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PublisherThe Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.Tinley Park, Illinois

Chapter 7

• Color

Chapter 7 Overview

• Introduction

• The Psychology of Color

• The Color Spectrum– The color wheel

• Color Characteristics– Warm and cool colors– Neutral colors

(Continued)

Chapter 7 Overview

• Color Systems– The Brewster system– The Ostwald system– The Munsell system

• Color Harmonies– Effect of light on color– Effect of adjacent colors

(Continued)

Chapter 7 Overview

• Color Harmonies (Continued)– Effect of texture on color– Effect of color on space

• Color Decisions

Objectives

• Explain the perceptions linked to certain colors.

• Describe the standard color wheel.

• Evaluate a color according to hue, value, and intensity.

• Use a color wheel to plan various color harmonies.

(Continued)

Objectives

• Describe three popular color systems.

• Identify seven common color harmonies.

• Explain the effect of light on color.

Introduction

• Color:– is the most exciting tool of the designer.– offers unlimited opportunities for

decorating.– can help to create a mood within a room.– can communicate a wide range of

emotions and feelings.

Using Color in Design

• Color brings this room to life.

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The Psychology of Color

• Color influences human behavior.

• Research shows that certain perceptions are linked to certain colors.

• Color perceptions affect the way people feel about:– space – rooms– objects

• Red:– is associated with danger, power, love,

passion, anger, fire, and strength.– is bold, exciting, and warm.– stimulates the nervous system and

increases blood pressure, respiration rate, and heartbeat.

– is conspicuous wherever it appears and should be used with care.

• Red provides the excitement in this color harmony.

Hickory Chair Company

Orange

• Orange:– is cheerful, warm, and less aggressive than

red.– expresses friendliness, courage,

hospitality, energy, and hope.– has stimulating properties similar to red,

but not as intense.– mixes well with cool colors.

• The orange seat on this Chippendale chair complements its natural wood tone.

Yellow

• Yellow:– is cheerful, friendly, and warm.– is associated with happiness, sunlight,

sympathy, prosperity, cowardice, and wisdom.

– makes a room appear light and airy.

• Pure yellows demand attention and should be used with care.

• This yellow bath is bright and cheerful.

Manufactured Housing Institute

• Green:– is the color of nature.– is refreshing, cool, peaceful, and friendly.– is often associated with hope, envy, and

good luck.– mixes well with other colors, especially

white.

• Lush greenery and deep green side chairs create a serene setting for this living room.

• Blue:– has the opposite effect of red.– is cool, calm, and reserved.– communicates serenity, tranquility, and

formality.– can be depressing if too much is used.

• Lacquer, glass, and other shiny surfaces intensify blue.

• The blue sofa and chair seat increases the formality of the setting.

Violet

• Violet:– is the color of royalty, dignity, and mystery.– is dramatic and works well with other

colors, especially pink and blue.– is often used in small amounts as an

accent.

• Popular violet hues include plum, eggplant, and lilac.

• Violet serves as the accent in this living room.

• Black:– is mysterious, severe, and dramatic.– symbolizes wisdom, evil, and death.– helps other colors appear more vivid when

used in small amounts.– should be used sparingly as it can be

oppressive and claustrophobic, especially in large amounts.

• Black provides drama in this hallway.

Summitville Tile

• White:– is the symbol of youth, freshness,

innocence, purity, faith, and peace.– can make other colors appear cleaner and

livelier.– is used with traditional as well as modern

styles.

• Creamy white creates a mellow background color.

• White makes this space appear larger and helps blend the various elements together.

Color Decisions

• When making color decisions for a home, the color preferences of all family members should be considered.– Social areas should be decorated in colors

that make all members feel comfortable.– Personal areas can be decorated using

individual color preferences.

The Color Spectrum

• The color spectrum is the full range of all existing colors.

• It is composed of more than 10 million identified colors.

• This color array is found in the rainbow.

• Each distinctive color is derived from a few basic colors.

The Color Spectrum

• This is one visual representation of the color spectrum.

The Color Wheel

• The color wheel is the most commonly used tool for understanding color relationships in design.

• The middle ring of the color wheel consists of three types of colors:– primary colors– secondary colors– intermediate colors

The Color Wheel

• The middle ring shows normal color values, while tints appear on the inside circle and shades appear outside.

Primary Colors

• The three primary colors are:– yellow– blue– red

• Mixing, lightening, and darkening the primary colors can make all other colors.

Primary Colors

• The primary colors are equally spaced around the color wheel.

Secondary Colors

• The three secondary colors are:– orange– violet– green

• Mixing equal amounts of two primary colors makes these colors.

Secondary Colors

• Each secondary color is positioned between the two primary colors used to make it.

Intermediate Colors

• The six intermediate colors are:– yellow-green– blue-green– blue-violet– red-violet– red-orange– yellow-orange

(Continued)

Intermediate Colors

• Intermediate colors are made by mixing one primary and one secondary color.

• The primary color is always listed first.

• Intermediate colors are also called tertiary colors.

Intermediate Colors

• Half the colors on the color wheel are intermediate colors.

Color Characteristics

• Each color has three characteristics:– Hue is the name of a color.– Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue.– Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a

• Red, green, and blue-violet are examples of hues.

(Continued)

• The hue is the characteristic that makes red different from green.

• The normal values of hues are shown in the middle ring of the color wheel.

• Yellow is the lightest normal value of all hues on the color wheel, while violet has the darkest value.

(Continued)

Value Scale

• The value of a color can be changed by adding different amounts of black or white.

• The value of a hue can be made lighter by adding white.

• This produces a tint.– Example: Pink is a tint of red, made by

adding white to red.

• Tints are shown in the inner ring of the color wheel.

(Continued)

• A hue can be made darker by adding black.

• This produces a shade.– Example: Maroon is a shade of red, made

by adding black to red.

• Shades are shown in the outer ring of the color wheel.

• The complement of a hue is the color directly opposite it on a standard color wheel. – Example: Green is the complement of red.

• A hue can be made duller or less intense by adding some of its complement.

Warm and Cool Colors

• Colors can be grouped as warm colors or cool colors.– Warm colors, also called advancing colors,

are orange, yellow, and red.– Cool colors, also called receding colors,

include green, blue, and violet.

Warm and Cool Colors

• Cool colors dominate the left room, while warm colors prevail on the right.

Sauder Woodworking Company Shae Lubecke, ASID, Illinois Chapter

Neutral Colors

• The neutral colors are:– white, which is totally absent of color– black, which is a mixture of all colors– gray, which is a combination of black and

• Brown, tan, and beige are considered near-neutral colors.

Neutral Colors

• Neutral colors often serve as background colors because they blend well with others.

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Color Systems

• Several color systems or theories are recognized, each with a different group of basic colors.

• Some color systems incorporate both psychological and physical factors.

• The three most common systems are:– Brewster system – Ostwald system– Munsell system

The Brewster System

• The Brewster system is the standard color wheel, also called Prang system.

• It is based on the primary hues (red, yellow, and blue), which cannot be mixed from other pigments.

• There are 12 hues in the Brewster color wheel.

(Continued)

The Brewster System

• The Brewster system produces three secondary colors--green from yellow and blue, violet from blue and red, and orange from red and yellow.

• Each of the secondary colors can be mixed equally with a primary color to form an intermediate hue.

The Brewster Color Wheel

The Ostwald System

• The Ostwald system uses yellow, orange, red, purple, blue, turquoise, sea green, and leaf green hues with white and black added to the hues.

• The system produces 672 hues and eight neutrals.

• Cool hues are on half the circle, while warm hues are on the other half.

(Continued)

The Ostwald System

• The configuration of the Ostwald system is a three-dimensional double cone.

• The color wheel has yellow, red, blue, and green equidistant from one another.

• Between each pair of hues are five intermediate hues.

• The result is a circle of 24 hues, plus six other hues to complete the color range.

(Continued)

The Ostwald System

• Colors are most saturated at the equator where the cones meet.

• Pure white is at the top of the central axis and black is at the bottom.

• Colors are lighter in the top cone and darker in the bottom cone.

The Ostwald Color System

The Munsell System

• The Munsell system describes and analyzes color in terms of hue, value, and chroma (color).

• The chromatic colors are based on five principle hues: red, yellow, green, blue, and purple.

• Hue is the color name and is indicated by the letter H and a fraction.

(Continued)

The Munsell System

• Value (lightness or darkness) is shown on the central axis as nine visible steps.

• The darkest value is at the bottom and the lightest value is at the top.

• The horizontal band extending outward from the value axis shows chroma.

• The Munsell color wheel has a total of 100 different colors.

The Munsell Color System

Color Harmonies

• Pleasing colors create color harmony.• The seven color harmonies are:

– monochromatic– analogous– complementary– split-complementary– triadic– double-complementary– neutral

Monochromatic Color Harmony

• A monochromatic color harmony is based on a single hue of the standard color wheel.

• This is the simplest color harmony.

• Variation is achieved by changing the value and intensity of the hue and by adding accents of neutral colors.

A Monochromatic Color Harmony

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Analogous Color Harmony

• An analogous color harmony is based on combining three to five adjacent hues on the color wheel.

• It combines related hues such as yellow, yellow-orange, and orange, or green, blue-green, and blue.

• One color should dominate.

An Analogous Color Harmony

Lynn Aseltine-Kolbusz, ASID, Illinois Chapter

Complementary Color Harmony

• A complementary color harmony is made by combining two hues directly opposite each other on the standard color wheel.

• Generally, one color is allowed to dominate, and various values and intensities are used to lessen the contrast.

A Complementary Color Harmony

Split-Complementary Color Harmony

• A split-complementary color harmony is made by combining a hue with the two hues on both sides of its complement.

• One color is generally used as a dominant color while the other two provide contrast.

A Split-Complementary Color Harmony

Triadic Color Harmony

• A triadic color harmony is the combination of any three colors that are equally distant from each other on the standard color wheel.

• For example, yellow, blue, and red—the primary colors —form a triadic color scheme.

A Triadic Color Harmony

Suzanne Mauzey, ASID, Illinois Chapter

Double-Complementary Color Harmony

• The double-complementary color harmony combines two sets of complementary colors.

• Any combination of pairs may be used as long as each pair is composed of complementary colors.

A Double-Complementary Color Harmony

Paul Schlismann, ASID, Illinois Chapter

Neutral Color Harmony

• Neutral color harmonies combine black, white, and gray.

• Shades of brown, tan, and beige may also be used.

• Touches of accent colors are usually added for interest.

A Neutral Color Harmony

Effect of Light on Color

• Color requires light for visibility.

• Light is available as natural and artificial light.

• Only a narrow band of the total light spectrum is visible to humans.

• Reflected rays of light give each object its color.

(Continued)

• White objects reflect almost all the color in light, while black objects absorb most of it.

• Natural light changes throughout the day.

• Cool light intensifies blue and violet, but neutralizes red, yellow, and orange.

• Warm light does just the opposite.

(Continued)

• Colors for large spaces should be chosen under the light source specified.

• Cool-color harmonies may need warm light sources for low lighting levels.

• Warm-color harmonies may appear too warm if brightly lit with a warm source.

• Lighting that is shielded tends to cool a room.

Effect of Adjacent Colors

• Colors appear to change when placed near other colors.

• Some hues placed side-by-side seem to produce unity or restfulness.– Example: blue next to blue-green or green

• Opposite colors on the color wheel tend to sharply contrast.– Example: blue next to orange

Using Color

• These complementary hues gain intensity when used in close proximity to each other.

Effect of Texture on Color

• Textures affect the appearance of color.• Flat, shiny surfaces reflect light and can

enhance color brightness and intensity.• Dull, soft, mottled, or heavily textured

surfaces make a color seem darker and less intense.

• Keep textures subdued when using strong colors or bold patterns.

Using Color

• The rough textures of the carpeting and wicker seating deepen the green color.

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Effect of Color on Space

• Colors appear darker and brighter when close to the viewer.

• Colors seem to gain intensity when they cover large areas.

• Light or cool colors appear to recede, while dark or warm colors seem to advance.

Color Decisions

• Pleasing color harmonies exist in sources other than standard color schemes.

• Drapery and upholstery fabric, area rugs, wallpaper, carpeting, and art object offer inspiration for creating color harmonies.

(Continued)

Color Decisions

• Myriad color harmonies exist in nature.

• Consider the earth colors—pigments found in iron oxides and minerals in rocks and soil.– Typical earth colors include ocher (yellow),

sienna (reddish orange or reddish brown), red oxide (red), umber (brown), and terra verde (green).

(Continued)

Color Decisions

• Consider basic planning guidelines:– Color schemes look best when one color

dominates.– The dominant color should cover about

two-thirds of the room area.– Subordinate colors help blend large

furniture pieces into the background.

(Continued)

Color Decisions

• Consider basic planning guidelines (Continued):– Accent colors add flair to the decor.– Bold, warm, colors appear to advance.– Surfaces with rough textures make colors

appear darker.– Dark values and warm hues make rooms

appear smaller.

(Continued)

Using Color

• The deep hue used on the walls of this home office creates a quiet, cozy atmosphere.

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Color Decisions

• Consider basic planning guidelines (Continued): – Large areas look best when covered with

low-intensity colors.– Neutrals enhance and strengthen other

colors around them.– Cool, dull, and light colors recede.– Light values and cool hues make rooms

appear larger.

(Continued)

Using Color

• Light colors on the walls, ceiling, and chairs make this small dining room seem spacious.

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Color Decisions

• Consider basic planning guidelines (Continued): – A room's exposure to natural light affects

color choice.– Sunny rooms facing south or west will

appear cooler with blues and greens.– Shaded rooms facing north or east will

seem warmer with reds and oranges.

(Continued)

Color Decisions

• Consider basic planning guidelines (Continued): – Colors appear different under different

lighting conditions.– Incandescent lighting normally adds glow

to colors.– Contrasting colors are emphasized when

used together.

Glossary• analogous color harmony A color harmony based on combining three to five

adjacent hues on the color wheel.• color spectrum The full range of all existing colors.• complement The color directly opposite a color on the color wheel.• complementary color harmony A color harmony made by combining two hues

directly opposite each other on the color wheel.

Glossary• double-complementary color harmony A color harmony based on combining two sets of

complementary colors.• hue The name of a color; the characteristic that makes

each color different.• intensity The brightness or dullness of a hue.• intermediate colors Colors made by mixing a primary color with a

secondary color.

Glossary• monochromatic color harmony A color based on a single hue.• neutral color harmonies Color harmonies made by using combinations of

black, white, and gray; or shades of brown, tan, and beige.

• primary colors Red, yellow, and blue; colors from which all other

colors are made.• secondary colors Orange, green, and violet; colors made by mixing

equal amounts of two primary colors.

Glossary• shade A darkened value of a hue made by adding black to a

hue.• split-complementary color harmony A color harmony based on combining one hue and

the two hues on both sides of its complement.• tint A lightened value of a hue made by adding white to

the hue.

Glossary• triadic color harmony The combination of any three colors that are equally

distant from each other on the standard color wheel.• value The lightness or darkness of a hue.

textbook cover

color perceptions

coloreffect of color

color harmony

color of royalty

common color harmonies

various color harmonies

popular color systems

standard color wheel

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