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Technology Transition Workshop
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS
Technology Transition Workshop| Patricia Guerra-Diaz, Ph.D.
Technology Transition Workshop
Outline
• Trace vs. bulk detection
• Instrumental detection technologies
− Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS)
• Morpho Detection Itemiser® 3 Enhanced (3 e)
• Morpho Detection MobileTrace®
− Gas Chromatography-Differential Mobility Spectrometry (GC-DMS)
• Thermo Scientific® EGIS™ Defender
− Operating conditions optimization
• Conclusions
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 2 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Bulk Detection X-ray Systems
Metal Detectors
Computer Tomography (CT) Scanners
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http://michellemalkin.com/2005/04/24/airport-security-follies-seaworld-edition-2/
http://www.analogic.com/Collateral/Images/English-US/products/bag.jpg
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 3 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Trained K9 Teams
Colorimetric Kits
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Amplifying Fluorescent Polymers
Trace Detection
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ironsoldiers/4502883580/sizes/m/in/photostream/
http://www.icxt.com/uploads/file/products/brochures/Fido%20Technical%20Overview.pdf
http://fieldforensics.com/media/pdfs/08_EL100_Data_CR4.pdf
http://www.smithsdetection.com/SABRE_4000.php
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 4 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Contraband Detection
•Suggests handling of explosives or being in close proximity
•Microscopic
•Chemical sensors
•Higher specificity
•Sampling dependent
•Background may be an issue
Trace
• Actual material
• Macroscopic
• Imaging and nuclear properties
• Higher equipment costs
Bulk
Image courtesy of Dr. Patricia Guerra-Diaz
http://www.tsa.gov/approach/tech/ait/how_it_works.shtm
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 5 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Trace Detection Parts per million (ppm) = 1 inch in 16 mile road
Parts per billion (ppb) = 1 second in 32 years
Nanogram = 1 billionth of a gram
Microsoft®
1979-2011
http://www.warhistory1944.co.uk/images/front_3_lg.jpg
http://routingbyrumor.wordpress.com/2008/05/22/whats-in-that-little-blue-packet-sweet-deception-from-domino-foods-inc/
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 6 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Trace Detection Processes
Collect
• Sample acquisition
• Pre-concentration (if applicable)
• Sample introduction
Separate
• Selectivity towards contraband
• Resolve multiple indicators of contraband
Analyze
• Detection of contraband
• Detection limits and sensitivity
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 7 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Trace Samples for Instrumental Analysis
Source
Particle Microscopic particulate contraband matter that
adheres to surfaces
Contact
Non-contact
Vapor Gas phase molecules emitted from solid/ liquid
Non-Contact
TATB
2,4-DNT
https://www.llnl.gov/news/newsreleases/2008/NR-08-08-03.html
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Image courtesy of Dr. Patricia Guerra-Diaz
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 8 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Ion Source
Drift Region
Shutter
E
Reaction Region
Drift Rings
Detector
Drift Gas Dopant Gas
Sample Introduction
Sample (on collection medium)
Heated Desorber
Separation based on shape, mass, and
charge
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Image courtesy of Dr. Patricia Guerra-DIaz
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 9 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Ion Mobility Spectrometry
Advantages • Analysis is low cost/easy to operate
• More than 15K instruments conducting over 10 M analyses/yr
• Portability/APCI
• High sensitivity: LODs (pg)
• Explosives: Stable negative product ions
• Drugs: Favorable response toward nitrogen containing compounds
• Dual mode analyzers
Disadvantages
• Radioactive source
• Detection channels
• Particle sampler, vapor sampler
• Lacks effective sample introduction
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 10 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A9cESqf6RQ
Technology Transition Workshop
Ion Trap Mobility Spectrometry
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 11 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Video from GE Security, Inc..
Technology Transition Workshop
Itemiser® 3 e Simultaneous
Drug and Explosive Detection
Analysis in 8 s
Wipe/Vacuum Sampling
Easy to Use
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 12 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Images from http://www.morpho.com/IMG/pdf/MDI_Itemiser_Enhanced_DAT.pdf
Technology Transition Workshop
MobileTrace® Vapors
Particles
Handheld
9.4 lbs
Simultaneous Dual Mode Detection
Analysis in 8 s
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 13 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
http://www.morpho.com/detection/see-all-products/trace-detection/mobiletrace-r/
Technology Transition Workshop
Differential Mobility Spectrometry
+Air Flow
+
Electrometer(+ Ions)
Ionization
Source
Air Flow+
+
+
Sample
In
Tunable Ion Filter
++
Electrometer(- Ions)
RF Voltage Compensation Voltage (Vc)
+Air Flow
+
Electrometer(+ Ions)
Ionization
Source
Air Flow+
+
+
Sample
In
Tunable Ion Filter
++
Electrometer(- Ions)
RF Voltage Compensation Voltage (Vc)
Compensation Voltage
Sig
na
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Species 2Species 1Species 3
Compensation Voltage
Sig
na
l
Species 2Species 1Species 3
Images from http://depts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2007/Tuesday/Raanan%20Miller%20-%20Micro-fabricated%20Differential%20Mobility%20Spectrometers.ppt
Separation based on changes in mobility in response to applied
fields
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 14 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Gas Chromatography-Differential Mobility Spectrometry
High Speed Gas Chromatography
DMS
microDMXTM
Thermo EGIS®
Defender
Fast pre-separation Simultaneous +/-
detection
More information in only 16 s total analysis time
Deployed at over 170 airports
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 15 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
DMA output and microDMX™ chip image from: http://depts.washington.edu/cpac/Activities/Meetings/Satellite/2007/Tuesday/Raanan%20Miller%20-%20Micro-fabricated%20Differential%20Mobility%20Spectrometers.ppt
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Technology Transition Workshop
Optimization of Instrument Operating Conditions
Volatile Chemical Signatures
Drugs
Cocaine methyl
benzoate
MDMA (ecstacy)
piperonal
MD-P2P
Marijuana
limonene
a-pinene
b-pinene
Explosives
TNT and cast
explosives
2,4-DNT
TNT
Smokeless Powders
2,4-DNT
DPA
EC
RDX cyclohexanone For more information refer to: Furton, et al. (2002); Lorenzo et al. (2003); Harper, Almirall and Furton (2005); and Aarons and Furton (2008)
Commercial instruments are
configured to detect the
parent drug/ explosive
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 16 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Microsoft ®
Image courtesy of Dr. Patricia Guerra-Diaz
Technology Transition Workshop
Optimization of Instrumental Operating Conditions
Operating Condition Operating Conditions
Perr, Furton, and Almirall (2005)
Lai, Guerra, Joshi, and Almirall (2008)
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 17 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
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Technology Transition Workshop
Conclusions
• Bulk and trace detection are complementary
• Trace detection involves particle and vapor sampling
• Detection of vapors emitted from parent drugs and explosives may require instrument operating conditions optimization
• Vapor detection using commercial trace detection instruments is improved with pre-concentration
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 18 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Cited Scientific References
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 19 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
• Aarons, J.N.; Furton, K.G. Laboratory and Field Experiments Used for the Determination of Odor Signature Chemicals in Marijuana. Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Washington DC 2008, 14, 52-53.
• Furton, K.G.; Hong, Y.; Hsu, Y.; Lue, T.; Rose, S.; Walton, J. Identification of Odor Signature Chemicals in Cocaine Using Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography and Detector-Dog Response to Isolated Compounds Spiked on U.S. Paper Currency. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2002, 40(3), 147-155.
• Harper, R.J.; Almirall, J.R.; Furton, K.G. Identification of Dominant Odor Chemicals Emanating from Explosives for Use in Developing Optimal Training Aid Combinations and Mimics for Canine Detection. Talanta 2005, 67(2), 313-327.
• Lai, H.; Guerra, P.; Joshi, M.; Almirall, J.R. Analysis of Volatile Components of Drugs and Explosives by Solid Phase Microextraction-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Journal of Separation Science 2008, 31(2), 402-412.
• Lorenzo, N.; Wan, T.; Harper, R.J.; Hsu, Y.L.; Chow, M.; Rose, S.; Furton, K.G. Laboratory and Field Experiments Used to Identify Canis lupus var. familiaris Active Odor Signature Chemicals from Drugs, Explosives, and Humans. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2003, 376(8), 1212-1224.
• Perr, J.M.; Furton, K.G.; Almirall, J.R. Solid Phase Microextraction Ion Mobility Spectrometer Interface for Explosive and Taggant Detection. Journal of Separation Science 2005, 28(2), 177-183.
Technology Transition Workshop
Questions?
Technology Transition Workshops are a project of NIJ’s Forensic Technology Center of Excellence, operated by the National Forensic Science Technology Center (www.nfstc.org), funded through cooperative agreement #2010-DN-BX-K210. These training materials are only for the course instructors and course participants and are for purposes associated solely for this course. Some of the materials may be subject to copyrights held by third parties. None of these materials may be: a) further disseminated or b) accessed by or made available to others. Individuals with questions concerning the permissibility of using these materials are advised to consult NFSTC at info@nfstc.org.
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 20 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
Technology Transition Workshop
Contact Information
Patricia Guerra-Diaz, Ph.D.
Field Forensics, Inc.
7887 Bryan Dairy Road, Ste. 510
Largo, FL 33777
1.877.809.4253 Ext. 112
pdiaz@fieldforensics.com
Introduction to Instrumental Detection Technology: IMS and DMS 21 Field Detection of Drug and Explosive Odor Signatures Using PSPME-IMS
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