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The Civil Rights Movement
1950s, 60s, and 70s
Terms to Know● Civil rights: rights that protect individuals' freedom from
violation by governments, social organizations, and private individuals
● Segregation: the enforced separation of different racial groups○ Supported by Jim Crow laws
Section I: The Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement● Strategies, groups, and social movements in the U.S. ● Goals:
○ End racial segregation and discrimination ○ Secure legal recognition and federal protection of
rights
Start of the Civil Rights Movement● Parks’ determination and courage sparked the start of the
civil rights movement● After her arrest…
○ Montgomery bus boycott○ Mass national protests
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.● C.R.M. leader● Influenced by Gandhi● Believed the way to end segregation and racism was
through nonviolent passive resistance
Carpool Pickup Station
Segregation in Schools● Brown v. Board of Education
○ Linda Brown denied access to her school in KS○ With the NAACP’s help, her parents sued the Topeka
school board○ Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public school
was unconstitutional■ Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
Linda Brown
This is Ruby Bridges in 1960 being escorted home from
school by Federal Marshals. She was, bravely, one of the first
black students to attend white schools during the civil rights
movement.
Little Rock, Arkansas● 9 black students admitted to a 2,000 person white school● AR governor ordered the National Guard to prevent
students from entering○ Angry white mobs formed
● Eisenhower ordered Nat’l Guard to to evacuate○ Mob stayed behind and beat reporters and broke
windows
Results of Little Rock● Nat’l attention
○ State gov’t defied federal gov’t● Eisenhower ordered army troops to escort 9 students into
school
Little Rock cont’d
Eisenhower & Civil Rights● Eisenhower disagreed with segregation
○ Wanted it to end naturally● Passed The Civil Rights Act of 1957
○ Protected black citizens’ right to vote
Woolworth’s Store● Joseph McNeil, Ezell Blair, Jr., David Richmond, and
Franklin McCain staged a sit in at an all white counter
Consequences of the Woolworth’s Sit In● Within two months sit ins spread to…
○ 54 cities○ 9 states○ Stores, restaurants, hotels, movie theaters, &
swimming pools● Encouraged college students to join the movement
Treatment of Protesters at Sit Ins● Heckled● Punched● Kicked● Beaten with clubs● Burned with cigarettes, hot coffee, and acid
The Sit-In Movement
SNCC● Students needed their own outlet for change
○ Instead of joining the NAACP○ Established the SNCC
■ Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee● SNCC desegregated public facilities and sent volunteers
into rural areas to register blacks to vote
Birmingham, Alabama● MLK Jr. wanted support from President Kennedy and the
federal gov’t○ Launched demonstrations in Birmingham to provoke
a violent response● MLK Jr. was jailed
○ Upon release, conditions worsened
March On Washington● Kennedy wanted to pass a civil rights bill
○ Lacked support● MLK Jr. organized a March on Washington
○ Delivered “I Have a Dream Speech”
Civil Rights Act of 1964● A landmark civil rights and U.S. labor law in the United
States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Facts to Hear, but Not Write Down● Black men and women still faced major hurdles when
trying to vote○ Attacked, beaten, and murdered
● In the South, black businesses and churches were bombed
The Selma March● Goal: to procure the right to vote● Marched 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery, AL● Became known as “Bloody Sunday”
○ Peaceful protesters beaten on nat’l television
The Voting Rights Act of 1965● Authorized federal examiners to register qualified voters,
bypassing local officials
Shift in the Movement● Many were unsatisfied with integration and voting rights
○ Wanted economic progress○ Why?
Black Power● Blacks should control the direction of their struggle● Physical self-defense and violence for freedom● Pride in their culture
○ Led to changes in clothing, hairstyles, and college courses
Malcolm X● Symbol of the Black Power
Movement● Member of the Nation of Islam
○ Joined in prison● Yearned for a society in which races
are separate and self-governing○ Self-defense
Changing Views● Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam
○ Spoke out against the group’s leader● Assassinated in February 1965
The Black Panthers● Militant group who preached black power, black
nationalism, and economic self-sufficiency● Believed in revolution in the U.S.
Black PowerU.S. athletes Tommie Smith and
John Carlos give the black power salute during the medal ceremony at the 1968 Olympic
Games in Mexico City.
The Assassination of MLK Jr.● C.R.M. had fragmented into several visions and goals● In March 1968, MLK Jr. was assassinated Memphis, TN
○ After his death, C.R.M. lacked unity and vision
Section II: Culture and
Counterculture
Review!● Typical 1950s All American life included...
As a Result...● Exclusive society● Prosperity
○ People could afford to send their children to college■ Freedom and independence
The Student Movement and the Counterculture
Main Concerns● American society valued
○ Conformity over independence○ Financial gain over social and spiritual advancement
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)● Formed the “New Left”● Interested in
○ Democracy○ Protesting Vietnam○ Poverty○ Nuclear power○ Racism
Commencement of the Free Speech Movement
● Led by Mario Savio at University of CA at Berkeley● Unhappy with university restrictions
○ Forbade distributing literature and recruiting political volunteers
○ Class taught by graduate students○ Professors too busy to meet with students
Civil Disobedience● Much like MLK Jr., protesters at Berkeley utilized civil
disobedience○ Speeches○ Abandoning class○ Occupying buildings
Results at Berkeley● Classes stopped for 2 days● Supreme Court ruled against the school
○ First Amendment rights○ Civil Rights Act
Mario Savio
Counterculture● Informally known as hippies● Instead of changing the system, yearned to create their
own society○ Mostly white middle and upper class Americans○ Flamboyant dress, rock music, drugs, free and
independent living
Original Utopian Counterculture● Utopia-a perfect place● Counterculture utopia consisted of
○ Freedom○ Empathy○ Love○ Tolerance○ Cooperation○ Close to nature
Communes● Many hippies left mainstream society to live on
communes○ Group living arrangements where everyone shares
and works together
Religious Movements● Without parental figures many turned to religious leaders
○ Led parents to accuse sects of mind control○ Attempted to recapture and reprogram their children
Decline of the Counterculture● Communes became seedy and dangerous● Drug use turned into addiction and overdoses ↑● People grew up
Counterculture Impact on Fashion
Counterculture Impact on Art
Counterculture Impact on Music & Dance
The Feminist Movement
Feminism● The belief that men and women should be equal
politically, economically, and socially
Women’s Roles in the 1960s● Women made up ~⅓ of the workforce
○ Held lower paying jobs○ Rights shifted to equality in the workplace
Disadvantages of Being a Women● Less pay for the same work● Excluded from higher paying fields● Ads separated jobs by gender● Banks denied credit
Title VII● Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion,
national origin, and gender○ Added in Title VII
The Feminine Mystique (1963)● Book authored by Betty Friedan
○ Interviewed women across the U.S. ■ Many had everything they wanted, yet still felt
unfulfilled
Successes● Banned gender discrimination in schools● Roe v. Wade● Pursuit of careers and college education● Employers started offering family benefits
New Approaches to Civil Rights
Civil Rights Spreads● Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, other minorities
began to strive for change○ Native Americans○ Hispanic Americans
Affirmative Action● Called for companies doing business with the federal
gov’t to actively recruit African Americans○ Goal: improve social and economic status
● Viewed by some as reverse discrimination
Affirmative Action
Busing● To speed up the integration of schools, local gov’ts began
busing students to other neighborhoods○ 20,000 white students left Boston Public Schools
Busing in Boston
César Chávez and Dolores Huerta● Organized United Farm Workers Union
○ Mexican Americans in CA demanded better working conditions
○ Organized grapes boycott○ 17 million people stopped buying grapes
César Chávez and Dolores Huerta
Native American Gains● Gained rights to land and water● Increased funds for education and federal programs
Saving the Earth
Environmental Issues● Pesticides● Pollution due to industrialization● Nuclear energy
Grassroots Effort● April 1970, first Earth Day celebration
○ Intensified environmentalist movement
Federal Government Action● Nixon passed…
○ Clean Air Act○ Clear Water Act○ Endangered Species Act○ Created the Environmental Protection Agency
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