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TEXTUAL RHETORIC ON HILLARY CLINTON SPEECH
TRANSCRIPT “ANTI-TRUMP” IN NEVADA
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One
FEBRINA WONOSANTOSO
1113026000034
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2018
i
ABSTRACT
Febrina Wonosantoso. Textual Rhetoric on Hillary Clinton Speech Transcript
“Anti-Trump” in Nevada. A thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta,
2017.
This study is about Leech‟s Textual Rhetoric in speech transcript. Textual
rhetoric has four principles and its maxims. They are: 1) processibility principle
with end-focus, end-weight, and end-scope maxim, 2) clarity principle with
transparency and ambiguity maxim, 3) economy principle with maxim of
reduction, and 4) expressivity principle with iconicity maxim.
The objective of this study is to identify Leech‟s textual rhetoric and
analyze its function that applied in Hillary Clinton speech transcript "Anti-Trump"
in Nevada for the readers. The qualitative research method is used in this research
in order to determine if the speech transcript conforms to the Leech‟s textual
rhetoric. This study used a descriptive approach. The data in this research was
taken from Hillary Clinton speech transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada which
obtained from the web page of The Washington Post. The instrument of this
research is the writer to obtain data.
Keywords: Textual rhetoric, four principles, maxims, speech transcript
ii
APPROVEMENT
TEXTUAL RHETORIC ON HILLARY CLINTON SPEECH
TRANSCRIPT “ANTI-TRUMP” IN NEVADA
A Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Strata One (S1) Degree in English Letters Department
Febrina Wonosantoso
NIM. 1113026000034
Approved by:
Advisor
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2017
iii
LEGALIZATION
Name : Febrina Wonosantoso
NIM : 1113026000034
Title : Textual Rhetoric on Hillary Clinton Speech Transcript “Anti-Trump”
in Nevada
This thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and
Humanities Faculty‟s Examination Committee on January 17th
2018. It has
already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
strata one.
Jakarta, January 17th
2018
Examination Committee
iv
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and the most Merciful
All praise belongs to Allah SWT, Lord of the worlds of all living beings.
The writer is really thankful and grateful for His guidance, blessing, health and
opportunity that given to her. So, she is able to accomplish her thesis. Salutation
and blessing be upon the prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, and his
companions.
The writer would like to dedicate her highest gratitude to her beloved
parents, Sutikno Wonosantoso and Lilis Cucun Hatimah, for their unconditional
love, endless supports, and prayer, also her sisters Lina Sutikno Wonosantoso and
Cindy Wonosantoso, her brother Rendy Sutikno Wonosantoso, for their kindness
and motivation. The writer also would like to express her gratitude to
Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, as the writer advisor for his time, guidance,
advices, and support to finish this thesis.
In addition, the writer would like to give her thankful for the following
persons:
1. Prof. Dr. Syukron Kamil, M.A., the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty,
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters Department.
vi
4. All the lecturers of English Letters Department, who have taught and
educated the writer during her studies at UIN Jakarta.
5. The writer‟s best friend since freshman year in UIN Jakarta, Rizki
Maulinawati. Thank you for always be her side through happy and sad,
through the highs and the lows. Thank you for help her in every situation and
being her place to share everything.
6. The writer‟s best friend in Linguistics class; Denisa Putri, Wilda Aqthori,
Siti Rahmah Wahyumingtyas, Yussie Septiany, Adilla Oktania, thank you for
make her happy and comfort during her studies.
7. The writer‟s special one Panji Pradana, thank you for always accompanies
her, makes her happy every single day, and supports her until this thesis done.
8. KKN DINAMIKA 2016, thank you for giving her unforgettable moments
during do the programs in Desa Pangaur, Jasinga, Bogor.
9. All people who helped the writer to finish her thesis that cannot be
mentioned one by one.
May Allah bless and keep them always. Hopefully, this thesis will give
benefit for the writer herself and all people who read it.
Jakarta, 18th
December 2017
The Writer
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ i
APPROVEMENT ................................................................................................. ii
LEGALIZATION ................................................................................................ iii
DECLARATION .................................................................................................. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. ix
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
A. Background of Study .................................................................. 1
B. Focus of the Study ...................................................................... 4
C. Research Question ...................................................................... 4
D. Objective of the Study ................................................................ 5
E. Significance of the Study ............................................................ 5
F. Research Methodology ................................................................ 5
1. Method of the Research ......................................................... 5
2. The Technique of Data Collection ......................................... 6
3. The Technique of Data Analysis ........................................... 6
4. Research Instrument .............................................................. 7
5. Unit of Analysis ..................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................... 8
A. Previous Research ................................................................... 8
B. Pragmatics ............................................................................. 10
C. Rhetoric ................................................................................. 10
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D. Textual Rhetoric ..................................................................... 13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ......................................................... 20
A. Data Description .................................................................... 20
B. Data Analysis ........................................................................ 20
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS............................... 53
A. Conclusions ............................................................................ 53
B. Suggestions ............................................................................. 54
WORKS CITED ................................................................................................. 55
APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 58
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Communication is the act of sharing information one another.
Language used by human to communicate. Every human need to
communicate to stay connected with others. This is because human is social
being. Based on the different ways of communication and complexities,
communication can be divided into spoken and written language (Crystal 79).
However, written language tends to be more complex and grammatical
intricate than spoken language (Halliday 81).
In spoken communication, the users are the speakers and the hearers
that interact through conversation. However, written texts also have users that
are writers and readers. Usually, in this kind of interaction the participants do
not have a face to face conversation, but they have a potential presence. For
example in argumentative discourses, the writer attempts to convince their
readers by reasoning, they assume an imaginary reader and disagree with his
claims, and finally convince them by different arguments. This is a way of
interacting with their readers (Ghasemi and Jahromi 151).
Related to written language, textual rhetoric is the art of writing or
writing strategy in order for things to be communicated effectively (Sumadi
322). Textual rhetoric associated with how to construct text or discourse
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using language (Baryadi 47). It means that textual rhetoric takes position in
constructing the text effectively, so the text will be easy to understand.
Leech (1983) distinguishes between what he calls the interpersonal
rhetoric and the textual rhetoric. The interpersonal rhetoric contains, among
other things, Grice‟s cooperative principle. However, there is a textual
rhetoric, which contains four main principles, which in their turn can be
subdivided into maxims. Those principles and its maxim are processibility
principle with end-focus, end-weight, and end-scope maxim, clarity principle
with transparency and ambiguity maxim, economy principle with maxim of
reduction, and expressivity principle with iconicity maxim. Textual rhetoric
helps to determine segmentation and ordering of the text. Here is the example
of processibility principle with end-weight maxim in textual rhetoric:
(1) A. It is important that you contact them to make a housing application
and let them know of your needs.
B. That you contact them to make a housing application and let them
know of your needs is important.
In two sentences above, sentence B is more difficult to understand because it
structurally unbalanced and readers have to keep a lot in memory before they
reach the end of the sentence. Sentence A is better than B because the
complex parts of a clause or sentence (heavy constituent) placed at the end or
„light constituent‟ precede the „heavy constituent‟. Therefore, sentence A is
categorized as processibility principle with end-weight maxim.
3
Hillary Clinton speech transcript about anti-Trump in Reno, Nevada,
is one of the Hillary Clinton speeches in her campaign rally for United States
presidential election in 2016. This speech delivered on Thursday, August 25th
,
2016. This speech attracts the audience because Hillary Clinton delivered her
speech with some arguments that surprise the audience. All of her arguments
are about disrepute of Donald Trump. She gives all arguments with logical
reasons. The speech implied that Hillary Clinton dislike Donald Trump. She
did not want Donald Trump to be president of United States due to the facts
that Donald Trump is a bad figure. Hillary Clinton expects herself to be
president of United States because she believes that she is much better than
Donald Trump. She is kind, smart, fair, have empathy and have much
experiences. One of her unforgettable word is when she said that Donald
Trump is lack of knowledge or experience or solutions. For some common
people, they may be think that Hillary Clinton a little bit disrespectful in
deliver her speech. But for experts, they will understand that what Hillary
Clinton has done is a strategy to influence people in order to choose her in
presidential election in 2016.
Political speech transcript chosen in this research because in political
speech, there is a certain intention in writing or preparing the speech before it
is delivered to the audience. That is for influence or persuades
the audience, so that the audience will choose the candidate. The writing
strategy in writing speech transcript is needed to makes the speech easy to
understand. For this reason, the textual rhetoric can be applied.
4
This research analyzes the textual rhetoric on Hillary Clinton speech
transcript about anti-Trump in Reno, Nevada. This speech is interesting to
analyze because there are many arguments that makes us think hardly and
makes us believes Hillary Clinton arguments. In other word, this speech can
give the effect to the audience. The writer interested in textual rhetoric
because this kind of topic is still rarely to be found. So, the writer tries to
analyze the topic in order to add references in next similar research.
Therefore, this research takes a position to find an answer that textual rhetoric
has function in speech transcript.
B. Focus of the Study
According to background of the study, this research focuses on
Leech‟s textual rhetoric in speech transcript delivered by Hillary Clinton
entitled "Anti-Trump" which takes place on Thursday, August 25th
, 2016 at a
campaign rally in Reno, Nevada.
C. Research Question
Based on the background and focus of the study, the research
questions are formulated as follows:
1. What types of Leech‟s textual rhetoric used in Hillary Clinton speech
transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada?
2. How is the function of Leech‟s textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech
transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada?
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D. Objective of the Study
Based on research questions above, the objective of the study are:
1. To identify Leech‟s textual rhetoric used in Hillary Clinton speech
transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada.
2. To analyze the function of Leech‟s textual rhetoric used in Hillary Clinton
speech transcript "Anti-Trump" in Nevada.
E. Significance of the Study
The theoretical benefits of this research are expected to allow the
reader to add to their repertoire of knowledge to the pragmatics field,
especially in textual rhetoric.
Practical benefits from the results of this study are expected to
provide an explanation of textual rhetoric in speech transcript. So, this
research can be useful references for readers who will conduct the similar
research.
F. Research Methodology
1. Method of the Research
This research is in pragmatics field and the method used in this
research is qualitative method, a research relying in verbal and non-
numerical data as the basis of analysis and problem solving (Farkhan 2).
In addition, this study used a descriptive analysis, the analysis that
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examines an object with the aim to provide a description and picture of
the actual facts are scrutinized and systematic (Suryana 36).
2. The Technique of Data Collection
The technique of data collecting in this research is bibliography
technique because the corpus of this research is speech transcript.
According to Subroto (42), it is more suitable for research in the field of
language especially written language such as articles, books,
magazines, newspaper, etc.
The writer does some steps to collect the data as follows:
1) Identifying the speech of Hillary Clinton.
2) Justifying the main problem of the research by picking speech which
is assumed containing textual rhetoric.
3) Segmenting the data into sentences.
4) Tabulating the data and numbering the sentences.
3. The Technique of Data Analysis
The writer does some steps to analyze the data as follows:
1) Finding textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech transcript.
2) Classifying the types of textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech
transcript.
3) Explaining the result of the analysis by mentioning the function of
textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton speech transcript.
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4) Draw a conclusion about textual rhetoric based on the data that has
been analyzed.
4. Research Instrument
The instrument of this research is the writer as a main
instrument to obtain the data. The writer uses books and journals to
support the data which are needed for analyze the textual rhetoric in
Hillary Clinton speech transcript.
5. Unit of Analysis
The data used in this research is the speech transcript. The
source of this research is Hillary Clinton speech transcript that delivered
on Thursday, August 25th
, 2016 in Reno, Nevada. The speech transcript
obtained from the web page of The Washington Post.
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/25/hillary-
clintons-alt-right-speech-annotated/
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
This research focuses on textual rhetoric on Hillary Clinton speech
transcript about anti-Trump in Reno, Nevada. Related to this topic, many
studies have already done with different point of view. Previous research is
needed to identify the differences of this research and previous research. Here
are some previous researches which are similar with this topic:
First, a study done by Ahmad Mayuuf (2015) entitled “Rhetorical
Pragmatics”. The study adopts Leech's model of communication which
entails explaining the interpersonal rhetoric and the textual rhetoric. An idea
concerning the textual rhetoric is also presented in section four giving some
significant points on its principles. The research also deals with rhetorical
pragmatic strategies, types of arguments, figures of speech and tropes. The
research found that rhetorical pragmatic strategies are powerful tools because
of the deviation that characterizes rhetorical means combined with pragmatic
devices.
Second, a journal written by Patricia Vallejos (2016) entitled
“Grammar and Pragmatic Interrelations in the Construction of Popular
Science Texts for Children”. This research analyzed pragmatic perspective of
Leech‟s principles of textual rhetoric in popular science books for children.
The aim of the study is to provide a pragmatic explanation of the syntactic
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restrictions that characterizes the scientific language of the texts. The data
used in this study are popular science books that cover physics and biology
subjects‟. The analysis draws attention to the needs of the teachers that
intervene in the learning process of scientific knowledge in order to develop
the skills required for the purposes of school literacy of science. These
include the mastering not only of field-specific terms but also of the grammar
resources that structure scientific knowledge. On account of this, the work
stresses the importance of the implementation, in science teachers‟ syllabus,
of courses or tutorial sessions of scientific language in order to instruct future
science educators in its linguistic skills and, in so doing, complement their
professional literacy.
Third, a journal conducted by Monsefi Roya (2017) entitled “The
Rhetoric of Persian News Headlines: A Case Study of Euronews”. The
method was descriptive and the data was analyzed on the basis of textual
rhetorical analysis. In this study, wordplay is selected for examination
because it is the effective means of persuasion that can influence the readers‟
attitude, experience and world perception. Wordplay is investigated in news
headlines due to the headlines‟ prominent position in news articles and their
determining function of persuasion. Headlines express the news with
intention and express the news for attention. The findings suggested that
wordplays were frequently employed in Euronews Persian headlines.
Although similar researches have already done, few of studies have
attempted to analyze textual rhetoric in speech transcript. This study analyzes
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the use of principles and maxims in textual rhetoric in speech transcript.
Therefore, this topic is still interesting to discuss.
B. Rhetoric
Kennedy (2007) defines rhetoric as the energy inherent in emotion
and thought transmitted through a system of signs, including language, to
others to influence their decisions or actions. When we express emotions and
thoughts to other people with the goal of influencing them, we are engaged in
rhetoric. Meanwhile Murthy and Ghosal (2014), consider rhetoric is the art of
persuade people using language in order to influence the audience about what
the speaker want to inform. By contrast, Elston (2017) explain that rhetoric is
about action, creation and coalition that can impress the audience. Another
opinion is come from Cedillo (2017), she said that rhetoric is necessary for
survive, because words cannot be trusted and unstable. So, we need rhetoric
to convincing people what we want to say. From the definition about rhetoric
above, it can be conclude that the function of rhetoric is to influence people.
Aristotle divides rhetoric into three persuasive appeals. They are
ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos is defined as the credibility that the author
establishes with the audience. The credibility of the speaker towards the
audience can be acquired through personality, character, intelligence, virtue,
good will, being just, sensitive etc (Murthy and Ghosal 2014). Pathos means
appealing to the audience by arousing their emotions. With the help of
Pathos, the speaker can get connected emotionally with the audience
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(McCormack 2014). Meanwhile logos, defines as persuasion through
reasoning. It denotes the message internal consistency, the clarity of the
claim, the logic of its reason and the effectiveness of its confirming proof (Al-
Hindawi, Mayuuf and Al-Juwaid 2017). This persuasive appeal is effective
not only in public speaking but also in every field where language is widely
used to persuade people towards the truth.
According to Aristotle, the purpose of rhetoric is to show the
speaker intention with the proof. Among many theories and concepts, the
rhetorical tradition is known for its Five Canons, namely invention,
arrangement, style, memory, and delivery, all to be used as guides for
effective communication. Invention is the development of an idea through
research and thinking process. Arrangement refers to the organization of an
argument. Style determines the tone and manner of the argument. Memory
deals with the way of which the presenter prepares for the reception of the
argument. The last is delivery, concerns the presentation of the argument.
Although the Five Canons are traditionally specific to oral communication,
modern scholars use them as practical guides for creating and delivering
compelling written and visual communication as well (Tham 2016).
Leech (15) mentions rhetoric as the effective use of language to
influence or persuade people. He classifies rhetoric into Interpersonal
Rhetoric and Textual Rhetoric, each of which is made up of sets of principles.
According to Leech (60), Textual Rhetoric helps to determine the stylistic
12
form of the text in terms of segmentation, ordering, etc. While, Interpersonal
Rhetoric dealt with how people regulate interaction. Interpersonal Rhetoric
contains five constituent of principles with its maxims and Textual Rhetoric
contains four principles with its maxims. Leech‟s rhetorical concept shown in
figure below:
Figure 2.1. Leech‟s Rhetorical Concept (Leech 16)
C. Pragmatics
According to Leech (3), pragmatics is sub-discipline of linguistics
that observes about how language is used in communication (spoken or
written) which has meanings in situations. He explains that meaning in
pragmatics is relative to a speaker or user of the language and context
contributes to interpret the meaning. While, Horn and Ward (xi) argued that
13
pragmatics is the study of those context-dependent aspects of meaning which
are systematically abstracted away from in the construction of content or
logical form. Mey (7) said that pragmatics is needed if we want a fuller,
deeper, and generally more reasonable account of human language behavior.
It can be said that pragmatics is linguistics scope that examine about the
meaning.
Leech (11) distinguishes pragmatics into pragma-linguistics and
socio-pragmatics based on its function. Pragma-linguistics is the study of
features of language use related to speakers' knowledge of the structure
(grammar) and expressive resources of the language itself rather than of the
social context. Whereas, socio-pragmatics is the study of language use that
relates to everyday social practices. Thus, textual rhetoric included into
pragma-linguistics because explaining about structure of the text.
The focus of this research is on textual rhetoric, thus the writer only
gives detail explanation about textual rhetoric. Here are the explanations of
Textual Rhetoric in detail:
D. Textual Rhetoric
Textual Rhetoric is language use to construct the text in spoken or
written language (Leech 56). Textual Rhetoric has four principles with its
maxims. They are:
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1. Processibility Principle
According to Leech (64), processibility principle recommends
that the text must be humanly processible in ongoing time. Texts should be
produced in an easier way for the reader to decode them in time. This
principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated decisions
about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the syntactic
structures of the clauses and the degrees of linkage or subordination
between different parts of the message (Vallejos 3).
This principle has three maxims, they are:
a) End-focus Maxim
The end-focus maxim is concerned with the information structure of a
sentence. That is, given information is put before new information or
the most important information is placed at the end (Mitarai 110).
Given information is the speaker believes the listener already knows
and accepts as true and new information is the speaker believes the
listener does not yet know (Astington and Baird 86). The end-focus
maxim is usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a
clause/ sentence. Open class items are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and
adverbs (Quirk and Greenbaum 16).
The example of end-focus maxim is as follows:
(3) Sean Connery was born in Scotland.
In the sentence above, the last open-class item is the noun 'Scotland.' By
default, it is the focus, the new piece of information in this sentence. In
15
contrast, 'Sean Connery' is the topic (subject) of the sentence, or the old
piece of information on which the speaker makes some comment. Old
information is generally placed in the subject, whereas new information
is generally housed in the predicate (Cohen, Giangola & Jennifer 149).
The given-new order of information can contribute to the cohesion of a
text. The given-new order also helps the addressee to understand the
message (Wales 136).
b) End-weight Maxim
This maxim is frequently motivated by “restrictions of human memory
capacity in the left-to-right parsing of tree-structures.” According to it,
in a syntactic structure, “light” constituents precede “heavy ones”
(Leech 64). The example of the end-weight maxim is as follows:
(4) A) That Simon will resign is on the cards.
B) It is on the cards that Simon will resign.
In example (4), by choosing the that-clause in final position, the
speaker/writer facilitates for the hearer/reader to interpret or decode the
message. A is happier sentence than B because it follows the end-
weight maxim subjects are light constituents followed by heavy
predicates.
Many movement transformations (e.g., the rule of extra-position) serve
in End-weight Maxim by helping to ensure that complex constituents
are positioned in the final position of a sentence or clause (Leech 65).
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c) End-scope Maxim
End-scope maxim says that logical operators such as a negative
operator or a quantifier precede, rather than follow, the elements
(including other logical operators) which are within their scope
(Leech 65). The example of the end-scope maxim is as follows:
(5) A) Everyone in the room knows at least two languages.
B) At least two languages are known by everyone in the room.
Interpretation A:
( x (PERSON x & INROOM x) (Ǝy≥2
(LANGUAGE y & KNOW x, y)))
Interpretation B:
(Ǝy≥2
(LANGUAGE y & ( x ((PERSON x & INROOM x) KNOW x,
y)))))
In example A, the reading in which the existential quantifier is within
the scope of the universal quantifier is greatly preferred, whereas in
example B there is an equally strong preference for the reading in which
the scope-relations are reversed. This preference may be regarded as a
pragmatic preference, and it follows from a maxim corresponding to the
end-weight maxim (Leech 66).
2. Clarity Principle
The clarity principle applies to different levels of coding (Al-Hindawi,
Mayuuf and Al-Juwaid 19). Leech associates two maxims to this principle:
a) Transparency Maxim
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This maxim states a direct and transparent relationship between
message and text (Vallejos 5). The example of the transparency maxim
is as follows:
(6) The morning came at last when we were due to leave.
The separation of the modifying clause when we were due to leave from
its head morning obscures the relationship between argument and
predicate.
b) Ambiguity Maxim
This maxim recommends avoiding ambiguity (Vallejos 6). The example
of the ambiguity maxim is as follows:
(7) If the baby won‟t drink cold milk, it should be boiled.
Ambiguity occurs notoriously with pronoun anaphora above.
3. Economy Principle
According to Leech (67), the economy principle recommend being quick
and easy. On phonological level, economy principle presents elisions,
assimilations, and the abbreviating and simplifying processes. Similarly,
on the syntactic level, the economy principle has a contributory maxim of
reduction.
The processes which are subsumed under the heading of reduction here
are: (a) pro-nominalization, (b) substitution by other pro-forms, and
(c) ellipsis (or deletion). The example of the maxim of reduction is as
follows:
(8) A) James enjoys golf more than James enjoys tennis.
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B) James enjoys golf more than he does tennis.
C) James enjoys golf more than tennis.
The sentences above are example to pro-form substitution and ellipsis. The
longest sentence (A) is the „unhappiest‟ variant and the shortest one (C) is
the „happiest‟ (Leech 68).
4. Expressivity Principle
The Expressivity Principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers
to the expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. For example,
an Iconicity Maxim which invites the user, all other things being equal, to
make the text imitate aspects of the message, should be included in it
(Vallejos 7). Iconicity also provides a means for expressing the world of
the senses, before the conceptualizing mind moves us toward abstraction
(Freeman 427).
According to Vallejos (8), there are three types of iconicity maxim that can
be seen from its function: first is interrogative sentence; these structures
have a central pragmatic function in order to activate the curiosity and
interest of readers. Second is exclamative sentence; in these sentences,
expressivity functions to surprise, to provoke admiration or to stir some
kind of awareness. The last is comparative structures; these structures are a
frequent resource to describe or explain information. Metaphor also
included into iconicity maxim because metaphor plays in creating the
similarities that make expression iconic (Freeman 429). Here is the
influence of the expressivity principle in inhibiting reduction:
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(9) A) John Brown was guilty of the crime, and John Brown would have
to pay for it.
B) They put in the best they had and we put in the best we had and we
beat them bad.
C) She saw there an object. That object was gallows. She was afraid
of the gallows.
In each of these examples, it would be possible to abbreviate the text
without causing ambiguity (Leech 68).
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
The data was collected from Hillary Clinton speech transcript
entitled “Anti-Trump” in Reno, Nevada. The speech was delivered on August
25th
, 2016. In data description, the writer tries to classify and analyze the data
from Hillary Clinton‟s speech transcript. She found the principles and its
maxims in textual rhetoric used in the speech transcript by using relevant
theories. The result of textual rhetoric that consists of principles and maxims
are shown in the table below:
No. Textual Rhetoric
Datum Total Principle Maxim
1. Processibility
End-focus 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 12, 14,
16, 18, 22, 26, 29 12
End-weight 8, 13, 28 3
End-scope 4 1
2. Clarity Transparency 7, 17 2
Ambiguity 10, 11, 19, 27 4
3. Economy Maxim of Reduction 20, 21, 23 3
4. Expressivity Iconicity 2, 15, 24, 25, 30 5
Total 30
Table 3.1. Textual Rhetoric in Corpus Data
B. Data Analysis
The table of textual rhetoric in corpus data above consists of
30 data which has been selected for the purpose of the research. The data are
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analyzed based on principles of textual rhetoric. The detail of analysis shown
as follows:
Datum 1
I am so thrilled to be back in Reno. Thank you! I have to say I know when I'm
here in Reno, I'm the other Hillary. And I am more than okay with that
because I think your mayor is doing a terrific job. (Line 1-3)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the first sentence “I am so thrilled to be back in Reno”, new
information falls on adverb of place that used as preposition „in Reno‟
because the most important message in this sentence is in Reno Hillary
Clinton come back and she was glad. Then, in second sentence “I have to say
I know when I'm here in Reno, I'm the other Hillary“, new information falls
on prepositional phrase that used as adjective „the other Hillary‟ because the
most important message in this sentence is the other Hillary that means her
transformation in Reno then and now. In the last sentence “And I am more
22
than okay with that because I think your mayor is doing a terrific job”, new
information fall on adjective phrase „a terrific job‟ because the most
important message in this sentence is a terrific job that has been done by the
mayor makes Hillary proud. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in
processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the
information of the sentence.
Datum 2
And the fact that she herself is a small businesswoman and committed to
really lifting up Reno and giving everybody in this great city, the biggest little
city, with a big heart, a chance to get ahead and stay ahead. (Line 3-6)
The datum above is categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the
expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity
maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and
its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that has metaphors. First
metaphor is in adjective phrase „a small businesswoman‟ that literally does
not mean woman that have small body who runs business. The denotative
meaning for a small businesswoman is a woman who runs a business with not
many employees. Second metaphor is in verb phrase „lifting up Reno‟ that
literally does not mean she remove Reno with her hand. The denotative
meaning for lifting up Reno is the mayor advancing a city named Reno. Then,
the last metaphor is in adjective phrase „a big heart that literally does not
23
mean someone who has heart in big size. The denotative meaning for a big is
someone that has a kind and generous character. Metaphor used to refer to
something that it does not literally denote and sharpening listeners/ readers
imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated. Thus, the function
of iconicity maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is
to makes the sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.
Datum 3
I could not be more honored than to have her support and endorsement in this
race. (Line 6-7)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum above that has main focus in the end of the
sentence. The end-focus maxim has given and new information. The given
information is marked by underline and new information marked by italic.
New information fall on adverb of place that used as preposition „in this race‟
because the most important message in this sentence is in her race she got
support and endorsement, so she felt very honored. Thus, the function of end-
24
focus maxim in processibility principle that applied in the datum above is to
emphasize the information of the sentence.
Datum 4
So thank you so much Mayor Schieve, and let me also thank Dr. Karen
Hilgerson and everybody here at Truckee Meadows Community College.
(Line 8-9)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-scope
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. End-scope maxim says
that logical operators such as a negative operator or a quantifier precede,
rather than follow. In the datum above, it can be seen that universal quantifier
(everybody) within the scope of the existential quantifier (Mayor Schieve and
Dr.Karen Hilgerson).
This sentence can be interpreted as follow:
(Ǝy (HERE y & ( x ((PERSON x & TRUCKEE MEADOWS COMMUNITY
COLLEGE x) (THANK x, y)))))
Compare to sentence below:
Everybody here at Truckee Meadiws Community College, Mayor Schieve,
and Dr. Karen thank you so much.
25
This sentence can be interpreted as follow:
( x (PERSON x & TRUCKEE MEADOWS COMMUNITY COLLEGE x)
(Ǝy (HERE y & THANK x, y)))
In sentence above, the reading in which the existential quantifier is within the
scope of the universal quantifier is greatly preferred, whereas previous
sentence is strong preference. This preference regarded as a pragmatic
preference for the reading in which the scope-relations are reversed. Thus, the
function of end-scope maxim in processibility principle that applied in the
datum above is to arrange the sequence of sentence.
Datum 5
I love community colleges, and I know something about what this college is
doing to give people of all ages, not just young people, a real chance to get
the skills and opportunities that everybody in America deserves. (Line 10-12)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum above that has main focus in the end of the
sentence. The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data
above, the given information is marked by underline and new information
26
marked by italic. New information fall on clause „everybody in America
deserves‟ because the most important message in this sentence is everybody
in America deserves to get a chance to improve their skills and opportunities.
Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in processibility principle applied in
the datum above is to emphasize the information of the sentence.
Datum 6
I have to begin by saying my original plan for this visit was to focus on our
agenda to help small businesses and entrepreneurs. This week we proposed
new steps to cut red tape and taxes to make it easier for small businesses to
get the credit they need to grow and hire. (Line 13-16)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In first sentence, new information is in infinitive phrase „to help small
businesses and entrepreneurs‟ because the most important message in this
sentence is to help small businesses and entrepreneurs are the original plan
27
for Hillary visit. In second sentence, new information is in infinitive phrase
„to grow and hire‟ because the most important message in this sentence is to
grow and hire needed for small businesses to get credit. Thus, the function of
end-focus maxim in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to
emphasize the information of the sentence.
Datum 7
I want to be a small business president. My father was a small businessman.
And I believe that in America, if you can dream it, you should be able to
build it. And so, we‟ll be talking a lot more about small business and about
our economic plans in the days and weeks ahead. (Line 17-20)
The datum above categorized as clarity principle with transparency
maxim. Clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message and
transparency maxim suggests to makes a transparent relationship between
message and text. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear message.
Before Hillary Clinton talk about small business, she tells story about her
dream and her father job. She wanted to motivate the audiences about their
dream by using conditional conjunction „if‟ and she was using conjunction
„so‟ to connect what she was talking about before. She mentioned small
business several times to emphasize the topic that she will deliver. Thus, the
function of transparency maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum
above is to makes the relationship between message and text getting clear.
28
Datum 8
Everywhere I go, people tell me how concerned they are by the divisive
rhetoric coming from my opponent in this election. And I understand that
concern, because it‟s like nothing we‟ve heard before from a nominee for
president of the United States from one of our two major parties. (Line 24-27)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-weight
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The end-weight maxim means
that we try to put long "heavy" elements at the end of the sentence, and keep
the subject as short as possible. In cases such as the sentence above we often
use the "empty subject" it with a complement followed by the "that" clause.
The sentence above has light and heavy constituent. In the first sentence,
extraposition or rightward movement used to make the sentence easy to
understand. The sentence could be “The divisive rhetoric coming from my
opponent in this election and people tell me how concerned they are
everywhere I go”. In the second sentence, IT-extraposition used to make the
sentence easy to follow. The sentence could be “And I understand that
concern, because that we‟ve heard before from a nominee for president of the
United States from one of our two major parties is like nothing.” Thus, the
function of end-weight maxim in processibility principle that applied in the
datum above is to makes the sentence easy to understand.
29
Datum 9
From the start, Donald Trump has built his campaign on prejudice and
paranoia. He is taking hate groups mainstream and helping a radical fringe
take over the Republican Party. His disregard for the values that make our
country great is profoundly dangerous. (Line 28-31)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the first sentence, new information falls on noun phrase „on
prejudice and paranoia‟ because the most important message in this sentence
is on prejudice and paranoia that Donald Trump used in his campaign. Then,
in second sentence, new information falls on noun phrase „Republican Party‟
because the most important message in this sentence is Republican Party that
had been taken away by radical fringe. In the last sentence, new information
fall on adjective phrase „profoundly dangerous‟ because the most important
message in this sentence is profoundly dangerous that he had disregard for the
30
values. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in processibility principle
applied in the datum above is to emphasize the information of the sentence.
Datum 10
Trump has stood up in front of largely white audiences and described black
communities in such insulting and ignorant terms: “Poverty. Rejection.
Horrible education. No housing. No homes. No ownership. Crime at levels
nobody has seen." Right now, he said, "you can walk down the street and get
shot.” Those are his words. (Line 32-36)
The datum above categorized as clarity with ambiguity maxim. Clarity
principle recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity maxim
suggests to avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above that has
clear message. First, Hillary explains what Donald Trump has been said to
white audiences about black communities. “Poverty. Rejection. Horrible
education. No housing. No homes. No ownership. Crime at levels nobody has
seen” is insulting and ignorant terms. The sentence “you can walk down the
street and get shot” is the result of crime at levels nobody has seen that means
uncontrolled crime. In the beginning sentence, Trump mentioned and for the
rest of the sentence, pronoun „he‟ and „his‟ are refers to Trump. There is no
ambiguity and other meaning in this sentence. Thus, the function of the
ambiguity maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum above is to
avoid ambiguity and make the text clear.
31
Datum 11
How sad. Donald Trump misses so much. He doesn‟t see the success of black
leaders in every field, the vibrancy of black-owned businesses, the strength of
the black church. He doesn‟t see the excellence of historically black colleges
and universities or the pride of black parents watching their children thrive.
(Line 37-41)
The datum above categorized as clarity principle with ambiguity maxim.
Clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity
maxim suggests to avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above
that has clear message. First, Hillary expresses her sorrow about Donald
Trump. She disappointed because Donald Trump could not see everything
good in black people. In sentence “Donald Trump misses so much”, it is
refers to the reason why Hillary Clinton sad. In sentence “He doesn‟t see the
success of black leaders in every field, the vibrancy of black-owned
businesses, the strength of the black church. He doesn‟t see the excellence of
historically black colleges and universities or the pride of black parents
watching their children thrive”, „he‟ is refers to Donald Trump and it is the
explanation about what he misses. There is no ambiguity and other meaning
in this sentence. Thus, the function of the ambiguity maxim in clarity
principle that applied in the datum above is to avoid ambiguity and make the
text clear.
32
Datum 12
Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or experience or solutions would be bad
enough. But what he‟s doing here is more sinister. Trump is reinforcing
harmful stereotypes and offering a dog whistle to his most hateful supporters.
(Line 48-51)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the first sentence “Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or experience
or solutions would be bad enough”, new information falls on adjective phrase
„bad enough‟ because the most important message in this sentence is bad
enough if Trump is lack of knowledge or experience or solutions. Then, in
second sentence “But what he‟s doing here is more sinister “, new
information falls on comparative adjective „more sinister‟ because the most
important message in this sentence is more sinister that Donald Trump doing
here. In the last sentence “Trump is reinforcing harmful stereotypes and
offering a dog whistle to his most hateful supporters”, new information fall
33
on infinitive phrase „to his most hateful supporters‟ because the most
important message in this sentence is to his most hateful supporters Trump is
reinforcing harmful stereotypes and offering a dog whistle. Thus, the function
of end-focus maxim in processibility principle applied in the datum above is
to emphasize the information of the sentence.
Datum 13
It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind of president he‟d be. (Line 51)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-weight
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The end-weight maxim means
that we try to put long "heavy" elements at the end of the sentence, and keep
the subject as short as possible. In cases such as the sentence above we often
use the "empty subject" it with a complement followed by the "that" clause.
The sentence above has light constituent “It‟s a disturbing preview of” and
heavy constituent “what kind of president he‟d be”. This sentence use IT-
extraposition or rightward movement to make the sentence easier to
understand. The sentence could be “what kind of president he‟d be is a
disturbing preview”. IT-extraposition constructs by it as subject of Adjectival
Predicate WH (what kind of president he‟d be) and Verb Phrase (is a
disturbing preview). Extraposition used because there is a tendency in English
not to like heavy elements, such as clauses, at the beginning of a sentence, but
34
to prefer them at the end. This preference is a result of the basic Subject-
Verb-Object structure of English, where objects are typically longer than
subjects. Thus, while sentence “what kind of president he‟d be is a disturbing
preview” is perfectly grammatical, it is much more natural to use the
synonymous sentence “It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind of president
he‟d be.” Then, the function of end-weight maxim in processibility principle
that applied in the datum above is to makes the sentence easy to understand.
Datum 14
A man with a long history of racial discrimination, who traffics in dark
conspiracy theories drawn from the pages of supermarket tabloids and the far,
dark reaches of the internet, should never run our government or command
our military. (Line 52-55)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the sentence above, new information falls on adverbial clause
35
„should never run our government or command our military‟ because the
most important message in this sentence is Donald Trump was not deserve to
run in government or command military. Thus, the function of end-weight
maxim in processibility principle that applied in the datum above is to make
the sentence easy to understand.
Datum 15
Ask yourself, if he doesn‟t respect all Americans, how can he serve all
Americans? (Line 56-57)
The datum above categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the
expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity
maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and
its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that contain interrogative
sentence. These structures have function in order to trigger the curiosity and
interest the audience or reader. The sentence above can be used as a question,
but may very well serve as a request to think twice to choose Donald Trump.
The declarative sentence before and after the interrogative sentence makes the
sentence becomes operative and meaningful. Thus, the function of iconicity
maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is to makes
the sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.
36
Datum 16
But the hard truth is, there‟s no other Donald Trump. (Line 62)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the sentence above, new information is in noun phrase „no other
Donald Trump‟ because the most important message in the sentence is no
other Donald Trump is the hard truth. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim
in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the
information of the sentence.
Datum 17
Maya Angelou, a great American whom I admire very much, she once said:
“When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time.” Well,
throughout his career and this campaign, Donald Trump has shown us exactly
who he is. We should believe him. (Line 64-67)
37
The datum above categorized as clarity principle with transparency
maxim. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear message, which
have a direct and transparent relationship between message and text. In
sentence “Maya Angelou, a great American whom I admire very much.”
Hillary tried to introduce Maya Angelou to the audience. Then, in sentence
“She once said: “When someone shows you who they are, believe them the
first time.””, „she‟ is refers to Maya Angelou and Hillary tried to tell about
her quote to the audiences. In the last sentence “Well, throughout his career
and this campaign, Donald Trump has shown us exactly who he is. We should
believe him.”, „his‟, „he‟ and „him‟ are refer to Donald Trump, „us‟ and „we‟
are refer to Hillary Clinton herself and the audiences. She tried to connect
Maya Angelou quote with Donald Trump career and campaign.As the
audiences know that Donald Trump has bad reputation for his career and
campaign, so Hillary ask the audiences to believe him in order they will not
regret what they choose.
Datum 18
In 2015, Trump launched his own campaign for president with another racist
lie. He described Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. And he
accused the Mexican government of actively sending them across the border.
None of that is true. (Line 80-83)
In textual rhetoric, the datum above categorized as processibility principle
with end-focus maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account
38
interrelated decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in
the syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented
in manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim
is usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/
sentence. It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the
sentence. The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data
above, the given information is marked by underline and new information
marked by italic. In the first sentence “In 2015, Trump launched his own
campaign for president with another racist lie.”, new information falls on
noun phrase „another racist lie‟ because the most important message in this
sentence is another racist lie that Donald Trump has been done in his
campaign in 2015. Then, in second sentence “He described Mexican
immigrants as rapists and criminals.“, new information falls on noun „rapists
and criminals „ because the most important message in this sentence is rapist
and criminals that Donald Trump gave to described Mexican immigrants. In
the third sentence “And he accused the Mexican government of actively
sending them across the border.”, new information falls on preposition
phrase „across the border‟ because the most important message in this
sentence is across the border Donald Trump accused the Mexican government
sending them. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in processibility
principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the information of the
sentence.
39
Datum 19
When Trump said a distinguished federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t be
trusted to do his job because, quote, “He‟s a Mexican.” Think about that.
(Line 85-87)
The datum above categorized as clarity principle with ambiguity maxim.
Clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity
maxim suggests to avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above
that has clear message. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear
message. First, Hillary explains what Donald Trump has been accused to
Mexican, he seems to hate Mexican. Then, she connected it with Donald
Trump that said a distinguished federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t be
trusted to do his job because, quote, “He‟s a Mexican.”, as we know that
Indiana is located in Mexico which means Indiana is Mexican and they could
not be trusted because they are rapists and criminals. There is no ambiguity
and other meaning in this sentence. Thus, the function of the ambiguity
maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum above is to avoid
ambiguity and make the text clear.
Datum 20
When asked in a nationally televised interview whether he would disavow the
support of David Duke, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, Trump
wouldn‟t do it. And only later, again, under mounting pressure, did he
40
backtrack. And when Trump was asked about anti-Semitic slurs and death
threats coming from his supporters, he refused to condemn them. Through it
all, he has continued pushing discredited conspiracy theories with racist
undertones. (Line 102-108)
The datum above categorized as economy principle with maxim of
reduction. This principle recommends being quick and easy. Economy
principle favors elisions, assimilations, and the abbreviating and simplifying
processes which is contributory maxim of reduction. It can be seen from the
datum above that the sentence has been reduced from its original sentence.
The first sentence use ellipsis (said that) and substitution (do it refers to
disavow the support of David Duke) to reduce the sentence. The original
sentence should be: “When asked in a nationally televised interview whether
he would disavow the support of David Duke, a former grand wizard of the
Ku Klux Klan said that Trump wouldn‟t disavow the support of David
Duke.” In the next sentence, pro-nominalization (he refers to Trump) and
(them refers to his supporters) used. The original sentence should be: “And
when Trump was asked about anti-Semitic slurs and death threats coming
from his supporters, Trump refused to condemn his supporters.” Thus, the
function of maxim of reduction in economy principle that applied in the
datum above is to makes the text being quick and easy or in other word, it
could be shorter.
41
Datum 21
You remember he said that thousands of American Muslims in New Jersey
cheered the 9/11 attacks. They didn‟t. He suggested that Ted Cruz‟s father
was involved in the Kennedy assassination. Now perhaps in Trump‟s mind,
because Mr. Cruz was a Cuban immigrant, he must have had something to do
with it. And there is absolutely, of course, no evidence of that. (Line 109-113)
The datum above categorized as economy principle with maxim of
reduction. This principle recommends being quick and easy. Economy
principle favors elisions, assimilations, and the abbreviating and simplifying
processes which is contributory maxim of reduction. It can be seen from the
datum above that the sentence has been reduced from its original sentence.
The first sentence use pro-nominalization (they refers to American Muslims
in New Jersey) and ellipsis (cheered the 9/11 attacks) to reduce the sentence.
The original sentence should be: “You remember he said that thousands of
American Muslims in New Jersey cheered the 9/11 attacks. American
Muslims in New Jersey didn‟t cheered the 9/11 attacks.” In the next sentence,
pro-nominalization (he refers to Trump) and substitution (it refers to a Cuban
immigrant) used. The original sentence should be: “Now perhaps in Trump‟s
mind, because Mr. Cruz was a Cuban immigrant, he must have had something
to do with a Cuban immigrant.” In the last sentence, substitution (it refers to
Ted Cruz‟s father was involved in the Kennedy assassination) used. The
42
original sentence should be: “And there is absolutely, of course, no evidence
of Ted Cruz‟s father was involved in the Kennedy assassination” Thus, the
function of maxim of reduction in economy principle that applied in the
datum above is to makes the text being quick and easy or in other word, it
could be shorter.
Datum 22
His latest paranoid fever dream is about my health. All I can say is, Donald,
dream on. This is what happens when you treat the National Enquirer like
Gospel. They said in October I'd be dead in six months. (Line 116-118)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the first sentence “His latest paranoid fever dream is about my
health.”, new information falls on prepositional phrase „about my health‟
because the most important message in this sentence is about Hillary Clinton
health that become Donald Trump latest paranoid dream. Then, in second
43
sentence “All I can say is, Donald, dream on“, new information falls on
prepositional phrase that used as verb phrase „dream on‟ because the most
important message in this sentence is dream on is Hillary can say to Donald.
In the third sentence “This is what happens when you treat the National
Enquirer like Gospel”, new information falls on noun phrase „like Gospel‟
because the most important message in this sentence is like Gospel they treat
the National Enquirer. In the last sentence “They said in October I'd be dead
in six months.”, new information falls on prepositional phrase „in six months‟
because the most important message in this sentence is in six months they
said in October Hillary will be dead. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim
in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the
information of the sentence.
Datum 23
But look at his policies. The ones that Trump has proposed, they would put
prejudice into practice. And don‟t be distracted by his latest attempts to
muddy the waters. (Line 140-142)
The datum above categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the
expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity
maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and
its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that has figurative language
idiom. In sentence “The ones that Trump has proposed, they would put
44
prejudice into practice.”, put prejudice into practice is idiom that means to use
prejudice in actual situations. Then, in sentence “And don‟t be distracted by
his latest attempts to muddy the waters.”, muddy the waters is idiom that
means make a situation or an issue more confusing and complicated. Thus,
the function of iconicity maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the
datum above is to make the sentence more attractive in order to captivate
readers‟ interests.
Datum 24
He‟d ban Muslims around the world, billions of them, from entering our
country just because of their religion. Think about that for a minute. How
would it actually work? So people landing in U.S. airports would line up to
get their passports stamped, just like they do now. (Line 149-152)
The datum above categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the
expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity
maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and
its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that contain interrogative
sentence. These structures have function in order to trigger the curiosity and
interest the audience or reader. The interrogative sentence above can be used
as a question, but may very well serve as anxiety about the process of
entering America due to Donald Trump ban Muslims around the world. There
is a sense that makes the interrogative sentence above becomes operative and
45
meaningful. It is because the explanation before and after that interrogative
sentence, so the answer is not needed. Thus, the function of iconicity maxim
in expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is to makes the
sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.
Datum 25
But in Trump‟s America, when they step up to the counter, the immigration
officer would ask every single person, “What is your religion?” And then
what? What if someone says, “I‟m a Christian,” but the agent doesn‟t believe
him. Do they have to prove it? How would they do that? (Line 152-155)
The datum above categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the
expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity
maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and
its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that contain interrogative
sentence. These structures have function in order to trigger the curiosity and
interest the audience or reader. In the first interrogative sentence “What is
your religion? And then what?” is trigger the curiosity about what would
happen next because it was talking about before. In second interrogative
sentence “Do they have to prove it? How would they do that?” can be used as
a question, but may very well serve as anxiety if the agent does not believe
their religion. There is a sense that makes the interrogative sentence above
becomes operative and meaningful. It is because the explanation before and
46
after that interrogative sentence, so the answer is not needed. Thus, the
function of iconicity maxim in expressivity principle that applied in the datum
above is to makes the sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟
interests.
Datum 26
But look at who he‟s put in charge of his campaign. Trump likes to say he
only hires the “best people.” But he‟s had to fire so many campaign managers
it‟s like an episode from the Apprentice. (Line 168-170)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the first sentence “But look at who he‟s put in charge of his
campaign.”, new information falls on noun phrase „his campaign‟ because
the most important message in this sentence is his campaign that Donald
Trump put in charge. Then, in second sentence “Trump likes to say he only
hires the “best people.”“, new information falls on adjective phrase „best
47
people‟ because the most important message in this sentence is best people
that Trump hires. In the last sentence “But he‟s had to fire so many campaign
managers it‟s like an episode from the Apprentice.”, new information falls on
noun clause „an episode from the Apprentice‟ because the most important
message in this sentence is an episode from the Apprentice is like many
campaign managers that Donald Trump fire. Thus, the function of end-focus
maxim in processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize
the information of the sentence. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in
processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the
information of the sentence.
Datum 27
Next time you see Trump rant on television, think about all the
children listening across America. Kids hear a lot more than we think. Parents
and teachers are already worried about what they‟re calling the “Trump
Effect.” They report that bullying and harassment are on the rise in our
schools, especially targeting students of color, Muslims, and immigrants.
(Line 234-238)
The datum above categorized as clarity principle with ambiguity maxim. It
can be seen from the datum above that has clear message. Clarity principle
recommends us to presents a clear message and ambiguity maxim suggests to
avoiding ambiguity. It can be seen from the datum above that has clear
message. First, Hillary shared about impact for kids that listening and
48
watching Trump in television. Then, she connected it with “Trump Effect”
that trigger bullying and harassment in the school; the victims are students
with different skin color, Muslims, and immigrants. In sentence “Next time
you see Trump rant on television, think about all the children listening across
America. Kids hear a lot more than we think.”, Hillary warns the audiences
that already have children to not allow their children watch Donald Trump in
television because kids can do more than they expect. Kids usually imitate
what they see because they not understand yet whether it is good or not, they
cannot choose something. So, Hillary hopes that their parents and teachers
will control them into good person. In sentence “Parents and teachers are
already worried about what they‟re calling the “Trump Effect.” They report
that bullying and harassment are on the rise in our schools, especially
targeting students of color, Muslims, and immigrants.” Hillary introduces the
„Trump Effect‟. Bullying and harassment that targeting students of color,
Muslims, and immigrants are some examples of „Trump Effect‟. There is no
ambiguity and other meaning in this sentence. Thus, the function of the
ambiguity maxim in clarity principle that applied in the datum above is to
avoid ambiguity and make the text clear.
Datum 28
This is a moment of reckoning for every Republic dismayed that the Party of
Lincoln has become the Party of Trump. It‟s a moment of reckoning for all of
49
us who love our country and believe that America is better than this. (Line
246-249)
In textual rhetoric, the datum above categorized as processibility principle
with end-weight maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into
account interrelated decision about the ordering and prominence of certain
elements in the syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The end-weight
maxim means that we try to put long "heavy" elements at the end of the
sentence, and keep the subject as short as possible. In cases such as the
sentence above we often use the "empty subject" it with a complement
followed by the "that" clause. The sentence above has light and heavy
constituent. In the first sentence “This is a moment of reckoning for every
Republic dismayed that the Party of Lincoln has become the Party of
Trump.”, extraposition or rightward movement used to make the sentence
easy to understand. The sentence could be “That the Party of Lincoln has
become the Party of Trump is a moment of reckoning for every Republic
dismayed.” In the second sentence “It‟s a moment of reckoning for all of us
who love our country and believe that America is better than this.” IT-
extraposition used to make the sentence easy to follow. The sentence could be
“who love our country and believe that America is better than this is a
moment of reckoning for all of us.” Thus, the function of end-weight maxim
in processibility principle that applied in the datum above is to makes the
sentence easy to understand.
50
Datum 29
I will be a president for all Americans. Because I truly believe we are
stronger together. And this is a vision for the future rooted in our values and
reflected in a rising generation of young people. The young people in
America today are the most open, diverse, and connected we’ve ever seen.
(Line 265-268)
The datum above categorized as processibility principle with end-focus
maxim. This principle suggests the writer to take into account interrelated
decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in the
syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. The datum above presented in
manner which makes it easy to process in real time. The end-focus maxim is
usually given to the last open-class item or proper noun in a clause/ sentence.
It can be seen from the datum that has main focus in the end of the sentence.
The end-focus maxim has given and new information. In the data above, the
given information is marked by underline and new information marked by
italic. In the first sentence “I will be a president for all Americans”, new
information falls on noun phrase „for all Americans‟ because the most
important message in this sentence is for all American Hillary will be a
president. Then, in second sentence “Because I truly believe we are stronger
together.“, new information falls on adjective phrase „stronger together‟
because the most important message in this sentence is stronger together
Hillary truly believe we are. In the third sentence “And this is a vision for the
future rooted in our values and reflected in a rising generation of young
51
people.”, new information fall on adverb clause „in a rising generation of
young people‟ because the most important message in this sentence is in a
rising generation of young people is a vision for the future rooted in our
values and reflected. In the last sentence “The young people in America today
are the most open, diverse, and connected we’ve ever seen.”, new information
fall on noun clause „we‟ve ever seen‟ because the most important message in
this sentence is we‟ve ever seen the young people in America today are the
most open, diverse, and connected. Thus, the function of end-focus maxim in
processibility principle applied in the datum above is to emphasize the
information of the sentence.
Datum 30
How many of you saw the Like Ibtihaj Muhammad, an African-American
Muslim from New Jersey who won the bronze medal in fencing with grace
and skill. Would she even have a place in Donald Trump‟s America? (Line
272-274)
The datum above categorized as expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. This principle is connected with effectiveness in that it refers to the
expressive and aesthetics aspects of communication. While, the iconicity
maxim is the conceive similarity or analogy between the form of a sign and
its meaning. It can be seen from the datum above that contain interrogative
sentence. These structures have function in order to trigger the curiosity and
interest the audience or reader. The sentence above can be used as a question,
52
but may very well serve as a hesitation that Donald Trump respect athlete
(Ibtihaj Muhammad) that have characteristic that he usually insult. The
sentence before and after the interrogative sentence makes the sentence
becomes operative and meaningful. Thus, the function of iconicity maxim in
expressivity principle that applied in the datum above is to makes the
sentence more attractive in order to captivate readers‟ interests.
53
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
According to the analysis above, the writer can draw some
conclusions about the study of Leech‟s textual rhetoric in Hillary Clinton
speech transcript “Anti-Trump” in Nevada as follows: Based on the first
research question, the writer found 4 types of principles and 7 types of maxims
in textual rhetoric that applied in Hillary Clinton speech transcript. There are
30 data that divided into 16 data of processibility principles (12 end-focus
maxims, 3 end-weight maxims, and 1 end-scope maxim), 6 data of clarity
principles (2 transparency maxims and 4 ambiguity maxims), 3 data of
economy principles with maxim of reductions, and 5 data of expressivity
principles with iconicity maxims. Each principles and maxims in textual
rhetoric has its functions to construct the text.
Meanwhile, based on second research question, there are some
functions of maxims that contain in principles of textual rhetoric. First,
processibility principle is basically suggests the writer to take into account
interrelated decision about the ordering and prominence of certain elements in
the syntactic structures of the clauses/ sentences. There are 3 maxims in
processibility principle and each maxim has different functions. The function
of end-focus maxim is to emphasize the information of the sentence; the
function end-weight maxim is to makes the sentence easy to understand; and
54
the function end-scope maxim is to arrange the sequence of sentence. Second,
clarity principle recommends us to presents a clear message. There are in
clarity principle and each maxim has different functions. The function of
transparency maxim is to makes the relationship between message and text
getting clear, whereas the function of ambiguity maxim is to avoid ambiguity.
Third, economy principle recommends being quick and easy. There is maxim
of reduction in this principle and the function of this maxim is to shorten the
text. The last is expressivity principle. This principle is connected with
effectiveness that refers to the expressive and aesthetics aspects of
communication. There is iconicity maxim in this principle and the function of
this maxim is to makes the sentence more attractive in order to captivate
readers‟ interests.
B. Suggestions
After conducting the research about Leech‟s textual rhetoric applied in
Hillary Clinton speech transcript “Anti-Trump” in Nevada, the writer suggests
to the next researchers who are interested in textual rhetoric and speech to find
another object of the analysis to develop the research, such as movie transcript,
advertisement and headline news which present different language uses.
Finally, the writer hopes that this research can enrich the readers‟ knowledge. I
also expect that this study will be useful as a reference for the further
researchers.
55
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58
APPENDIXES
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/25/hillary-clintons-
alt-right-speech-annotated/Transcript: Hillary Clinton's full remarks in Reno,
Nevada
Hillary Clinton’s Alt-Right Speech, Annotated
By Team Fix, Abby Ohlheiser and Caitlin Dewey
August 25th
, 2016
Thank you so much. I am so thrilled to be back in Reno. Thank you! I have to say 1
I know when I'm here in Reno, I'm the other Hillary. And I am more than okay 2
with that because I think your mayor is doing a terrific job. And the fact that she 3
herself is a small businesswoman and committed to really lifting up Reno and 4
giving everybody in this great city, the biggest little city, with a big heart, a 5
chance to get ahead and stay ahead. I could not be more honored than to have her 6
support and endorsement in this race. So thank you so much Mayor Schieve, and 7
let me also thank Dr. Karen Hilgerson and everybody here at Truckee Meadows 8
Community College. 9
I love community colleges, and I know something about what this college is doing 10
to give people of all ages, not just young people, a real chance to get the skills and 11
opportunities that everybody in America deserves. So thank you. 12
I have to begin by saying my original plan for this visit was to focus on our 13
agenda to help small businesses and entrepreneurs. This week we proposed new 14
steps to cut red tape and taxes to make it easier for small businesses to get the 15
credit they need to grow and hire. 16
I want to be a small business president. My father was a small businessman. And 17
I believe that in America, if you can dream it, you should be able to build it. And 18
so, we‟ll be talking a lot more about small business and about our economic plans 19
in the days and weeks ahead. But today, here in this community college devoted 20
to opening minds and creating great understanding of the world of which we live, 21
I want to address something that I am hearing about from Americans all over our 22
country. 23
59
Everywhere I go, people tell me how concerned they are by the divisive rhetoric 24
coming from my opponent in this election. And I understand that concern, 25
because it‟s like nothing we‟ve heard before from a nominee for president of the 26
United States from one of our two major parties. 27
From the start, Donald Trump has built his campaign on prejudice and paranoia. 28
He is taking hate groups mainstream and helping a radical fringe take over the 29
Republican Party. His disregard for the values that make our country great is 30
profoundly dangerous. 31
In just this past week, under the guise of “outreach” to African Americans, Trump 32
has stood up in front of largely white audiences and described black communities 33
in such insulting and ignorant terms: “Poverty. Rejection. Horrible education. No 34
housing. No homes. No ownership. Crime at levels nobody has seen." Right now," 35
he said, "you can walk down the street and get shot.” Those are his words. 36
But when I hear them, I think to myself: How sad. Donald Trump misses so much. 37
He doesn‟t see the success of black leaders in every field, the vibrancy of black-38
owned businesses, the strength of the black church. He doesn‟t see the excellence 39
of historically black colleges and universities or the pride of black parents 40
watching their children thrive. And he apparently didn't see Police Chief Brown 41
on television after the murders of five of his officers conducting himself with such 42
dignity. He certainly doesn‟t have any solutions to take on the reality of systemic 43
racism and create more equity and opportunity in communities of color and for 44
every American. It really does take a lot of nerve to ask people he‟s ignored and 45
mistreated for decades, “What do you have to lose?” Because the answer is: 46
Everything. 47
Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or experience or solutions would be bad 48
enough. But what he‟s doing here is more sinister. Trump is reinforcing harmful 49
stereotypes and offering a dog whistle to his most hateful supporters. 50
It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind of president he‟d be. And that's what I want 51
to make clear today: A man with a long history of racial discrimination, who 52
traffics in dark conspiracy theories drawn from the pages of supermarket tabloids 53
and the far, dark reaches of the internet, should never run our government or 54
command our military. 55
Ask yourself, if he doesn‟t respect all Americans, how can he serve all 56
Americans? 57
60
Now, I know some people still want to give Trump the benefit of the doubt. They 58
hope that he will eventually reinvent himself – that there‟s a kinder, gentler, more 59
responsible Donald Trump waiting in the wings somewhere. Because after all, it‟s 60
hard to believe anyone – let alone a nominee for president – could really believe 61
all the things he says. But the hard truth is, there‟s no other Donald Trump. This is 62
it. 63
Maya Angelou, a great American whom I admire very much, she once said: 64
“When someone shows you who they are, believe them the first time.” 65
Well, throughout his career and this campaign, Donald Trump has shown us 66
exactly who he is. We should believe him. When Trump was getting his start in 67
business, he was sued by the Justice Department for refusing to rent apartments to 68
black and Latino tenants. Their applications would be marked with a “C” – “C” 69
for “colored” – and then rejected. 70
Three years later, the Justice Department took Trump back to court because he 71
hadn‟t changed. And the pattern continued through the decades. State regulators 72
fined one of Trump‟s casinos for repeatedly removing black dealers from the 73
floor. No wonder the turn-over rate for his minority employees was way above 74
average. 75
And let‟s not forget Trump first gained political prominence leading the charge 76
for the so-called “Birthers.” He promoted the racist lie that President Obama is not 77
really an American citizen – part of a sustained effort to delegitimize America‟s 78
first black president. 79
In 2015, Trump launched his own campaign for president with another racist lie. 80
He described Mexican immigrants as rapists and criminals. And he accused the 81
Mexican government of actively sending them across the border. None of that is 82
true. Oh, and by the way, Mexico‟s not paying for his wall either. If it ever gets 83
built, you can be sure that American taxpayers will be stuck with the bill. 84
But there has been a steady stream of bigotry. We all remember when Trump said 85
a distinguished federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t be trusted to do his job 86
because, quote, “He‟s a Mexican.” Think about that. The man who today is the 87
standard bearer of the Republican Party said a federal judge -- who by the way 88
had a distinguished record as U.S. attorney, had to go in hiding because Mexican 89
drug gangs were after him, who has Mexican heritage but just like me was born in 90
this country -- is somehow incapable of doing his job solely because of his 91
61
heritage. Even the Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives, Paul 92
Ryan, described that -- and I quote -- as “the textbook definition of a racist 93
comment.” 94
To this day, Trump has never apologized to Judge Curiel. But for Trump, that is 95
just par for the course. This is someone who retweets white supremacists online, 96
like the user who goes by the name “white-genocide-TM.” Trump took this fringe 97
bigot with a few dozen followers and spread his message to 11 million people. His 98
campaign famously posted an anti-Semitic image – a Star of David imposed over 99
a sea of dollar bills – that first appeared on a white supremacist websites. 100
The Trump campaign has also selected a prominent white nationalist leader as a 101
delegate in California, and they only dropped him under pressure. When asked in 102
a nationally televised interview whether he would disavow the support of David 103
Duke, a former grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, Trump wouldn‟t do it. And 104
only later, again, under mounting pressure, did he backtrack. And when Trump 105
was asked about anti-Semitic slurs and death threats coming from his supporters, 106
he refused to condemn them. Through it all, he has continued pushing discredited 107
conspiracy theories with racist undertones. 108
You remember he said that thousands of American Muslims in New Jersey 109
cheered the 9/11 attacks. They didn‟t. He suggested that Ted Cruz‟s father was 110
involved in the Kennedy assassination. Now perhaps in Trump‟s mind, because 111
Mr. Cruz was a Cuban immigrant, he must have had something to do with it. And 112
there is absolutely, of course, no evidence of that. 113
Just recently, Trump claimed that President Obama founded ISIS. And he 114
has repeated that over and over again. 115
His latest paranoid fever dream is about my health. All I can say is, Donald, 116
dream on. This is what happens when you treat the National Enquirer like Gospel. 117
They said in October I'd be dead in six months. It‟s what happens when you listen 118
to the radio host Alex Jones, who claims that 9/11 and the Oklahoma City 119
bombings were inside jobs. He even said -- and this really, is just so disgusting -- 120
he even said the victims of the Sandy Hook massacre were child actors and no one 121
was actually killed there. I don't know what happens in somebody's mind or how 122
dark their heard must be to say things like that. But Trump didn‟t challenge those 123
lies. He actually went on Jones‟ show and said: “Your reputation is amazing. I 124
will not let you down.” This from the man wants to be president of the United 125
States. 126
62
You know, I‟ve stood by President Obama‟s side as he made the toughest 127
decisions a Commander-in-Chief has to make. In times of crisis, our country 128
depends on steady leadership, clear thinking, calm judgment. Because one wrong 129
move can mean the difference between life and death. 130
I know we have veterans here and I know we have families, mothers and spouses 131
of people currently serving. The last thing we need in the Situation Room is a 132
loose cannon who can‟t tell the difference -- or doesn't care to -- between fact and 133
fiction, and who buys so easily into racially-tinged rumors. 134
Someone so detached from reality should never be in charge of making decisions 135
that are as real as they come. That is yet another reason why Donald Trump is 136
simply temperamentally unfit to be president of the United States. 137
Now, I hear and I read some people who are saying that, well, his bluster and his 138
bigotry is just over-heated campaign rhetoric – an outrageous person saying 139
outrageous things for attention. But look at his policies. The ones that Trump has 140
proposed, they would put prejudice into practice. And don‟t be distracted by his 141
latest attempts to muddy the waters. 142
He may have some new people putting new words in his mouth, but we know 143
where he stands. He would form a deportation force to round up millions of 144
immigrants and kick them out of the country. He‟d abolish the bedrock 145
constitutional principle that says if you‟re born in the United States, you‟re an 146
American citizen. He says that children born into undocumented parents in 147
America are “anchor babies” and should be deported.Millions of them. 148
And he‟d ban Muslims around the world, billions of them, from entering our 149
country just because of their religion. Think about that for a minute. How would it 150
actually work? So people landing in U.S. airports would line up to get their 151
passports stamped, just like they do now. 152
But in Trump‟s America, when they step up to the counter, the immigration 153
officer would ask every single person, “What is your religion?” And then what? 154
What if someone says, “I‟m a Christian,” but the agent doesn‟t believe him. Do 155
they have to prove it? How would they do that? 156
Really, ever since the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, America has 157
distinguished itself as a haven for people fleeing religious persecution, believing 158
in religious freedom and religious liberty. 159
63
Under Donald Trump, America would distinguish itself as the only country in the 160
world to impose a religious test at the border. Come to think of it, there actually 161
may be one other place that does that. The so-called Islamic State. The territory 162
that ISIS controls. What a would be a cruel irony that someone running for 163
president would equate us with them. 164
Don‟t worry, some will say, as president, Trump will be surrounded by smart 165
advisers who will rein in his worst impulses. So when a tweet gets under his skin 166
and he wants to retaliate with a cruise missile, maybe cooler heads will convince 167
him not to. Well, maybe. But look at who he‟s put in charge of his campaign. 168
Trump likes to say he only hires the “best people.” But he‟s had to fire so many 169
campaign managers it‟s like an episode from the Apprentice. 170
The latest shake-up was designed to – quote – “Let Trump be Trump.” To do that, 171
he hired Stephen Bannon, the head of a right-wing website called Breitbart.com, 172
as campaign CEO. To give you a flavor of his work, here are a few headlines 173
they‟ve published: “Birth Control Makes Women Unattractive and Crazy.” 174
“Would You Rather Your Child Had Feminism or Cancer?” “Gabby Giffords: 175
The Gun Control Movement‟s Human Shield” “Hoist It High And Proud: The 176
Confederate Flag Proclaims A Glorious Heritage.” 177
That one came shortly after the Charleston massacre, when Democrats and 178
Republicans alike were doing everything they could to heal racial divides. 179
Breitbart tried to enflame them further. Just imagine – Donald Trump reading that 180
and thinking: “this is what I need more of in my campaign.” Bannon has nasty 181
things to say about pretty much everyone. 182
This spring, he railed against Paul Ryan for, quote “rubbing his social-justice 183
Catholicism in my nose every second.” No wonder he‟s gone to work for Trump – 184
the only Presidential candidate ever to get into a public feud with the Pope. It's 185
truly hard to believe, but according to the Southern Poverty Law Center, which 186
tracks hate groups, Breitbart embraces “ideas on the extremist fringe of the 187
conservative right." This is not conservatism as we have known it. This is not 188
Republicanism as we have know it. These are race-baiting ideas, anti-Muslim and 189
anti-immigrant ideas, anti-woman –– all key tenets making up an emerging racist 190
ideology known as the „Alt-Right.‟ Now Alt-Right is short for “Alternative 191
Right.” The Wall Street Journal describes it as a loose but organized movement, 192
mostly online, that “rejects mainstream conservatism, promotes nationalism and 193
views immigration and multiculturalism as threats to white identity.” 194
64
The de facto merger between Breitbart and the Trump Campaign represents a 195
landmark achievement for the “Alt-Right.” A fringe element has effectively taken 196
over the Republican Party. And this is part of a broader story -- the rising tide of 197
hardline, right-wing nationalism around the world. 198
Just yesterday, one of Britain‟s most prominent right-wing leaders, a man named 199
Nigel Farage, who stoked anti-immigrant sentiments to win the referendum to 200
have Britain leave the European Union, campaigned with Donald Trump in 201
Mississippi. Farage has called for a bar on the children of legal immigrants from 202
public schools and health services, has said women are and I quote “worth less” 203
than men, and supports scrapping laws that prevent employers from 204
discriminating based on race -- that‟s who Donald Trump wants by his side when 205
he is addressing an audience of American voters. And the grand godfather of this 206
global brand of extreme nationalism is Russian President Vladimir Putin. In fact, 207
Farage regularly appears on Russian propaganda programs. Now he‟s standing on 208
the same stage as the Republican nominee. 209
Trump himself heaps praise on Putin and embraces pro-Russian policies. He talks 210
casually of abandoning our NATO allies, recognizing Russia‟s annexation of 211
Crimea, and of giving the Kremlin a free hand in Eastern Europe more generally. 212
American presidents from Truman to Reagan have rejected the kind of approach 213
Trump is taking on Russia. We should, too. 214
Now all of this adds up to something we‟ve never seen before. Of course there has 215
always been a paranoid fringe in our politics, a lot of it rising from racial 216
resentment. But it‟s never had the nominee of a major party stoking it, 217
encouraging it, and giving it a national megaphone. Until now. 218
On David Duke‟s radio show the other day, the mood was jubilant. “We appear to 219
have taken over the Republican Party,” one white supremacist said. Duke laughed. 220
"No, there‟s still more work to do," he replied. 221
So no one should have any illusions about what‟s really going on here. The names 222
may have changed. Racists now call themselves “racialists.” White supremacists 223
now call themselves “white nationalists.” The paranoid fringe now calls itself “alt-224
right.” But the hate burns just as bright. And now Trump is trying to rebrand 225
himself as well. But don‟t be fooled. 226
There‟s an old Mexican proverb that says “Tell me with whom you walk, and I 227
will tell you who you are.” We know who Trump is. A few words on a 228
65
teleprompter won‟t change that. He says he wants to “make America great again,” 229
but more and more it seems as though his real message seems to be “Make 230
America hate again.” And this isn‟t just about one election. It‟s about who we are 231
as a nation. It‟s about the kind of example we want to set for our children and 232
grandchildren. 233
Next time you see Trump rant on television, think about all the children listening 234
across America. Kids hear a lot more than we think. Parents and teachers are 235
already worried about what they‟re calling the “Trump Effect.” They report that 236
bullying and harassment are on the rise in our schools, especially targeting 237
students of color, Muslims, and immigrants. 238
At a recent high school basketball game in Indiana, white students held up Trump 239
signs and taunted Latino players on the opposing team with chants of “Build the 240
wall!” and “Speak English.” After a similar incident in Iowa, one frustrated school 241
principal said, “They see it in a presidential campaign and now it's OK for 242
everyone to say this.” We wouldn‟t tolerate this kind of behavior and we wouldn't 243
tolerate it in our own homes. And we should not stand for it from a presidential 244
candidate. 245
You know, my friends, this is a moment of reckoning for every Republic 246
dismayed that the Party of Lincoln has become the Party of Trump. It‟s a moment 247
of reckoning for all of us who love our country and believe that America is better 248
than this. 249
Twenty years ago, when Bob Dole accepted the Republican nomination, he 250
pointed to the exits and told any racists in the party to get out. The week after 251
9/11, George W. Bush went to a mosque and declared for everyone to hear that 252
Muslims “love America just as much as I do.” 253
In 2008, John McCain told his own supporters they were wrong about the man he 254
was trying to defeat. Senator McCain made sure they knew: Barack Obama, he 255
said, is an American citizen and a decent person. We need that kind of leadership 256
again. 257
We can have our disagreements and believe me I understand that. I think that's 258
healthy. We need good debates. But we need to do it in a respectful way, not 259
finger pointing and blaming and stirring up this bigotry and prejudice. 260
Every day, more Americans are standing up and saying “enough is enough” – 261
including a lot of Republicans. And I am honored to have their support. And I 262
66
promise you this: with your help, I will be a president for Democrats, 263
Republicans, and independents. For those who vote for me and for those who vote 264
against me. I will be a president for all Americans. Because I truly believe we are 265
stronger together. And this is a vision for the future rooted in our values and 266
reflected in a rising generation of young people. The young people in America 267
today are the most open, diverse, and connected we‟ve ever seen. 268
How many of you saw the Olympics? I was so proud. I always get carried away 269
every time the Olympics are on. And you look at the diversity of our athletes. Just 270
look at our fabulous Olympic team representing the United States of America. 271
Like Ibtihaj Muhammad, an African-American Muslim from New Jersey who 272
won the bronze medal in fencing with grace and skill. Would she even have a 273
place in Donald Trump‟s America? 274
And I'll tell ya, when I was growing up, in so many parts of our country, Simone 275
Manuel would not have been allowed to swim in the same public pool as Katie 276
Ledecky. And now together on our swimming team they‟re winning Olympic 277
medals as teammates. 278
I don't know about you but I don't think we have a person to waste. We want to 279
build an America where every person has a place where if you work hard and do 280
your part, you can get ahead and stay ahead. That's the basic bargain of America. 281
And we cannot get to where we need to be unless we stand together and stand up 282
against prejudice and paranoia and prove once and for all that America is great 283
because is America is good. 284
Thank you all. Let's go out and win the election. May God bless the United States 285
and bless you 286
67
Textual Rhetoric Found in Hillary Clinton Speech Transcript
The writer found 30 data that divided into 16 data of processibility
principle (12 end-focus, 3 end-weight, and 1 end-scope maxim), 6 data of clarity
principle (2 transparency and 4 ambiguity maxim), 3 data of economy principle
with maxim of reduction, and 5 data of expressivity principle with iconicity
maxim. Each principles and maxims in textual rhetoric has its functions to
construct the text and make it easy to understand by the readers.
No Datum Textual Rhetoric
Principle Maxim
1.
(Line
1-3)
I am so thrilled to be back in
Reno. Thank you! I have to
say I know when I'm here in
Reno, I'm the other Hillary.
And I am more than okay
with that because I think
your mayor is doing a
terrific job.
Processibility End-focus
2.
(Line
3-6)
And the fact that she herself is a small
businesswoman and committed to
really lifting up Reno and giving
everybody in this great city, the
biggest little city, with a big heart, a
chance to get ahead and stay ahead.
Expressivity Iconicity
3.
(Line
6-7)
I could not be more honored than to
have her support and endorsement in
this race.
Processibility End-focus
4.
(Line
8-9)
So thank you so much Mayor Schieve,
and let me also thank Dr. Karen
Hilgerson and everybody here at
Truckee Meadows Community
College.
Processibility End-scope
5.
(Line
10-12)
I love community colleges, and I know
something about what this college is
doing to give people of all ages, not
just young people, a real chance to get
the skills and opportunities that
everybody in America deserves.
Processibility End-focus
68
6.
(Line
13-16)
I have to begin by saying
my original plan for this visit
was to focus on our agenda
to help small businesses and
entrepreneurs. This week we
proposed new steps to cut
red tape and taxes to make it
easier for small businesses to
get the credit they need to
grow and hire.
Processibility End-focus
7.
(Line
17-20)
I want to be a small business
president. My father was a small
businessman. And I believe that in
America, if you can dream it, you
should be able to build it. And so,
we‟ll be talking a lot more about small
business and about our economic plans
in the days and weeks ahead.
Clarity Transparency
8.
(Line
24-27)
Everywhere I go, people tell me how
concerned they are by the divisive
rhetoric coming from my opponent in
this election. And I understand that
concern, because it‟s like nothing
we’ve heard before from a nominee
for president of the United States from
one of our two major parties.
Processibility End-weight
9.
(Line
28-31)
From the start, Donald Trump has
built his campaign on prejudice and
paranoia. He is taking hate groups
mainstream and helping a radical
fringe take over the Republican Party.
His disregard for the values that make
our country great is profoundly
dangerous.
Processibility End-focus
10.
(Line
32-36)
Trump has stood up in front of largely
white audiences and described black
communities in such insulting and
ignorant terms: “Poverty. Rejection.
Horrible education. No housing. No
Clarity Ambiguity
69
homes. No ownership. Crime at levels
nobody has seen." Right now, he said,
"you can walk down the street and get
shot.” Those are his words.
11.
(Line
37-41)
How sad. Donald Trump misses so
much. He doesn‟t see the success of
black leaders in every field, the
vibrancy of black-owned businesses,
the strength of the black church. He
doesn‟t see the excellence of
historically black colleges and
universities or the pride of black
parents watching their children thrive.
Clarity Ambiguity
12
(Line
48-51)
Now, Trump‟s lack of knowledge or
experience or solutions would be bad
enough. But what he‟s doing here is
more sinister. Trump is reinforcing
harm-ful stereotypes and offering a
dog whistle to his most hateful
supporters.
Processibility End-focus
13.
(Line 51)
It‟s a disturbing preview of what kind
of president he’d be. Procesibility End-weight
14.
(Line
52-55)
A man with a long history of racial
discrimination, who traffics in dark
conspiracy theories drawn from the
pages of supermarket tabloids and the
far, dark reaches of the internet,
should never run our government or
command our military.
Processibility End-focus
15.
(Line
56-57)
Ask yourself, if he doesn‟t respect all
Americans, how can he serve all
Americans?
Expressivity Iconicity
16.
(Line
62)
But the hard truth is, there‟s no other
Donald Trump. Processibility End-focus
17.
(Line
64-67)
Maya Angelou, a great American
whom I admire very much, she once
said: “When someone shows you who
they are, believe them the first time.”
Clarity Transparency
70
Well, throughout his career and this
campaign, Donald Trump has shown
us exactly who he is. We should
believe him.
18.
(Line
80-83)
In 2015, Trump launched his own
campaign for president with another
racist lie. He described Mexican
immigrants as rapists and criminals.
And he accused the Mexican
government of actively sending them
across the border. None of that is true.
Processibility End-focus
19.
(Line
85-87)
When Trump said a distinguished
federal judge born in Indiana couldn‟t
be trusted to do his job because, quote,
“He‟s a Mexican.” Think about that.
Clarity Ambiguity
20.
(Line
102-
108)
When asked in a nationally televised
interview whether he would disavow
the support of David Duke, a former
grand wizard of the Ku Klux Klan,
Trump wouldn‟t do it. And only later,
again, under mounting pressure, did he
backtrack. And when Trump was
asked about anti-Semitic slurs and
death threats coming from his
supporters, he refused to condemn
them. Through it all, he has continued
pushing discredited conspiracy
theories with racist undertones.
Economy Maxim of
reduction
21.
(Line
109-
113)
You remember he said that thousands
of American Muslims in New Jersey
cheered the 9/11 attacks. They didn‟t.
He suggested that Ted Cruz‟s father
was involved in the Kennedy
assassination. Now perhaps in
Trump‟s mind, because Mr. Cruz was
a Cuban immigrant, he must have had
something to do with it. And there
is absolutely, of course, no evidence of
that.
Economy Maxim of
reduction
71
22.
(Line
116-
118)
His latest paranoid fever dream is
about my health. All I can say is,
Donald, dream on. This is what
happens when you treat the National
Enquirer like Gospel. They said in
October I'd be dead in six months.
Processibility End-focus
23.
(Line
140-
142)
But look at his policies. The ones that
Trump has proposed, they would put
prejudice into practice. And don‟t be
distracted by his latest attempts to
muddy the waters.
Economy Maxim of
reduction
24.
(Line
149-
152)
He‟d ban Muslims around the world,
billions of them, from entering our
country just because of their religion.
Think about that for a minute. How
would it actually work? So people
landing in U.S. airports would line up
to get their passports stamped, just like
they do now.
Expressivity Iconicity
25.
(Line
152-
155)
But in Trump‟s America, when they
step up to the counter, the immigration
officer would ask every single person,
“What is your religion?” And then
what? What if someone says, “I‟m a
Christian,” but the agent doesn‟t
believe him. Do they have to prove it?
How would they do that?
Expressivity Iconicity
26.
(Line
168-
170)
But look at who he‟s put in charge of
his campaign. Trump likes to say he
only hires the “best people.” But he‟s
had to fire so many campaign
managers it‟s like an episode from the
Apprentice.
Processibility End-focus
27.
(Line
234-
238)
Next time you see Trump rant on
television, think about all the
children listening across America.
Kids hear a lot more than we think.
Parents and teachers are already
worried about what they‟re calling the
Clarity Ambiguity
72
“Trump Effect.” They report that
bullying and harassment are on the
rise in our schools, especially targeting
students of color, Muslims, and
immigrants.
28.
(Line
246-
249)
This is a moment of reckoning for
every Republic dismayed that the
Party of Lincoln has become the Party
of Trump. It‟s a moment of reckoning
for all of us who love our country and
believe that America is better than
this.
Processibility End-weight
29.
(Line
265-
268)
I will be a president for all Americans.
Because I truly believe we are
stronger together. And this is a vision
for the future rooted in our values and
reflected in a rising generation of
young people. The young people in
America today are the most open,
diverse, and connected we’ve ever
seen.
Processibility End-focus
30.
(Line
272-
274)
How many of you saw the Like Ibtihaj
Muhammad, an African-American
Muslim from New Jersey who won the
bronze medal in fencing with grace
and skill. Would she even have a place
in Donald Trump‟s America?
Expressivity Iconicity
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