sutd-mit international design centre · 2017-02-01 · 1. otto, k. n., and k. l. wood....
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SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
Articulated-use MethodEmpathic lead user helps designers to identify latent needs and build empathy. The process involves simulation of extreme use conditions based on observation of extraordinary users.1, 2
Empathic Lead User
Procedure
Use these observations to improve the design. Repeat the test to validate that the problem has been solved.
Develop simulated hindrances to reproduce these extreme conditions in a controlled environment.
Observe a user interacting with the product, service or system while the user is hindered.
Real application of a camping tent versus simulated environment of the camping tent under hot sun
Develop a list of extreme conditions, through observation and ideation, which might occur during the use of a
product, service or system.
DiscoveryLatent needsUniversal designPain points and failure modesMore robust design
USER RESEARCH
Empathic Lead User
1. Hanington, Bruce, and Bella Martin. Universal methods of design: 100 ways to research complex problems, develop innovative ideas, and design effective solutions. Rockport Publishers, 20122. Lin, J., & Seepersad, C. C. (2007, January). Empathic lead users: the effects of extraordinary user experiences on customer needs analysis and product redesign. In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (pp. 289-296). American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
EnvironmentsLimited mobilityIn a rush1st time user
SimulationWear a gloveUse one hand
Design Insights
Left: Participants of a simulation workshop experiencing different types of visual impairmentsRight: Simple tools that could be used to simulate challenges with dexterity, vision and hearing
Example of Automatic Ice-cream Maker
Example of Simulation Workshop
Interactions with ice-cream maker to simulate a condition where the user has limited mobility
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
USER RESEARCH
Articulated-use MethodSemantic inquiry captures the desired “feel” of the product, system, or service. The method is geared towards discovering the desired emotion, experience, appearance, feel, layout, and usefulness of a design.1
Semantic Inquiry
*Refer to method cards for methodology
ProcedureBrainstorm and ideate descriptive words related to the design problem.
Form pairs of adjectives that are of extreme ends and put them in a scale of 1 to 5.
Search for inspirational images that capture these emotional qualities.
Let the user rank 1 to 5 on how they feel about the product, system, or service with regards to the chosen adjectives.
Conventional tools: pen and paperModern tools: Web survey like Type-form or Survey Monkey
1.
2.
3.
4.
Feminine Masculine
Extreme Left Extreme Right
Dark Light
Formal Informal
Modern Classic
Reserved Expressive
Specific General
Energetic Subdued
Semantic Inquiry
Example of Memorial Sculpture Ideation
1. Otto, K. N., and K. L. Wood. "Product design: techniques in reverse engineering and new product development." (2001).
Image exploring user feedback for vision of a national memorial
Static Dynamic
Extreme Left Extreme Right
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
INTERPRETATION
Articulated-use MethodAffinity analysis is a means to organize or achieve ‘sense-making’ from a large set of needs or design concepts. The objective is to allow meaningful categories to emerge, rather than to be specified a-priori.1
Anity Diagram Method
*Refer to method cards for methodology
Procedure
Work in a team. Compile a list of interpreted needs.
Add each need onto a single card.
Paste the first card onto the wall.
Select a new card.
YES, add to cluster.
NO, start new cluster.
Is it similar to any existing cluster.
Repeat until all cards are clustered.
A�nity Diagram Method
Example of Capstone Design
1. Otto, K. N., and K. L. Wood. "Product design: techniques in reverse engineering and new product development." (2001).
Design team having a discussion to organize and categorize customer needs into groups
Template Structure
1Gather customer needs or ideas in Post-its.
2Add ideas one at a time to the wall as per the procedure.
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
Articulated-use MethodThe hierarchy of purpose is an approach to help in scoping a design problem statement. It helps the design team consider root causes and to re-write the problem statement in a quantitative format.1
Hierarchy of PurposeANALYSIS
Procedure
Discovery
Write down your problem in the following format:
“To Increase or Decrease the metric from baseline to desired level”
The appropriate level of complexity may depend on factors such as your team size or what is practically changeable.
Identify root causeQuantify design problemIdentify metrics of success
List 4 or more specific problem statements from step 1.
List 4 or more general problem statements from step 1.
Review the list and ensure that the problem with the appropriate level of complexity is chosen.
Original Design Statement:To improve the processor yield in a factory by 5%.
Original Design Statement
1. Otto, K. N., and K. L. Wood. "Product design: techniques in reverse engineering and new product development." (2001).
Hierarchy of Purpose
General design statement(s)
Original design statement(s)
Specific design statement(s)
[Metric(s)] and [Target(s)]
[Metric(s)] and [Target(s)]
[Metric(s)] and [Target(s)]
In this case we have a number of possible angles from which to attack the problem. For instance, a small team of engineers might have better success to be given the problem of decreasing particle defects by 40%. The hierarchy gives a number of options for scoping a problem and also provides a bigger picture of the problems at hand.
Increase EBITDA by 20%
Increase quarterly revenue by 5%
Improve factory output by 4%
Improve yield in factory by 5%
Increase filter standards by 20%
Increase total company revenue by 15%
Decrease particle defects by 40%
Decrease particle defects by 40%
Decrease particle defects by 40%
Template Structure
Example of Improving Factory Yield
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
ANALYSIS
TRIZ, Russian acronym for the theory of inventive problem solving, is an inspirational method to resolve design conflicts by providing a set of general principles (40 principles) to direct innovative ideas (meta-analogy).1
TRIZ
*The full matrix can be found online, e.g. www.triz40.com.
Procedure
TRIZ Matrix Template
Identify design conflicts of the product, system, or service.
Ideate solutions using the suggested TRIZ principles.
Decide which TRIZ feature to preserve and which to improve (from the list of parameters).
Identify the TRIZ principles for breaking your conflict with the TRIZ matrix (from the list of design principles).
Parameters of product, system, or services 1
Worsening features
Parameters of product, system, or services 2
Parameters of product, system, or services 3
Parameters of product, system, or services 1
Parameters of product, system, or services 2
Parameters of product, system, or services 3
Improving features
+ --
-8, 15
+ - 8, 15
+
1. Otto, K. N., and K. L. Wood. "Product design: techniques in reverse engineering and new product development." (2001).2. Stan Kaplan, ‘An Introduction to TRIZ, the Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving’, Ideation International, Inc., 1996.
TRIZTRIZ 40 Principles Example of TRIZ
SegmentationTaking out
Local qualityAsymmetry
MergingUniversality
Russian dolls, “nesting”Anti-weight
Preliminary anti-actionPreliminary action
Beforehand cushioningEquipotentiality
“The other way round”Spheroidality - curvature
DynamicsPartial/excessive actions
Another dimensionMechanical vibration
Periodic actionContinuity of useful Action
SkippingBlessing in disguise
FeedbackIntermediarySelf-service
CopyingCheap short-lived objects
Mechanics substitutionPneumatics and hydraulics
Flexible shells and thin filmsPorous materials
Color changesHomogeneity
Discarding and recoveringParameter changes
Phase transitionsThermal expansion
Strong oxidantsInert atmosphere
Composite materials
When designing a car door, it should be easy to open and close while also providing a robust seal for water and noise. Traditionally, solid rubber strips were used in this scenario. However, the force required to create a complete seal was found to be too high for users.
Conflicts: Shape and force intensityPrinciples: Parameter change, preliminary action, thermal expansion and composite materials.
The figure below shows door seals before and after using TRIZ. Designers used the parameter change principle to make the door seal robust by changing its flexibility using a hollow cross section while making the door still easy to open.
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
CONCEPT GENERATION
Parallel sketch is a design ideation tool to enable rapid development of many variations on a design. A basic template or cell is preloaded to structure and accelerate ideation.1
Parallel Sketching
Procedure
Define the basic optical framework of your product, system, or service.
Review the sketches and try to create new “very different” ideas, sketch it on the template.
Create a number of empty templates using the framework from step 1.
Repeat all the steps until you have populated the matrix, repeat as needed.
Try to sketch at least 5 or more different ideas on the templates.
1. Original method by Mr. An from Huangshan City.
Parallel SketchingExamples of Parallel Sketching
1Define a base shape.
2Print out the template from step 1 as matrix.
3Complete the matrix with sketches of variants.
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
CONCEPT GENERATION
In co-creation or co-design, the person who will eventually benefit from the design process is included as a member of the design team. They play an active role in the project development.1
Co-creation
ProcedureEstablish most important challenges and pain points
Brainstorm methods to solve these challenges
Iterate on solution concepts collectively
1.
2.
3.
Key Components
Quick improvements of concepts.Inclusion of multiple stakeholders.Breaks traditional roles and fixation.Extract user needs upfront.
Connect need finding to solutions directly.Higher accuracy in need finding.Keep the design team ‘grounded’.
Quick improvement cycles
Problem-solution linkage
1. Sanders, Elizabeth and Stappers, Pieter. “Co-creation and the new landscapes of design”. CoDesign. Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2008.
Co-creationExample Schedule from Co-creation Event
Example Images of Co-creation Prototyping
Schedule a hackathon to understand how each stakeholder is affected by a problem
This is an example schedule from an MIT Hacking Medicine hackathon combining designers, engineers, clinicians, and
business experts
Image showing design team working along stakeholders for the next generation atomic force microscope (AFM), a collaboration between LEGO and Tsinghua University
8.00 - 9.00 AM Check-in & Breakfast9.00 AM Day 2 Kickoff9.50 AM Break into Tracks10.00 AM Team Pitches11.00 AM Find Team Formation12.00 PM Lunch12.00 - 7.00 PM Hacking5.00 PM Dinner5.30 - 730 PM Pulse checks7.30 PM End of Day 2
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
CONCEPT GENERATION
Product-service-system design emphasizes the relationship between products and services in developing a sustainable competitive advantage.1, 2, 3
Product-service-system Design (PSS)
*Refer to method cards for methodology
Procedure
DiscoveryStructure interactions among stakeholders.Understand the deeper value that is being provided.Develop a sustainable ‘ecosystem’.
Identify customer
service needs.
Identify customer material
(product) needs.
Identify customer
needs.
Identify means of producing
products.
Identify means of providing
services.
Develop a business model.
Validate with customers.
1. Vijaykumar, A.V.G., Komoto, H., Hussain, R., Roy, R., Tomiyama, T., Evans, S., Tiwari, A. and Williams, S., 2013. A manufacturing framework for capability-based product-service systems design. Journal of Remanufactur-ing, 3(1), pp.1-32.2. Lindahl, T. S. M. (2009). Introduction to Product/Service-System Design.3. Yoon, B., Kim, S., & Rhee, J. (2012). An evaluation method for designing a new product-service system. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(3), 3100-3108.
Product-service-system DesignTemplate Structure
Cu
sto
mer
Vie
wD
esig
n L
ayer
s
Needs
Value
What is delivered to the customer?
What are the overall life-cycle activities connecting “resources”?
Who are the actors, stakeholders, and business units involved in life-cycle activities?
What are the core products, systems, or services?
What is the backstage equipment, which is not directly visible to the customer, and what are the peripheral system?
What are the conditions that have to be mentioned, fixed, or expressed by the contract?
What is the underlying cost structure and cash flow model?
What are the optional layers to emphasize specific characteristics and effect zone in a PSS
Deliverables
Life-cycle Activities
Actors
Core Products
Periphery
Contract
Finance
Optional Layers
What are the customer needs?
What does the customer perceive as valuable?
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
Real? Win? Worth it? is a strategy to manage risk and reward. The method provides a way to rapidly assess the marketability of an innovation.1, 2
Real? Win? Worth It?CONCEPT SELECTION
ProcedureStart from a clear description of a design concept or a set of concepts. Ask whether the concept(s) meet the requirements below.
The concept(s) that pass the requirements can be explored further.
Is it real?
Can we win?
Is it worth doing?
Is the market real?Is the product, service, or system real?
Can the product, service, or system be competitive?Can our company be competitive?
Will the product, service, or system be profitable at an acceptable risk?Does launching the product, service, or system make strategic sense?
DiscoveryConcept filteringMarket viabilityCompetitivenessRisk assessment
Template Structure
Example of Communication Device
Real? Win? Worth It?
Keypad Phone
Headset
Flexible Phone
Holographic Conference
WinReal Worth It
Can we win? Is it worth doing?
Is it real?
1. Day, G. S. (2007). Is it real? Can we win? Is it worth doing. Harvard business review, 85(12), 110-120.2. Ulrich, K. T., & Eppinger, S. D. (2012). Concept selection. Product Design and Development, 5th ed. Philadelphia: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 1, 145-161.
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
ASSESSMENT
Risk management process is a proactive approach to mitigate risk during project management. It helps to recognize and manage events that threaten the likelihood of a project’s success.1
Risk Management Process
Procedure
Identify a list of possible risks through brainstorming, problem identification and risk profiling:
Are the requirements stable or risky? Does the design depend on unrealistic or optimistic assumptions?Is the schedule dependent upon the completion of other projects?Are quality considerations incorporated in the design?
Impact X Probability X Detection Difficulty = Risk Value
Create a probability and impact matrix. Manage risks by identifying the most critical concerns from the matrix.
Develop a risk mitigation strategy.
List each of the risk concerns on the assessment form then rate the likelihood and impact.
Risk Event Likelihood Impact Detection Difficulty When
Impact
Major Risk
Moderate Risk
Minor Risk
Lik
elih
oo
d
Example of System Integration Risk Matrix
Risk Management Process
1. Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge", 5th Ed., 2013.
Risk Event Likelihood ImpactDetection Difficulty When
Interface Problems
4 4 4 Conversion
System Freezing 2 5 5 Start-up
User Backlash 4
4
3 3Post
installation
Hardware Malfunctioning
Table showing failure modes and risk assessment
5 5 Installation
Table showing risk mitigation strategy
Risk Event Response Contingency Plan Trigger Who is in charge?
Interface Problems Mitigate: Test Prototype Work around until
help comes
Not solved within 24
hoursNils
System Freezing
Mitigate: Test Prototype Reinstall OS Frozen after 1 hour
Emmy
User Backlash
Mitigate: Prototype DemonstrationMitigate: Select reliable vendorTransfer: Warranty
Increase Staff Support
Call from top management Eddie
Hardware Malfunction-
ing
Order replacement
Equipment fails Jim
Matrix showing risk assessment
1
1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5
Impact
Major Risk
Moderate Risk
Minor Risk
Lik
elih
oo
d
User Backlash
Interface problems
System Freezing
Hardware Malfunction
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
PROTOTYPING
Finite Element Modeling (FEM) is a simulation approach. It can be used to model structural, thermal or fluid flow properties of a design through discretization.1
Finite Element Modeling Design (FEM)
Procedure
Determine the critical behavior to model (e.g. vibrational modes, yield strength).
Geometrical detailsInterfacesMaterial properties
Develop a finite element mesh from the CAD model with appropriate material properties.
Generate a simplified CAD model of the product, or system removing irrelevant geometric details.
Impose boundary conditions and loads expected in various operating conditions.
Run appropriate analysis.
Study and compare results across different design concepts.
Example of Loudspeaker Housing Analysis
Finite Element Modeling Design (FEM)
1. Zorriassatine, F., Wykes, C., Parkin, R., & Gindy, N. (2003). A survey of virtual prototyping techniques for mechanical product development. Proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers, Part B: Journal of engineering manufacture, 217(4), 513-530.
Finite element modeling (FEM) of a loudspeaker driver housing
Left: CAD model of the housingRight: Results of the analysis, showing stress experienced by the loudspeaker housing when in enclosed car
The mesh is based on a network of discrete elements. Linewarised equations describe the relationship between each
node
Template StructureK
J
P
M
r
N
t
sJ
Z, w
X, u
Y, v
SUTD-MITINTERNATIONALDESIGNCENTRE (IDC)
Innovation Ready Design
Discover Define Develop Deliver
PROTOTYPING
The simplified prototyping strategy is a tool for planning a prototype effort. It enables increase of performance without substantial increase in cost or time.1
Simplified Prototyping Strategy
Procedure
Identify what is the main objective of the prototype, e.g. user satisfaction, feasibility.
Virtual simulation models* if the system behavior can be easily modeled.Isolated subsystem model* as one subsystem is critical or new to the team, test in isolation.Mockup* as the overall concept is more important than performance details.Scaled model* to validate the scaled subsystem tests as the design can very large or very small.
Ask if an increase in performance is required over the initial design? Plan to iterate, test and refine the design concept.
Ask if divergent exploration required? Test multiple concepts in parallel.
Select among the following to reduce cost and time.
*Refer to method cards for methodology
The first iteration of a relaxed requirement (mockup*) prototype for medical scanner to test user interaction.
Example of Strategic Medical Prototype
Simplified Prototyping Strategy
1. Camburn, B., Dunlap, B., Gurjar, T., Hamon, C., Green, M., Jensen, D., ... & Wood, K. (2015). A Systematic Method for Design Prototyping. Journal of Mechanical Design, 137(8), 081102.
Template Structure
The prototyping strategy space has several variables. An individual prototype might be scaled, full-sized, virtual or physical, et cetera. A prototyping strategy can consists of multiple iterations or concepts tested in parallel.
PA
RA
LL
EL
CO
NC
EP
TS
(C
)
ITERATIVE EVOLUTIONS (I)
Scaled/Full Size Isolated/Full System
Virtual/Physical Relaxed/Full RequirementsC I1 1 C I1 2 C I1 3
C I2 2C I2 1
C I3 1 C I1 3
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