del tip per creare un Volumetric Index VI.
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
MISURA DEPOSITI CARBONIOSI
Media aritmetica di 20 pesature, una ogni 5 minuti, effettuate metà prima e
metà dopo l’esecuzione delle foto
“n”: numero di foto relative a ciascun gruppo;
FOULING INDEX: VOLUMETRIC INDEX:
“j” = 2n;Vi e Vtip espressi in mm3.
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
TARATURA
F.I. singole foto
F.I. coppie di foto(180°)
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
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TARATURA
F.I. gruppi di 4 di foto(90°)
F.I. gruppi di 3 di foto(120°)
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
FOULING vs VOLUMETRIC INDEXMiglior risultato con foto a gruppi di 3FOULING INDEX
VOLUMETRIC INDEX
y = 0,1309xR² = 0,9691
0
0,15
0,3
0,45
0,6
0,75
0,9
1,05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deposit wieght [mg]
Volumetric Index: linear regression
Three Frames Sum
Trendline
μ3: 0,7082σ3: 0,003
μ4: 0,8598σ4: 0,0216
μ1: 0,2572σ1: 0,0286
μ2: 0,5247σ2: 0,0093
0
0,15
0,3
0,45
0,6
0,75
0,9
1,05
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Deposit wieght [mg]
Volumetric Index
0°-120°-240°
30°-150°-270°
60°-180°-300°
90°-210°-330°
errore < 5%; R2: 0.9179; σmin : 0.0013; α retta: 0.05
errore confrontabile σmin 0.003; R2: superiore del 6%; α retta: 0.13.
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
APPLICAZIONE SPERIMENTALE
Gruppo elettrogeno BF4M2011C
Disposizione iniettori sulla testata Tip iniettore
Test con alimentazione ad olio vegetale e diesel,
prove continuative da 2 ore con carico costante di 26 kW
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
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APPLICAZIONE SPERIMENTALE
1° iniettore
4° iniettore
3° iniettore
2° iniettore
Gasolio Olio girasole vergine
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
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APPLICAZIONE SPERIMENTALE
Iniettore FI Gasolio FI Olio VI Gasolio VI Olio
1 0,0923 0,1152 0,1445 0,2634
2 0,1050 0,1331 0,1643 0,3790
3 0,1302 0,1019 0,1554 0,2734
4 0,0946 0,1068 0,1824 0.2885
Indice del deposito nei singoli iniettori
Volumetric Index Fouling Index
CONFRONTO INDICI DI SPORCAMENTO
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
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RESEARCH ON SMALL SCALE PLANTS
-Research and Technical development is necessary to achieve adequate performance of small scale solutions for biomass and waste to energy system;
-The University of Perugia is working on this issue for different perspectives:
-ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;
-BIOFUELS DIRECT COMBUSTION;
-BIOLOGICAL PROCESS;
-PYROLYSIS – GASIFICATION;
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
LIFE 16 ENV/IT/000547
Partner of
www.irexfo.eu
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Why is i-REXFO needed?
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
-Consumer behavior (food shopping badly planned or not planned,excessive food quantities acquired, difficulties in the interpretation ofthe instructions on expiring date, reported on the labels);
Why is i-REXFO needed?
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
-When the food becomes not suitable for human consumption, thereare economic, logistic, legal and last but not the least cultural barriers,which prevent its reuse:
-In the animal feed sector;
-In the energy sector
Why is i-REXFO needed?
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
i- REXFO objective the reduction of the quantity of food which is disposed in landfill.
i-REXFO follows an innovative approach which incentives actions forthe reduction of food waste (DEMO REF chain) and the energyvalorization of the food which is not edible anymore (EFE DEMOchain)
What is i-REXFO?
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
i- REXFO objective the reduction of the quantity of food which is disposed in landfill.
i-REXFO follows an innovative approach which incentives actions forthe reduction of food waste (DEMO REF chain) and the energyvalorization of the food which is not edible anymore (EFE DEMOchain)
What is i-REXFO?
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
i-REXFO is a BUSINESS MODEL to reduce waste food through aholistic approach;
It finances actions to reduce food waste consumer awareness donation to charities last minute market & doggy bags
by selling bioenergy produced by food waste.
The iRexfo model requires environmental sustainability on the entireLife Cycle.
What is i-REXFO?
The project is focused on the food waste generated by:-Food industry;-Farms;-Big retailers;-HORECA sector;- Consumers.
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
The i-REXFO model
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
1. FEASIBILITY and TRANSFERABILITY TOOL
2. DEMONSTRATIVE ACTIONS IN UMBRIA REGION FOR
WASTE FOOD REDUCTION
3. DEMONSTRATIVE ACTIONS IN UMBRIA REGION FOR
WASTE FOOD TO ENERGY CHAIN
4. TRANSFER OF THE I-REXFO BUSINESS MODEL TO
OTHER REGIONS IN ITALY & HUNGARY
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
How does i-REXFO work?
Transferability tool
+
Design REF + EFE
Demonstration - Umbria
Transfer - Hungary
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
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i-REXFO RESULTS
- CO2 reduction 8.500 ton/year
- Waste Food Reduction 3.400 ton/year
- Water Consumption Reduction 480.000 m3/year
- Renewable Energy Production 2.800 MWh/year
- Energy saving 2.400 MWh/year;
- Land Occupation Reduction 1.100 ha/year
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
i-REXFO Partners
A + Srl. Outsourced marketing Communication strategy in IT
Biogáz Unió ZRT. Transferability (EFE chain)
Solidarietà Caritas Onlus Pilot action on REF (charity)
Associazione di Volontariato SAN MARTINO
Pilot action on REF (charity)
ECOPARTNER srl Pilot action on EFE
Waste pre-treatment
Hungarian Food BankAssociation
Transferability (REF chain)
Noesis snc Reporting and amministration
Primetime Kommunikation A/S Communication, good practice
Regione Umbria Legislation and permit
Azienda Agricola Iraci Borgia Pilot action on EFE (biogas plant)
University of Perugia (CO)
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)
B.1 Transferability tools development
Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)
B.1 Transferability tools development
Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) pH Meter Ultimate Analysis (CHN)
BIOMETHANE POTENTIAL TEST (BMP)
BMP test GAS Cromatography (GC)
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)
B.1 Transferability tools development
Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG
Chemical and physical characterization - RESULTS
Lettuce Onion Apple skin& flesh
Whitebread Inoculum
Moisture (%) 92,47 89,67 72,35 10,66 94,18
Volatile Solids (%wb) 6,19 8,01 21,53 71,25 5,58
Ash (%) 1,19 1,62 0,75 0,53 0,09
Fixed Carbon (%) 0,15 0,70 5,37 17,56 0,15
Starting pH 7,44 7,50 5,47 5,8 7,49
C (%) 41,70 38,4 47,60 47,00 41,16
H (%) 5,20 4,95 6,24 6,18 4,44
N (%) 2,53 5,14 0,49 2,20 2,31
C/N 16,48 7,47 97,14 21,36 17,82
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Task B.1.1 Feasibility Tool (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)
B.1 Transferability tools development
Duration: (01/10/2017- 31/08/2019)Responsible: UNIPGPartner: UNIPG, Biogaz, CARITAS TR, HFA, PT, REG, CARITAS PG
Test BMP (Temperature range: mesophilic) - RESULTS
Vessel Substrate BMP**(Nm3
CH4/KgSV)1*
(S:IVS basis= 0,313)lettuce 55 g 0,296inoculum 195 g
2*(S:IVS basis= 0,315)
onion 45 g 0,480inoculum 205 g
3*(S:IVS basis= 0,317)
apple skin & flesh 19 g
0,305inoculum 231 g
4*(S:IVS basis= 0,314)
white bread 6 g 0,507inoculum 244 g
5 (blank assay) inoculum 250 g -
*all test was carried out in duplicate**the BMP of the substrate was determined by subtracting the methane production of the blankfrom the gross methane production of the substrate
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
Feasibility study planned sites in Hungary
• Built-in electric power - 844 kW Built-in electric power - 1,487 kW
Universityof PerugiaDepartmentEngineering
SES-LABSustainableEnergySystemsLABoratory
CRBBiomassResearchCenter
Università
LIFE 16 ENV/IT/000547
Partner of
budget: 2,324,915 EuroDurata Settembre, 2017 - Febbraio, 2021Coordinatore Francesco Fantozzi
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