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IRCFREPTILES&HIBIANS•19(1):42–47•MARCH2012
UponthesouthernroutestoCaliforniarattlesnakesareoftenmetwith,butitisseldomthatanypersonisbitten
bythem;yetthisisapossiblecontingency,anditcanneverbeamisstohaveanantidoteathand. Hartshorn2appliedexternallytothewound,anddrunkinsmallquantitiesdilutedwithwaterwheneverthepatientbecomesfaintorexhaustedfromtheeffectsofthepoison,isoneofthemostcommonremedies. Intheabsenceofallmedicines,astringorligatureshouldatoncebeboundfirmlyabovethepuncture,thenscarifydeeplywithaknife,suckoutthepoison,andspitoutthesaliva. Andersson,inhisbookonSouthwesternAfrica3,says:“IntheCapeColonytheDutchfarmersresorttoacruelbutapparentlyeffectiveplantocounteractthebadeffectsofaserpent’sbite.Anincisionhavingbeenmadeinthebreastofalivingfowl,thebittenpartisappliedtothewound.Ifthepoi-sonisverydeadly,thebirdsoonevincessymptomsofdistress,becomesdrowsy,droopsitshead,anddies.Itisreplacedbyasecond,athird,andmoreifrequisite.When,however,thebirdnolongerexhibitsanyofthesignsjustmentioned,thepatientisconsideredoutofdanger.Afrogsimilarlyappliedissupposedtobeequallyefficacious.” Haunberg,inhisTravelsinSouthAfrica4,mentionsanantidoteagainstthebiteofserpents.Hesays:“Thebloodofaturtlewasmuchcriedup,which,onaccountofthisextraor-
dinaryvirtue,theinhabitantsdryintheformofsmallscalesormembranes,andcarryaboutthemwhentheytravelinthiscountry,whichswarmswiththismostnoxiousvermin.Wheneveranyoneiswoundedbyaserpent,hetakesacoupleofpinchesofthedriedbloodinternally,andappliesalittleofittothewound.” IwaspresentupononeoccasionwhenanIndianchildwasstruckintheforefingerbyalargerattlesnake.Hismother,whowasnearatthetime,seizedhiminherarms,and,placingthewoundedfingerinhermouth,suckedthepoisonfromthepunctureforsomeminutes,repeatedlyspittingoutthesaliva;afterwhichshechewedandmashedsomeplantainleavesandappliedtothewound.Overthisshesprinkledsomefinely-powderedtobacco,andwrappedthefingerupinarag.Ididnotobservethatthechildsufferedafterwardtheleastpainor
H I S T O R I C A L P E R S P E C T I V E
IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS • VOL15, NO 4 • DEC 2008 189TABLE OF CONTENTS
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
F E A T U R E A R T I C L E S
Chasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190
The Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis) and Humans on Grenada: A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198
R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E S
The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida
.............................................Brian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky 212
C O N S E R V A T I O N A L E R T
World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 More Than Mammals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 223 The “Dow Jones Index” of Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................... 225
H U S B A N D R Y
Captive Care of the Central Netted Dragon ....................................................................................................... Shannon Plummer 226
P R O F I L E
Kraig Adler: A Lifetime Promoting Herpetology ................................................................................................ Michael L. Treglia 234
C O M M E N T A R Y
The Turtles Have Been Watching Me ........................................................................................................................ Eric Gangloff 238
B O O K R E V I E W
Threatened Amphibians of the World edited by S.N. Stuart, M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R. Berridge, P. Ramani, and B.E. Young .............................................................................................................. Robert Powell 243
CONSERVATION RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Conservation Research Reports ................................. 245 NATURAL HISTORY RESEARCH REPORTS: Summaries of Published Reports on Natural History ................................. 247 NEWBRIEFS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 248 EDITORIAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................................................................... 251 FOCUS ON CONSERVATION: A Project You Can Support ............................................................................................... 252
Front Cover. Shannon Plummer.Totat et velleseque audant mo estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque moditia erere nonsedis ma sectiatur ma derrovitae voluptam, as quos accullabo.
Back Cover. Michael KernTotat et velleseque audant mo
estibus inveliquo velique rerchil erspienimus, quos accullabo. Ilibus
aut dolor apicto invere pe dolum fugiatis maionsequat eumque
moditia erere nonsedis ma sectia-tur ma derrovitae voluptam, as
IRC
F
REPTILES & AMPHIBIANSC O N S E R V AT I O N A N D N AT U R A L H I S T O R Y
WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL
Rattlesnake Bites1
RandolphB.Marcy,Captain,U.S.Army
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Anyonereadingthisarticleshouldbegladthattheywerenotbittenbyavenomoussnakeinthemid-19thCentury.Thatanyonesurvivedabite,muchlesstherecommendedtreatments,probablyisattributablemoretothefre-
quencyof“drybites”(duringwhichnovenomisinjected),therelativelylowquantitiesofvenominjectedinmanyotherinstances,andthenumberofbitesbymisidentifiednon-venomoussnakes.UnderNOcircumstancesshouldanyofthetreatmentscitedbyMarcybeimplemented.Notonlycouldtheydelaypropertreatment,butmanyarealsodangerousinandofthemselves. Althoughthebestsolutionforsnakebiteisprevention(nothandlingdangerousspeciesandremainingawareatalltimeswheninareaswherevenomoussnakesareknowntooccur),venomoussnakebitescanbedeadlyandshouldbetreatedasquicklyaspossiblebyqualifiedmedicalpersonnel.Thebestfirstaidremainsasetofcarkeysandaprompttriptothenearesthospital.Intheageofcell-phones,accesstomedicalaidcanbemorerapidthenever—evenfromrelativelyremotelocations.Additionalreliableinformationisavailableat:www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000031.htm.
1Anexcerpt(pp.126–131)fromRandolphB.Marcy’s1859guide:The Prairie Traveler. A Hand-book for Overland Expeditions. with Maps, Illustrations, and Itineraries of the Principal Routes between the Mississippi and the Pacific,publishedbyauthorityoftheWarDepartmentbyHarper&Brothers,Publishers,NewYork.ReprintedbyApplewoodBooks,Bedford,Massachusetts in1993andasThe Prairie Traveler: The 1859 Handbook for Westbound PioneersbyDoverPublications,Mineola,NewYorkin2006.Alloriginalspellingisretained.
2Anaqueoussolutionofammoniaatthattimemanufacturedfromthehoovesandantlersofdeerorhoovesandhornsofsomeotheranimals.
3Andersson,CharlesJohn.1856.Lake Ngami; or, Explorations and Discoveries, during Four Years’ Wanderings in the Wilds of South Western Africa.2nded.HurstandBlacket,Publishers,London.
4Wewereunabletofindtofindthesourceofthisquote.
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WesternDiamondbackRattlesnakes(Crotalus atrox)arethemostabundantvenomoussnakesintheAmericanSouthwestandundoubtedlywerethemostfrequentlyencounteredbyearlypioneersalongtheSantaFeTrail.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.
PrairieRattlesnakes(Crotalus viridis)arelocallycommonacrosstheGreatPlains.Alongsomeroutes,thesesnakesmighthavebeenencounteredbytravelersalongthetrailsheadingwest.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.
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inconvenience.Theimmediateapplicationoftheremediesprobablysavedhislife. Irritationfromthebiteofgnatsandmusquitoes,etc.,mayberelievedbychewingtheplantain,andrubbingthespittleonthebite. I knew of another instance near Fort Towson, inNorthernTexas,whereasmallchildwasleftupontheearthenfloorofacabinwhileitsmotherwaswashingataspringnearby.Sheheardacryofdistress,and,ongoingtothecabin,whatwasherhorroronseeingarattlesnakecoiledaroundthechild’sarm,andstrikingitrepeatedlywithitsfangs.Afterkill-ingthesnake,shehurriedtohernearestneighbor,procuredabottleofbrandy,andreturnedassoonaspossible;butthepoisonhadalreadysooperateduponthearmthatitwasasblackasanegro’s.Shepoureddownthechild’sthroatahugedraughtoftheliquor,whichsoontookeffect,makingitverydrunk,andstoppedtheactionofthepoison.Althoughthechildwasrelieved,itremainedsickforalongtime,butulti-matelyrecovered. AmanwasstruckinthelegbyaverylargerattlesnakenearFortBelknap,Texas,in1853.Nootherremedybeingathand,asmallpieceofindigowaspulverized,madeintoa
poulticewithwater,andappliedtothepuncture.Itseemedtodrawoutthepoison,turningtheindigowhite,afterwhichitwasremovedandanotherpoulticeapplied.Theseapplica-tionswererepeateduntiltheindigoceasedtochangeitscolor.ThemanwasthencarriedtothehospitalatFortBelknap,andsoonrecovered,andthesurgeonofthepostpronounceditaverysatisfactorycure. AChickasawwoman,whowasbittenuponthefootnearFortWashitabyagroundrattlesnake(averyvenomousspe-cies),drankabottleofwhiskeyandappliedtheindigopoul-tice,andwhenIsawher,threedaysafterward,shewasrecov-ering,buttheflesharoundthewoundsloughedaway. ADelawareremedy,whichissaidtobeefficacious,istoburnpowderuponthewound,butIhaveneverknownittobetriedexceptinguponahorse.Inthiscaseitwassuccessful,or,atallevents,theanimalrecovered. Ofalltheremediesknowntome,Ishoulddecidedlypre-ferardentspirits.ItisconsideredasovereignantidoteamongourWesternfrontiersettlers,andIwouldmakeuseofitwithgreatconfidence.Itmustbetakenuntilthepatientbecomesverymuchintoxicated,andthisrequiresalargequantity,astheactionofthepoisonseemstocounteractitseffects.
ThereferencebyMarcytoa“groundrattlesnake(averyvenomousspecies)”isalmostcertainlytoaWesternMassasauga(Sistrurus catenatus tergeminus)ortheDesertMassasauga(S. c. edwardsii,illustrated),snakesthatmighthavebeenencounteredwhilecrossingthesouthernplainstoSantaFeorCalifornia.Today,“groundrattler”isalocalnamemostfrequentlyappliedtoPigmyRattlesnakes(S. miliarius),whichoccurprimarilyinthesoutheasternU.S.butrangeasfarwestaseasternTexasandOklahoma.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.
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MohaveRattlesnakes(Crotalus scutulatus)arelessabundantthanWesternDiamondbackorPrairierattlesnakes,butarepotentiallymoredangerousbecausetheirvenomcontainsalargeneurotoxiccomponentthatmightinitiallyleadtoassumptionsthatabiteisdrywhennotimmediatelypainful.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.
Bullsnakes(Pituophis catenifer sayi)areinhabitantsoftheGreatPlains,wheretheirpatternedbodiesandaggressivedefensivebehavior(rearing,hissingloudly,andstriking)causethemtobemistakenforrattlesnakesandkilled.Evenifrecognizedasadifferenttypeofsnake,manytravelersintheregionmighterroneouslyconcludefromtheirbehaviorthattheyaredangerous,andkillthemforthatreason.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.
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Shouldthefangsofthesnakepenetratedeepenoughtoreachanartery,itisprobablethatthepersonwoulddieinashorttime.Iimagine,however,thatthisdoesnotoftenoccur. ThefollowingremedialmeasuresforthetreatmentofthebitesofpoisonousreptilesarerecommendedbyDr.PhilipWestonintheLondonLancetforJuly,18595: 1.Theapplicationofaligatureroundthelimbclosetothewound,betweenitandtheheart,toarrestthereturnofvenousblood. 2.Excisionofthebittenparts,orfreeincisionthroughthewoundsmadebythepoison-teeth,subsequentlyencour-agingthebleedingbywarmsolutionstofavortheescapeofthepoisonfromthecirculation. 3.Cauterizationwidelyroundthelimbofthebitewithastrongsolutionofnitrateofsilver,onedrachmtotheounce,topreventtheintroductionofthepoisonintothesystembythelymphatics. 4.Assoonasindicationsoftheabsorptionofthepoisonintothecirculationbegintomanifestthemselves,theinter-naladministrationofammoniainaeratedorsoda-waterevery
quarterofanhour,tosupportthenervousenergyandallaythedistressingthirst. “But,”hecontinues,“thereisyetwantingsomeremedythatshallrapidlycounteractthepoisonintroducedintotheblood,andassistinexpellingitfromthesystem.Thewell-authenticatedaccountsofthesuccessattendingtheinternaluseofarsenicininjuriesarisingfromthebitesofvenomousreptilesintheEastandWestIndies,andalsoinAfrica,andthewell-knownpropertiesofthismedicineasapowerfultonicandalterativeinconditionsofimpairedvitalityofthebloodarisingfromtheabsorptionofcertainblood-poisons,wouldleadmetoincludethisagentinthetreatmentalreadymentioned.Itshouldbeadministeredincombinationwithammonia,infulldoses,frequentlyrepeated,soastoneutral-izequicklythepoisoncirculatinginthebloodbeforeitcanbeeliminatedfromthesystem.Thiscouldreadilybeaccom-
CoralSnakesinthegeneraMicrurusandMicruroides,suchasthisWesternCoralSnake(Micruroides euryxanthus),generallyaresecretiveandlesslikelytohavebeenencounteredwhiletravelingthetrails.Morecloselyrelatedtocobrasthanrattlesnakes,theirvenomishighlyneurotoxic.Onlythesmallfixedfangsandthesmallsizeofmostspeciesrendersthemlessdangerousthanthelargervipersthathavehingedfangsthatcanreachalengthofover20mm.PhotographbyDonS.Sias.
5Weston,Philip,Esq.1859.OnthepoisonoftheCommonAdder.The Lancet,May21,1859,pp.522–523.TheattributiontotheJulyissuebyMarcywasapparentlyinerror.
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plishedbyaddingtentofifteenminims6ofFowler’ssolu-tion7tothecompoundspiritofammonia,tobegiveneveryquarterofanhourinaeratedorsoda-water,untilthevomit-ingandthemoreurgentsymptomsofcollapsehavesubsided,subsequentlyrepeatingthedoseatlongerintervalsuntilreac-tionhadbecomefullyestablished,andthepatientrelievedbycopiousbiliousdejections.” Cedron8,whichisanutthatgrowsontheIsthmusofPanama,andwhichissoldbythedruggistsinNewYork,issaidtobeaninfallibleantidotetoserpent-bites.IntheBullet. de l’Acad. de Méd.forFebruary,18589,itisstatedthatamanwasbittenatPanamabyacoral snake,themostpoisonousspeciesontheIsthmus.Duringthefewsecondsthatittookhimtotakethecedronfromhisbag,hewasseizedwithvio-lentpainsattheheartandthroat;buthehadscarcelychewed
andswallowedapieceofthenutaboutthesizeofasmallbean,whenthepainsceasedasbymagic.Hechewedalittlemore,andapplieditexternallytothewound,whenthepainsdisappeared,andwerefollowedbyacopiousevacuationofasubstancelikecurdledmilk.Manyothercasesarementionedwherethecedronprovedanantidote.
6Aminumisaunitofvolumeequalto1/60ofafluidramor1/480ofafluidounce.
7A1%solutionofpotassiumarsenite(KH2AsO3).Becauseofthepoisonousandcarcinogenicnatureofarseniccompounds,Fowler’ssolutionisnowconsideredtobeverydangerous.
8Simaba cedron,atreeofCentralandnorthernSouthAmerica,theseedsofwhichhavebeenusedbynativepeoplesforsnakebitebothinternally(asastrongteataken4timesdaily,1tbspatatime)andexternallywithaclothsoakedintheteaplacedoverthebiteandkeptsaturatedwiththetea.
9Wewereunabletofindtofindthesourceofthisquote.
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