terminology scarlett smith. anatomical position known as the “starting position”. the body is...

Terminology

Scarlett Smith

Anatomical Position

Known as the“starting position” .The body is uprightand facing forwardswith arms at theside and palms facingforwards and thumbsout.

Anatomical Planes

Planes of the body:Frontal Plane: vertical, extends from one side of body to other. Ex: performing a cartwheelMedian (Sagittal) Plane: vertical,extends from front to back of body. Ex: bending over to touch toesTransverse (Horizontal) Plane: divides body into upper and lower parts.Ex: swinging a bat in baseball

Anatomical Axes

• Horizontal Axes: extends from one side of body to the other

• Longitudinal Axes: runs from head to toe dividing the body in half vertically

• Antero- posterior Axes: extends from front to back of the body

Flexion/Extension

• Flexion: bending joint to decreaseangle

• Ex: Knee is bent

• Extension: straightening joint to increase the angle

• Ex: straightening joint at the elbow

extensionflexion

Terms of Direction and Body Position

• Proximal: towards the attachment point of the limb and the body• Distal: farther away from attachment point of the limb and the

body• Superior: upward surfaces• Inferior: downward surfaces • Posterior: toward the back

of the body• Anterior: toward the front

of the body• Lateral: away from the midline• Medial: towards the midline

Abduction/Adduction

• Abduction: movement of body part away from center of the body

• Ex: moving arm away from body

• Adduction: movement of body part towards your body

• Ex: bringing arm towards your center

Abduction

Adduction

Internal/External Rotation

• Internal: turning a limb so that it is going towards the midline of the body

• Ex: pointing the toes inward to the center of your body

• External: turning a limb so that it is going away from the midline of the body

• Ex: pointing the toes outward away from the center of your body

Circumduction

• Making a circular motion involving flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

• Ex: making circles with your arm

Supination/Pronation

• Supination: Inward “roll” or motion of the foot or hand so that the foot moves inwards or the palm is facing forward • Pronation: opposite of supination, the outward roll or motion

Protraction/Retraction

• Protraction: moving in a forward direction

• Retraction: moving in a backward direction

• Ex: moving shoulders forward (pronation), moving shoulders backward (retraction)

Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion • Dorsiflexion: movement of the ankle so that the angle between the foot and shin is decreasing • Plantar Flexion: movement of the ankle so that the angle between the foot and shin is increasing• Ex: pointing toes toward head (dorsiflexion), pointing toes toward ground (plantar flexion)

Eversion/Inversion• Eversion: raising the foot up so that the sole of the foot is turned outward

• Inversion: raising the foot so that the sole of the foot is turned inward

• Ex: standing on the inner edge of your foot (eversion), standing on the outer edge of your foot (inversion)

Elevation/Depression

• Elevation: the movement of raising up• Depression: the movement of pulling down • Ex: hunching your shoulders (elevation),

slouching your shoulders (depression)

Opposition/Reposition

• Opposition: when the thumb contacts one of the other fingers• Reposition: when the thumb returns back to the “starting position”