technologies in the office
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7/29/2019 Technologies in the Office
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TECHNOLOGY IN
THE OFFICE
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I. MECHANIZING
CORRESPONDENCE
II. DUPLICATING OR
COPIERS
III. TELEPHONY, TELEGRAPHY,
FAX AND INTERCOMS
IV. ADDING MACHINES, ACCOUNTING
MACHINES AND COMPUTERS
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MECHANIZING
CORRESPONDENCE
The typewriter was the best-known icon of office
mechanization through much of the twentieth century.
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In 1852, John Jones received
US Patent No. 8,980 for thewriting machine to the right,
which he called a MechanicalTypographer.
The Writing Ball introduced in 1869
or 1870 by the Rev. Malling Hansen
of Denmark was a commercial
success on the European continent,
where it won several awards during the1870s.
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The first power operated machine of
practical value was invented in 1914
by James Fields Smathers of KansasCity, Missouri. Mr. Smathers's operations
as an inventor were halted by World War I.
By the early 1900s, the phonograph
(invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison)
was marketed as an adjunct to the
typewriter.
The dictating machine is yet anotherexample of the complex relationship
between technological development
and what people need and want.
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The first method for making a
typed copy was carbon paper.
The mimeograph machine of the1890 made by Thomas Edison
increased the number of copies
that could be made from a few to
a hundred, using what was knownas a "master." But the only way to
copy an original after it had been
made was to retype, redraw, or
rephotograph it.
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A familiar sight in offices until about the
1980s was the "spirit duplicator" (often
confused with the Mimeograph), which useda volatile liquid that produced a distinctive
smell.
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Chester Carlton's discovery of the effect of light in
photoconductivity, however, led to the unprecedented successof the "Xerox" machine. The first commercial Xerox machine,
the Haloid Xerox 914 of 1960, had defects, such as paper
scorching. Nevertheless, today's copiers produce near-perfect
images, in color as well, in record time.
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TELEPHONY, TELEGRAPHY, FAXAND INTERCOMS
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The opening of telegraphy by
Samuel Morse in 1843, greatly
accelerated the expansion andinterconnection of the railroads
and became a nearly universal
fixture in large businesses after
the end of the Civil War.
In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone .For much of
the period from the 1870 to the 1920s,
the telephone was almost exclusively a
business ,the telephone's importance in
business operations steadily increased.
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By the 1990s, the analog-based telephone system had been rebuilt
around digital technology. In a digital system, information about each
sound wave--rather than the sound wave itself--is sent through the
wire as a numerical equivalent and then reconstructed exactly at the
other end. This new technology enables computers--which are also
based on digital technology--to "talk" on the telephone. Today, fiber-
optic cables carry digital signals at astounding rates, and they have
become the backbone of the world's information infrastructure
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1989
Motorola MicroTAC 9800X
The first truly portable
phone. Up until its release,most cellular phones were
installed as car phones due
to the inability to fit them
into a jacket pocket.
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The Smart Board interactive whiteboard operates as part
of a system that includes the interactive whiteboard, a
computer, a projector and whiteboarding software -
either Smart Notebook collaborative learning software
for education, or Smart Meeting Pro software for
business.
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Facsimile (Fax)
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The process by which a
document is scanned and
converted into electrical signals
which are transmitted over a
communications channel andrecorded on a printed page or
displayed on a computer screen.
The facsimile machine was invented
in 1842 by Alexander Bain, in 1843.
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An intercom (intercommunication device), talkback
or doorphone is a stand-alone voice communications
system for use within a building or small collection of buildings, functioning independently of the public
telephone network. Intercoms are generally mounted
permanently in buildings and vehicles.
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ACCOUNTING MACHINES,ADDING MACHINES AND
COMPUTERS
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The first computers were not computers as we define
them today. They were calculators--machines designedto solve complex mathematical problems. They reduced
the extraordinary amount of time it took people just to
attempt to solve the problems themselves.
Few of these sold in large numbers in the
United States until the introduction of the FeltCompany's "Comptometer" in 1885, the
Burroughs calculator of 1892, and the Monroeadding machine of 1911
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MONROE ADDING
MACHINE
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Computers today are used not only
in dealing with the financial recordsof companies, but as
communication devices,
incorporating typing, mail, andincreasingly voice and video
communication.
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