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Feasibility & Health Risk Assessment of
Groundwater Recharge by TSE in the
Kingdom of Bahrain
Aqeel Ahmed, Waleed Al-Zubari, Alaa El-Sadek, and Mubarak A. Al-Noaimi
The Arab Regional Center @ AGU
WSTA 10th Gulf Water Conference, Water in the GCC…the Water-Energy-Food Nexus”,Doha, 22-24 April, 2012
Overview
Introduction
Groundwater Resources in Bahrain and Groundwater Development Impacts
Agriculture, Groundwater, and Tertiary TSE
Feasibility of Groundwater Recharge by Tertiary TSE
Methodology
Results
Conclusion and Recommendations
Groundwater (Dammam Aquifer) is the only natural water resource in Bahrain
Part of an extensive regional aquifer (the Eastern Arabian aquifer), recharged by underflow
Introduction
GDC, 1980
Two Aquifer units (A & B zones)
Adjacent to seawater on the east and brackish water (C zone) from the bottom
Cont., Introduction
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Neogene Formation
+ Recent deposits
Alat Member
Orange Marl Member
Khobar Member
Sharks Tooth Shale M.
Rus Formation
Umm Er RadhumaFormation
Geological Units
Dam
mam
Form
atio
nm
eter
s bel
ow
sea
lev
el
(+anhydrite & shales)
A
BC
Bahrain main island Sitraisland
A
A'
A A'
Limestone (Aquifer)
Underflow from Saudi
Arabia aquifers
Shale and marl (Aquitard)
Anhydrite (Aquitard)
Significant increase in water demands in past four
decades, met mainly by groundwater abstraction
Total Water Requirements in Bahrain, 1950-2010
Cont., Introduction
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Mil
lio
n c
ub
ic m
ete
rs
industrial
municipal
agriculture
Natural Springs
Discharge
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Millio
n C
ub
ic m
ete
rs
Safe Yield
Wells Abstraction
Water taken from
GW Storage
Heavy reliance on groundwater and unplanned
utilization
Prolonged over-exploitation
Potentiometric level decline & Quality deterioration
Cont., Introduction
Development of Dammam Aquifer in Bahrain
Al-Shaikh Al-Safahiyah Al-Rahah
1940-1
950
19
90
Al-Qusaibi, 1997
Potentiometric Levels Decline of the Dammam
Aquifer in Bahrain
Cont., Introduction
Salinity
mg/LQuality
Deterioration of the
Dammam Aquifer
(Salinity)
Historical salinity
(1965)
Cont., Introduction
Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE
0
50
100
150
200
Agricultural Water Consumption, in Mm3
(Groundwater &TSE)
Groundwater
Tertiary TSE
Cont., Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Inlet Tubli (Mm3/year)
TSE Production (Mm3/year)
TSE consumption (Mm3/year)
Sea Overflow (Mm3/year)
Partially
treated or
untreated
TSE Dynamics in Bahrain
(Tubli Wastewater Treatment Plant)
System Analysis of the Problem of Tubli Bay Pollution by Wastewater in Bahrain
Impacts
Health, Environmental, Ecological, Aesthetics, Financial, economical, political, social losses
Drivers
Rapid population growth High
consumption patterns
Pressures 1
Increasing rates of municipal water consumption & Increasing rates of
wastewater generation
Pressures 2
Increasing inflow rates to Tubli
treatment plant(centralized
wastewater system & limited capacity)
State
Increasing carryover rates and pollution
ResponseIncreasing wastewater
treatment capacity
Decentralization
Clean up
Proposed tariff on Wastewater!
Cont., Agriculture, Groundwater and TSE
MAR?
Feasibility of GW Recharge by TSE
MAR using Tertiary TSE represents a promising and potential option in the management of water resources in the Kingdom of Bahrain (hydraulic benefits: water levels and salinity)
However, associated health risks need to be assessed thoroughly (among other less concerns) before the implementation of such a scheme
Objective: to evaluate the hydrogeological and environmental feasibility of recharging groundwater with surplus tertiary treated wastewater
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Methodology
Site selection by GIS and Criteria Matrix
Using geospatial data to select the best location for artificial recharge (geometry, transmissivity, quality of groundwater, water supply wells location, TSE distribution network and main reservoirs with possible surplus)/ GIS
Simulation Modeling and Analysis of selected sites
Develop a groundwater mathematical model for the surrounding areas of the selected sites; simulate artificial recharge using several scenarios, evaluate the hydraulic efficiency and benefits, and identify the most suitable site for MAR/ MODFLOW and MT3DMS simulation
Health Risk Assessment
Use simulation modeling to assess health risks of artificial recharge/ PMPATH and MT3DMS
Cont., Adaptation Options
Results
Site selection by GIS & Criteria Matrix
1. Treated wastewater reservoirs tanks
locations and capacity
2. Dammam Aquifer Transmissivity (T)
3. Domestic Water wells locations
4. Agricultural areas
5. Aquifer salinity
6. Treated wastewater emergency wells
440000 450000 460000 470000
2850000
2860000
2870000
2880000
2890000
2900000
HAMALA
DUMISTAN
JASRA
MALIKIYA
SADAD
ZALLAQ
MAQABA
A'ALI
ABUSAIBA
ADARI _2ADARI _1
JANABYHA
BOURI _1BOURI _2
HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2
BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2
Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)
Reservoirs Locations
TSE Reservoirs Criteria
Dammam Outcrop
Rus Outcrop
Source: M inistry of W orks.
440000 450000 460000 470000
2850000
2860000
2870000
2880000
2890000
2900000
HAMALA
DUMISTAN
JASRA
MALIKIYA
SADAD
ZALLAQ
MAQABA
A'ALI
ABUSAIBA
ADARI _2ADARI _1
JANABYHA
BOURI _1BOURI _2
HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2
BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2
Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)
Reservoirs Locations
Transmissivity Criteria
Dammam Outcrop
Rus Outcrop
Source: W ater Resource Directorate.(2008)
1000 Contour line (C.I=1000)
440000 450000 460000 470000
2850000
2860000
2870000
2880000
2890000
2900000
HAMALA
DUMISTAN
JASRA
MALIKIYA
SADAD
ZALLAQ
MAQABA
A'ALI
ABUSAIBA
ADARI _2ADARI _1
JANABYHA
BOURI _1BOURI _2
HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2
BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2
Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)
Reservoirs Locations
Domestic Water Wells Locations Criteria
Dammam Outcrop
Rus Outcrop
Source: Swar (2002)
Domestic Water wells
440000 450000 460000 470000
2850000
2860000
2870000
2880000
2890000
2900000
HAMALA
DUMISTAN
JASRA
MALIKIYA
SADAD
ZALLAQ
MAQABA
A'ALI
ABUSAIBA
ADARI _2ADARI _1
JANABYHA
BOURI _1BOURI _2
HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2
BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2
Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)
Reservoirs Locations
Agricultura Areas Criteria
Dammam Outcrop
Rus Outcrop
Source: AlShowaiey (2005)
Agricultural areas
440000 450000 460000 470000
2850000
2860000
2870000
2880000
2890000
2900000
HAMALA
DUMISTAN
JASRA
MALIKIYA
SADAD
ZALLAQ
MAQABA
A'ALI
ABUSAIBA
ADARI _2ADARI _1
JANABYHA
BOURI _1BOURI _2
HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2
BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2
Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)
Reservoirs Locations
The comparison aquifer salinity criteria
Dammam Outcrop
Rus Outcrop
Salinity source: W ater Resource Directorate.(2006)
500 Contour line (C.I=500)
440000 450000 460000 470000
2850000
2860000
2870000
2880000
2890000
2900000
HAMALA
DUMISTAN
JASRA
MALIKIYA
SADAD
ZALLAQ
MAQABA
A'ALI
ABUSAIBA
ADARI _2ADARI _1
JANABYHA
BOURI _1BOURI _2
HAWARAT A'ALI _1HAWARAT A'ALI _2
BUHAIR _1BUHAIR _2
Hamad Town(Control Reservoir)
Reservoirs Locations
Treated wastewater emergency wells Criteria
Dammam Outcrop
Rus Outcrop
Source: W ater Resources Directorate (2008)
Treated wastewater emergency wells
Two Selected SitesMalikya and Dumistan
Cont., Adaptation Options
Cont., Results
Simulation modeling and analysis of the two selected sites
Constant
head
Abstraction
wells
Proposed
injection
locations
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
millio
n c
ub
ic m
ete
rs
Year
TSE Production
TSE Consumption
TSE Surplus
Max Production
Prediction YearsActual Years
Water
levels
Salinity
Cont., Results
Six scenarios are developed
National strategic water storage plan scenario: [200,000
m3/day – average daily consumption] / 2 = 77 Mm3 (38.5 Mm3 per location)
Surpluses storage Scenario: 7 Mm3/year = 35 Mm3 (17.5 Mm3
per well)
Inject all the quantities from scenario 1 (77 Mm3) in one well only: (3a: Dumistan, 3b: Malikiya)
Inject all the quantities from scenario 2 (35 Mm3) in one well only: (4a: Dumistan, 4b: Malikiya).
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Malikiya Water Level
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Time (day)
Wa
te
r L
ev
el (m
)
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) M alikiya" With Recharge (scenario 4b) M alikiya
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Cont., Results
Simulation modeling and analysis of selected sites (water levels)
A Observation Well
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Hamala Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Sadad Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Dumistan Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Zallaq Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Observation 1 Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Observation 2 Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-5
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Observation 3 Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620 1800 1980
Wa
ter L
ev
el
(m)
Time (day)
Observation 4 Water Level
Without Recharge With Recharge (scenario 1) With Recharge (scenario 2) With Recharge (scenario 3a)Dumistan
With Recharge (scenario 4a) Dumistan With Recharge (scenario 3b) Malik iya With Recharge (scenario 4b) Malik iya
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Cont., Results
Simulation modeling and analysis of selected sites (Salinity)
scenario 4b (Malikiya)scenario 4a (Dumistan)scenario 3b (Malikiya)
scenario 3a (Dumistan)scenario 2scenario 1
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Cont., Results
Health Risk Assessment (Pathogens) using PMPATHscenario 1 scenario 2 scenario 3a (Dumistan)
scenario 3b (Malikiya) scenario 4a (Dumistan) scenario 4b (Malikiya)
Hamala
dometic
wellfield
Hamala
dometic
wellfield
Hamala
dometic
wellfield
Hamala
dometic
wellfield
Hamala
dometic
wellfield
Hamala
dometic
wellfield
Farrmers
wells
Farrmers
wells
Farrmers
wells
Farrmers
wells
Farrmers
wells
Farrmers
wells
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Cont., Results
Health Risk Assessment (Nitrates) – Using MT3DMS (S 3b)
2010 2011
201220132014
Cont., Feasibility of GW recharge
Cont., Results
Health Risk Assessment (Nitrates)
North of Malikiya
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Distance from Malikiya Location (m)
Co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/L
)
South of Malikiya
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Distance from Malikiya Location (m)
Co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/L
)
West of Malikiya
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Distance from Malikiya Location (m)
Co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g/L
)
5 Year Simulation of scenario 3b
(about 4 Km)
Conclusion and Recommendations
Groundwater artificial recharge/storage enhancement using surplus tertiary TSE is a viable option for Bahrain at a certain location in western Bahrain, where maximum “hydraulic benefits” and minimum “health risks” can be achieved
Field pilot study for artificial recharge using tertiary TSE at the selected location to further evaluate the feasibility of artificial recharge and validate the modeling results is a pre-requisite for such plans
MAR should be looked at as a major component of national water resources management and planning in Bahrain
To develop a 3D simulation model for Bahrain aquifer system (including C zone), that can be used in the management of groundwater, including the evaluation of artificial recharge
THANK YOU!
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