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Telecommunication

Networks and SystemsNetworks and Systems

Evolution towards broadband networks:

N-ISDN, services, B-ISDN

Krzysztof Wajda

Department of Telecommunications, AGH-USTOctober, 2018

Outline

• Evolution of telecommunication systems

• Telecommunication system

• Circuit-switching and packet-switching

• Services• Services

• N-ISDN

• N-ISDN - services

• Fundamentals of ATM

• Advantages and drawbacks of ATM

• Perspectives for broadband networking

Basic backbone („core”) concepts:

• N-ISDN

• ATM

•

Lecture scope

• MPLS

• GMPLS

+ fundamentals of service implementation

carriersystem

CPE LocalLoop

SwitchingSystems

InterofficeTrunks

SwitchingSystems

LocalLoop

Urządzeniaużytkownika

Łączalokalne

Systemykomutacyjne

Systemytransmisyjne

Systemykomutacyjne

Łączalokalne

localswitch

tandem

privatenetwork trunk switching

switch. switch.tandem local

switch

system

satellite

Telecommunication system

PBX

FAX

Multi-plexer

Local

NetworkArea

Leased line

fiber system

system

microwave

modem

modem

modem

local

switch

switch

trunk links

switch. switch. switch

modem or other transmisssion system

gateway

carriersystem

CPE LocalLoop

SwitchingSystems

InterofficeTrunks

SwitchingSystems

LocalLoop

Urządzeniaużytkownika

Łączalokalne

Systemykomutacyjne

Systemytransmisyjne

Systemykomutacyjne

Łączalokalne

localswitch

tandem

privatenetwork trunk switching

switch. switch.tandem local

switch

system

satellite

Telecommunication system

PBX

FAX

Multi-plexer

Local

NetworkArea

Leased line

fiber system

system

microwave

modem

modem

modem

local

switch

switch

trunk links

switch. switch. switch

modem or other transmisssion system

gateway

access switching tele-transmission

Broadband ISDN

EDI (Electronic DataInterchange)

Voice ConferencingVoice-to-text

ISDN

teletex

telegrafia

telefoniafacsimile

DATA

GRAPHICSmobile facsimile

color facsimile

videotextelex

packet switching

electronic mail

circuits switching

telemetry teleshoppping

Telecommunication services

Voice-to-textText-to-voice

Satellite Communication Voice StorageHifi Telephony

Radio

Stereo Sound CD-quality Music AUDIO

TelevisionColor Television

Videotelephony

High Definition TVVideoconferencing

Cable TV Satellite News GatheringStereo Television

Video on Demend

VIDEO

1850 1880 1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

VOICE

global paging systems

nationwide paging systems

alphanumeric paging

digital mobile telephony

MOBILE SERVICES

mobile telephony

mobile data transmission

paging systemscelular telephony

wireless digital telephony

Wire access Mobile access

Peak traffic in Europe

*Sandvine, “Global Internet Phenomena Report: 1H 2014”

Wired usersTop applications in Europe

*Sandvine, “Global Internet Phenomena Report: 1H 2014” Mobile users

Evolution towards IoT

From 5 bln to 50 bln objects in the network

Data transmission

*Sandvine, “Global Internet Phenomena Report: 1H 2014”

Demand for bandwidth

• Internet as „cheap” medium (demand for bandwidth 35 %, only 4 % incomes)•

Evolution of revenues

ARPU: Average Revenue Per User

Operators are facing low profit

New services/applications

evolution towards single multiservice

network

multimedia services

“inteligent” services

Basic trends

“inteligent” services

fast access line to end-user

protection of investments

softwarization” (SDN/NFV)

Network evolutionTechnical aspects Technical aspects

(internal)

network

nodes

links

Starting point

+ systems (signalling, management,

monitoring, positioning …

Telekomunication system - capacity

Cable

1 cable * 200 fibers/cable * 160 λλλλ/fiber * 10 Gb/s/λλλλ

1101011000110101011

= 320 Tb1 cable * 200 fibers/cable * 160 λλλλ/fiber * 10 Gb/s/λλλλ = 320 Tb

→→→→ a single cable cut can lead to a dramatic amount of

lost traffic

5 billion telephone lines (= 64 kb/s)

60.000 full CD’s per second

Network layered structure

IP

ATM

IP

ATM

IP/ATM

IP IPWarstwasieciowa

Warstwałącza danych

MPLS

SDH

WDM WDM

ATM

SDH

WDM

SDH

WDM WDM

Warstwafizyczna

Warstwaoptyczna

Network architecture

IP(MPLS)

ATM

SDH

fiber

Networks - areas

Traditional:

• LAN

• campus

• MAN

• WAN• WAN

+ short range

• BAN

• V2V

• sensor networks

•…

Development of services

• VoIP

• Video & Content Distribution

• Presence (joyn)

• Machine-2-Machine (M2M)• Machine-2-Machine (M2M)

• Unified Communications (Business)

• LAN as a Service (Business)

• Connected Life/Work

• Cloud Services (IaaS, SaaS)/App streaming

Network concepts (paradigms)

Space switching

TDM

TDM multipleksacja z podziałem czasu

pole informacyjneszczelina czasowapoczątek ramki

kanał 1 kanał 2 kanał 3 kanał nkanał 1 kanał 2 kanał 3 kanał n

Packet switching

IP packet

header

payload

Label switching

ATM

payload

ATM packet - cell

Label multiplexing

header

payload

Circuit-switching• connection is identified by index (number) in frame • transfer of information is done after set-up phase (signalling)• necessity of synchronization between traffic source and transmission system (slot)

Circuit and packet switching (1)

and transmission system (slot) Packet-switching

• connection is identified by label• generation and sending an information is independent from transport (ATM - Asynchronous

Transfer Mode)

Circuit-switchingpros: transparency of network, independence from protocols, no jitter cons: no tuning of transport resources to intensity of information generation

Packet switchingpros:

Circuit and packet switching (2)

pros: optimization of used resources, bandwidth available „on demand”, transport flexible for „bursty” trafficcons: strong dependency on protocols, packet delay is variable and difficult for prediction.

ATM standard implements advantageous

features of both approaches

ATM

header

Information field

ATM packet

label multiplexing

TDM and label multiplexing

TDM

header

Time division multiplexing

Information fieldtimeslotBeginning of frame

channel1 channel 2 channel 3 channel n

• Circuit-switching• TDM• Packet switching• Label switching

Networking paradigms

• Label switching

ISDN - intro

Alexander Graham Bell (1876)

... beginning

ISDN

• ISDN service is a digital technology for access and intranetwork

• The basic ISDN bearer capability is circuit-switched mode unrestricted digital transmission, supporting on-demand, transmission, supporting on-demand, point-to-point, bidirectional and symmetric digital connectivity

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network

interfaces - access:

– BRA - Basic Rate Access: 2 channels B each 64 kbps plus channel D 16 kbps

N-ISDN

kbps plus channel D 16 kbps

– PRA - Primary Rate Access: 30 channels B each 64 kbps plus signalling packet channel D 64 kbps plus slot no 0 (not accessible for user)

ISDN - access configuration

• 2B+D 2x 64kbit/s channels + 16 kbit/s packet/signalling channel (Basic Rate Access)

• 23B+D 23 x 64 kbit/s + 16 kbit/s packet/signalling channel (Primary Rate Access)

• n x 64 + D n x 64 kbit/s channels (n from 1 to 23)

• 30B+D 30 x 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s packet/signalling • 30B+D 30 x 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s packet/signalling channel

• H0+D A nonchannelized 384 kbit/s channel plus 64 kbit/s packet/signalling channel

• H11 A nonchannelized 1.536 (signalling within another D-channel interface)

• H12 A nonchannelized 1.920 (signalling within another D-channel interface)

bearer services – transport service

ISDN – basic approach for services

teleservices – focus on terminals,

coding, presentation, manipulation,

users

Voice: digital voice signal encoded according to G.711, converters A/µ, echo cancellation, analog links,

3,1kHz, acoustic: extended type of signal (modems, telefaxes type 1,2 i 3 and telephone

ISDN – bearer services

(modems, telefaxes type 1,2 i 3 and telephone service),

64 kbps, unlimited: transparent channel PCM 64 kbps, no modification between sender and user

ISDN - teleservices

telephony – transfer of digitally encoded audio signal

teletex – transmission of text

telefax - transmission of text and graphics after pixel-based analysis

videotex – similar as teletex but sending output to

ISDN – teleservices (1)

videotex – similar as teletex but sending output to monitor screen

E-mail – sending information (with attachments as text, voice, graphics, video) to „mailbox”

data transmission – direct transmission of digital content among computers or networks

videophony – simultaneous transmission of voice and real-time video

television - transmission of TV signal

teleaction – sending short messages

telealarm – sending alarms from user’s sensors

telealert – similar as for telealarm but in opposite

ISDN – teleservices (2)

telealert – similar as for telealarm but in opposite direction

telecommand – service of remote control of elements in users premices

telemetry – remote reading of counters or measurement equipment (sensors)

ATM - introduction

ATM

Informacje podstawowe

• information is transferred in short packets (cells)

• connection-oriented solution – virtual channelsh

•„asynchronous time division multiplexing”

• advanced support for QoS

ATM – fundamental features

Circuits Switching

Packet Switching

BERKOM

Germany

VoiceTelevision

ATDAsynchronous Time Division

FPSFast Packet Switching

France - CNET AT&TBellcoreIBM

VoiceTelevision

High Speed Data

1980

1985

ATM – predecessors

VoiceTelevisionstatic channels

VoiceTelevisionshort, constant-length packets

High Speed Data1985

1989

STM ATM

Synchronous Asynchronous

Transfer Mode Transfer Mode

?

epoch of 53 bytes

variable-length packets

••••••

message10message100 b0 bytesytes

999 999 otherother connectionsconnections

45 Mb45 Mbpsps

LargeLarge overheadoverhead fromfrom headerheader

WaitingWaiting for for otherother cellscells1212

ATM – why short packets?

Delay and delay

variability small for

short messages, e.g.

voice samples

WaitingWaiting for for otherother cellscells

MessageMessage inin single single cellcell

Payload (Payload (BB))

MaMax.x.

delaydelay

(ms)(ms)

00

22

44

66

88

1010

1212

11 5050 100100 150150 200200 250250 300300

64 + 564 + 5 32 + 432 + 4

ATM – why 53 bytes?

48 + 548 + 5

• widely accepted and universal telecommunication

technology for broadband networking• user information is sent in short, fixed-lenght packets(cells - 53 bytes) in connection-oriented mode (virtualchannel)• intensively standardized since 1989• used in all network areas and for most applications

ATM – definitions

• used in all network areas and for most applications• currently decreasing importance

1) For ATM it is possible to define different QoS levels (quality

parameters in packet layer)

• packet losses: CLR - Cell Loss Ratio• timing :

ATM – quality aspects

CTD - Cell Transfer DelayCDV - Cell Delay Variation

2) Virtual channel is defined by:PCR - Peak Cell RateSCR - Sustainable Cell Rate+ “burst” layer parameters

CBR - Constant Bit Rate – circuitemulationVBR - Variable Bit Rate – video and audio

services with compressionABR - Available Bit Rate – services with

bandwidth negotiation

ATM – service classes

bandwidth negotiationUBR - Unspecified Bit Rate – no quality

specificationGFR – Guaranteed Frame Rate, quality

guarantees for packet and frame levels

LAN access backbonePCs, terminals

TokenRing ATM switch

ATM – layered structure of net

ATM card

FDDI

(access

ATM switch)

Ethernet

video

camera

net

adapter

• at the beginning – the biggest hope in telecom market

• ATM network is connection-oriented and in LAN has to emulate „connectionless mode (LANE - LAN Emulation)

•

ATM in LANs

• LANE protocol has allowed access to ATM from IP,Appletalk, NetBIOS czy APPN

• best effort service in LAN is well emulated by ABR (Available Bit Rate) service in ATM

• fast development in USA

• “closed” development in Japan

• “static” development in Europe

• about 80 vendors of ATM in 1996,

• evolution of „core” switches:

ATM – in the world

• evolution of „core” switches:

Europe: 13 (1994), 47 (1995), 155 (1996),

5220 (2000)

USA: 88 (1994), 326 (1995), 991 (1996),

17600 (2000)

2005 –

Joining The ATM Forum with MPLS Forum and

Frame Relay Forum

Created MFA Forum

ATM - standardization

Created MFA Forum

The ATM technology is NOT considered

currently as the target technology for

broadband networking

Is fully standardized

ATM equipment is widely used, mainly in core

ATM – summary

ATM equipment is widely used, mainly in core

segment and this is the result of:• proliferation of multimedia services using high bandwidths,

• reasonable prices of ATM equipment (cost/QoS rate is attractive)

• forecasts for ATM are positive for next 2-3 years

past: ATM + SDH in each network area

currently fast development od WDM and DWDM systems – access to

huge capacities

The future

back to IP - with support for QoS.

development of MPLS (MultiprotocolLabel Switching) and GMPLS – successorsof ATM.

ATM ForumATM Forum

ITU-T – general aspects, administration, services ATM Forum – all aspectsETSI – general architecture, broadband interfaces, access standards (eg. VDSL)DAVIC (Digital Audio-Video Council) – multimedia broadband services

ATM – standardization

broadband servicesFSAN (Full Services Access Network) – reuqirementsfor access network (also based on ATM) ADSL-Forum - transport technologies,IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force - IP/ATM interworking

1. Organization established in 1991 by CISCO, NET/Adaptive, Northern Telecom and US Sprint

2. In „best” period – 1000 participants3. goals: definition of industrial

standards for ATM technology

ATM Forum

standards for ATM technology4. ATM Forum had an initiative in ATM

standardization5. ... cooperating closely with ITU-T,

IETF, ADSL Forum, Frame RelayForum in order to fulfill standard compatibility.

•April 1996•An answer to critics related to ATM instability•Declares maturity of ATM technology

Anchorage Accord

•Declares maturity of ATM technology•speciifications:

• foundation – fixed for 18 monthsperiod, eg. UNI, PNNI, B-ICI, TM, physical interfaces• extended feature - oparta na

specyfikacji podstawowej

Summary

• N-ISDN as first flexible networking concept

• ATM – flexible, multi-purpose but very complex solution

• Growing position of „IP over anything • Growing position of „IP over anything below” solutions

• ATM Forum standards•ITU-T Recommendations

• D. Ginsburg, „ATM. Solutions for enterprise networking”, Addison-Wesley,

Bibliography

enterprise networking”, Addison-Wesley, 1999• Lecture notes: http://www.kt.agh.edu.pl/~wajda/students/telecommunication-networks-and-systems/

• Papers from IEEE Communications Magazine

Thank you!