the 1970s
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THE 1970sTHE 1970s
ROCK MUSIC, DISCO, AND ROCK MUSIC, DISCO, AND THE POPULAR MAINSTREAMTHE POPULAR MAINSTREAM
American Culture in the American Culture in the 1970s 1970s
By the early 1970s, the majority of By the early 1970s, the majority of Americans had grown weary of the military Americans had grown weary of the military conflict in Vietnamconflict in Vietnam
Oil crisis in 1973Oil crisis in 1973 Economic inflationEconomic inflation Growing cynicism about politicsGrowing cynicism about politics
– Watergate hearingsWatergate hearings– The resignation of President Richard Nixon in The resignation of President Richard Nixon in
19741974 Popular music remained the target of Popular music remained the target of
conservative politicians and commentators.conservative politicians and commentators.
American Culture in the American Culture in the 1970s1970s
The market for popular music The market for popular music became focused on two main became focused on two main categories:categories:– New generation of teenagers, born in New generation of teenagers, born in
the late 1950s and early 1960sthe late 1950s and early 1960s– Adults aged twenty-five to fortyAdults aged twenty-five to forty
Nostalgia for the So-Called Nostalgia for the So-Called Golden Age of 1950s AmericaGolden Age of 1950s America
Film Film American GraffitiAmerican Graffiti (1973) (1973) Broadway musical and film Broadway musical and film Grease Grease
(1972 and 1978) (1972 and 1978) TV series TV series Happy DaysHappy Days
The End of the Counterculture The End of the Counterculture for Rock Fansfor Rock Fans
Deaths of leading figures in rock Deaths of leading figures in rock musicmusic– Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in 1970Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin in 1970– Jim Morrison of the Doors in 1971Jim Morrison of the Doors in 1971
Breakup of the BeatlesBreakup of the Beatles– Paul McCartney officially dissolved the Paul McCartney officially dissolved the
business partnership on December 31, business partnership on December 31, 1970.1970.
Technology and the Music Technology and the Music Business Business
Corporate Consolidation during the Corporate Consolidation during the 1970s1970s– Six huge corporations were responsible Six huge corporations were responsible
for over 80 percent of record sales in the for over 80 percent of record sales in the United States by the end of the decade:United States by the end of the decade: Columbia/CBSColumbia/CBS Warner CommunicationsWarner Communications RCA VictorRCA Victor Capitol-EMICapitol-EMI MCAMCA United Artists-MGMUnited Artists-MGM
Technology and the Music Technology and the Music BusinessBusiness
The recording industry became riskier during The recording industry became riskier during the 1970s.the 1970s.
The recording industry came to depend on a The recording industry came to depend on a relatively small number of million-selling relatively small number of million-selling platinum LPs to make a profit. platinum LPs to make a profit.
A small number of “multiplatinum” A small number of “multiplatinum” superstars negotiated multimillion-dollar superstars negotiated multimillion-dollar contracts with the major record companies. contracts with the major record companies.
Independent labels accounted for only one of Independent labels accounted for only one of every ten records sold in the early 1970s.every ten records sold in the early 1970s.
TechnologyTechnology
Eight-track tapes and cassette tapes, Eight-track tapes and cassette tapes, developed in the 1960s, became developed in the 1960s, became increasingly popular in the early 1970s.increasingly popular in the early 1970s.– By 1975, sales of prerecorded tapes accounted By 1975, sales of prerecorded tapes accounted
for almost one-third of all music sales in the for almost one-third of all music sales in the United States.United States.
The recording industry was increasingly The recording industry was increasingly impelled to present more choices for its impelled to present more choices for its customers.customers.– Dozens of specialized types of popular music Dozens of specialized types of popular music
and subgenres of rock music emerged.and subgenres of rock music emerged.
RadioRadio
The Top 40 playlist format dominated The Top 40 playlist format dominated AM radioAM radio– Professional programming consultants Professional programming consultants
provided lists of records that had done provided lists of records that had done well in other parts of the country.well in other parts of the country.
– Radio playlists became more and more Radio playlists became more and more restricted, making it difficult for bands restricted, making it difficult for bands without the backing of a major label to without the backing of a major label to break into the Top 40.break into the Top 40.
– The primary medium for rock was FM The primary medium for rock was FM radio.radio.
AOR (Album-Oriented Rock)AOR (Album-Oriented Rock)
Aimed at white males aged thirteen Aimed at white males aged thirteen to twenty-fiveto twenty-five– Generally excluded black artistsGenerally excluded black artists– Featured hard rock bands, such as Led Featured hard rock bands, such as Led
Zeppelin and Deep Purple, and art rock Zeppelin and Deep Purple, and art rock bands, such as King Crimson, Emerson, bands, such as King Crimson, Emerson, Lake, and Palmer, and Pink FloydLake, and Palmer, and Pink Floyd
Commercial Mainstream Commercial Mainstream Pop rockPop rock Adult contemporaryAdult contemporary Singer-songwritersSinger-songwriters Soft soul, a slick variety of rhythm & blues with Soft soul, a slick variety of rhythm & blues with
lush orchestral accompanimentlush orchestral accompaniment Country pop, a soft style of rock, lightly tinged Country pop, a soft style of rock, lightly tinged
with country music influenceswith country music influences Bubble gum, cheerful songs aimed mainly at a Bubble gum, cheerful songs aimed mainly at a
preteen audiencepreteen audience Disco, a form of dance music popular in the late Disco, a form of dance music popular in the late
1970s, characterized by elaborate studio 1970s, characterized by elaborate studio production and an insistent beatproduction and an insistent beat
African American Artists during African American Artists during the 1970sthe 1970s
Artists such as James Brown and Artists such as James Brown and Aretha Franklin found it more difficult Aretha Franklin found it more difficult to penetrate the pop- and rock-to penetrate the pop- and rock-dominated Top 40 charts.dominated Top 40 charts.
Motown Records no longer enjoyed Motown Records no longer enjoyed dominance of the crossover market.dominance of the crossover market.
Many of the black performers who Many of the black performers who were featured on AM radio and the were featured on AM radio and the Top 40 charts specialized in soft soul.Top 40 charts specialized in soft soul.
The Philadelphia SoundThe Philadelphia Sound
One of the most commercially One of the most commercially successful forms of soul music during successful forms of soul music during the 1970sthe 1970s
Produced by Kenny Gamble and Leon Produced by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff and performed by groups such as Huff and performed by groups such as the O’Jays and Harold Melvin and the the O’Jays and Harold Melvin and the Blue NotesBlue Notes
These groups had great crossover These groups had great crossover success in the 1970s.success in the 1970s.
The Tin Pan Alley Tradition of The Tin Pan Alley Tradition of SongwritingSongwriting
Songs from the Tin Pan Alley tradition Songs from the Tin Pan Alley tradition continued to be popular during the 1970s.continued to be popular during the 1970s.
The first Number One single of the 1970s The first Number One single of the 1970s was a throwback to the Brill Building era of was a throwback to the Brill Building era of the early 1960s, “Raindrops Keep Fallin’ the early 1960s, “Raindrops Keep Fallin’ on My Head,” performed by former on My Head,” performed by former country singer B. J. Thomas. country singer B. J. Thomas.
The song was featured on the soundtrack The song was featured on the soundtrack to the film to the film Butch Cassidy and the Butch Cassidy and the Sundance KidSundance Kid. . – Composed by Hal David and Burt BacharachComposed by Hal David and Burt Bacharach
Country Music and the Pop Country Music and the Pop MainstreamMainstream
Glen CampbellGlen Campbell Born in Arkansas in 1936Born in Arkansas in 1936 Worked with western swing bands in the Southwest Worked with western swing bands in the Southwest
as a teenageras a teenager Moved to Los Angeles in 1958, where he developed Moved to Los Angeles in 1958, where he developed
a career as a session guitarist and vocalista career as a session guitarist and vocalist Starting in the late 1960s, he had a string of Starting in the late 1960s, he had a string of
crossover hits on the country and pop charts:crossover hits on the country and pop charts:– ““Gentle on My Mind” (1967)Gentle on My Mind” (1967)– ““By the Time I Get to Phoenix” (1967)By the Time I Get to Phoenix” (1967)– ““Wichita Lineman” (1968) Wichita Lineman” (1968)
In 1969, he began hosting his own network TV In 1969, he began hosting his own network TV series.series.
Charlie Rich, the “Silver Charlie Rich, the “Silver Fox” Fox”
Born in Arkansas in 1932Born in Arkansas in 1932 Talented jazz and blues pianistTalented jazz and blues pianist
Began as a member of the group of Began as a member of the group of rockabilly performers at Sam Phillips’s Sun rockabilly performers at Sam Phillips’s Sun RecordsRecords
Switched to pop-oriented country music by Switched to pop-oriented country music by the 1960s and scored a series of Number the 1960s and scored a series of Number One crossover hits during the mid-1970sOne crossover hits during the mid-1970s
Won the Country Music Association (CMA) Won the Country Music Association (CMA) award for Entertainer of the Year in 1974award for Entertainer of the Year in 1974
John Denver (John Henry John Denver (John Henry Deutschendorf)Deutschendorf)
Born in New Mexico in 1943Born in New Mexico in 1943 His pop-oriented hit records were His pop-oriented hit records were
despised by many in the traditional despised by many in the traditional audience for country music.audience for country music.
Olivia Newton-JohnOlivia Newton-John Born in England in 1948Born in England in 1948 Grew up in AustraliaGrew up in Australia Scored a series of Top 10 country crossover hits Scored a series of Top 10 country crossover hits
during the mid-1970s:during the mid-1970s:– ““Let Me Be There” Let Me Be There” – ““If You Love Me Let Me Know”If You Love Me Let Me Know”– ““Have You Never Been Mellow” Have You Never Been Mellow”
Won the CMA award for Female Singer of the Year Won the CMA award for Female Singer of the Year in 1974in 1974– Her popularity in country music was met with distaste by Her popularity in country music was met with distaste by
many hardcore country fans.many hardcore country fans. Moved out of country music to jump on the oldies Moved out of country music to jump on the oldies
bandwagon bandwagon – Appeared in the film Appeared in the film GreaseGrease and on its bestselling and on its bestselling
soundtrack album (1978) soundtrack album (1978)
Dolly PartonDolly Parton
Born in the hill country of Tennessee in Born in the hill country of Tennessee in 19461946
Began her recording career at age elevenBegan her recording career at age eleven Moved to Nashville in 1964Moved to Nashville in 1964 Built her career with regular appearances Built her career with regular appearances
on country music radio and televisionon country music radio and television Succeeded Newton-John as CMA Female Succeeded Newton-John as CMA Female
Singer of the Year in 1975 and 1976Singer of the Year in 1975 and 1976
Hardcore CountryHardcore Country
Merle Haggard and the Bakersfield Merle Haggard and the Bakersfield SoundSound– During the 1970s, some musicians During the 1970s, some musicians
returned to the straightforward returned to the straightforward approach of postwar honky-tonk approach of postwar honky-tonk musicians like Hank Williams and Ernest musicians like Hank Williams and Ernest Tubb.Tubb.
Merle HaggardMerle Haggard Captured the spirit of so-called hardcore Captured the spirit of so-called hardcore
country in his recordingscountry in his recordings Born near Bakersfield, CA in 1937Born near Bakersfield, CA in 1937
– Son of migrants from Oklahoma (the “Okies”)Son of migrants from Oklahoma (the “Okies”) Wandered from place to place as a child.Wandered from place to place as a child. At nineteen, Haggard began serving a At nineteen, Haggard began serving a
three-year sentence at San Quentin Prison.three-year sentence at San Quentin Prison. In the early 1960s, after his release, In the early 1960s, after his release,
Haggard worked odd jobs around Haggard worked odd jobs around Bakersfield playing at nightclubs and Bakersfield playing at nightclubs and honky-tonks. honky-tonks.
Bakersfield, CABakersfield, CA
Was emerging as the center of a Was emerging as the center of a distinctive sound of country music, distinctive sound of country music, an outgrowth of the rockabilly of the an outgrowth of the rockabilly of the 1950s.1950s.
The “Bakersfield sound” stood in The “Bakersfield sound” stood in direct opposition to the slick sound of direct opposition to the slick sound of much Nashville country music and much Nashville country music and was one of the most influential was one of the most influential country genres of the late 1960s.country genres of the late 1960s.
Merle HaggardMerle Haggard
In 1965, Haggard scored a Top 10 In 1965, Haggard scored a Top 10 country hit with the song “(My country hit with the song “(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers,” Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers,” which led to a recording contract which led to a recording contract with Capitol Records.with Capitol Records.
Other hits include Other hits include – ““The Fugitive” andThe Fugitive” and– ““Okie from Muskogee,” which reached Okie from Muskogee,” which reached
Number One on the country charts and Number One on the country charts and forty-one on the pop charts. forty-one on the pop charts.
““Okie from Muskogee” Okie from Muskogee” We don’t smoke marijuana in MuskogeeWe don’t smoke marijuana in MuskogeeWe don’t take our trips on LSDWe don’t take our trips on LSDWe don’t burn our draft cards down on Main StreetWe don’t burn our draft cards down on Main StreetWe like livin’ right and being free…We like livin’ right and being free…
We don’t make a party out of lovin’We don’t make a party out of lovin’We like holdin’ hands and pitchin’ wooWe like holdin’ hands and pitchin’ wooWe don’t let our hair grow long and shaggy We don’t let our hair grow long and shaggy Like the hippies in San Francisco do…Like the hippies in San Francisco do…
We still wave Old Glory down at the courthouse,We still wave Old Glory down at the courthouse,In Muskogee, Oklahoma, U.S.A. In Muskogee, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
This song alienated many liberal listeners who had This song alienated many liberal listeners who had previously lauded Merle Haggard as a “poet of the common previously lauded Merle Haggard as a “poet of the common man.” man.”
Merle HaggardMerle Haggard
Haggard’s songs reflected the real Haggard’s songs reflected the real concerns and aspirations of millions of concerns and aspirations of millions of Americans, particularly migrants from the Americans, particularly migrants from the South who struggled to support their South who struggled to support their families during the economic climate of families during the economic climate of the 1970sthe 1970s
““If We Make It through December” (1973) If We Make It through December” (1973) captured the real-life dilemmas of captured the real-life dilemmas of working-class Americans struggling to working-class Americans struggling to create lives for their families.create lives for their families.
““If We Make It through If We Make It through December” (1973)December” (1973)
Got laid off at the factoryGot laid off at the factoryAnd the timing’s not the greatest in the worldAnd the timing’s not the greatest in the worldHeaven knows I been working hardHeaven knows I been working hard
Wanted Christmas to be right for Daddy’s girlWanted Christmas to be right for Daddy’s girlI don’t mean to hate December, it’s meant to be the happy I don’t mean to hate December, it’s meant to be the happy
time of yeartime of yearAnd my little girl don’t understand why Daddy can’t afford no And my little girl don’t understand why Daddy can’t afford no
Christmas hereChristmas hereIf we make it through December everything’s gonna be all If we make it through December everything’s gonna be all
right, I knowright, I knowIt’s the coldest time of year and I shiver when I see the falling It’s the coldest time of year and I shiver when I see the falling
snow…snow…If we make it through December we’ll be fineIf we make it through December we’ll be fine
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