the complexity and organization of organisms accommodates the need for obtaining, transforming,...

The complexity and organizationof organisms accommodates theneed for obtaining, transforming,transporting, releasing, andeliminating the matter and energyused to sustain the organism.

PASS Content Standard 5.1

CC5555HH7070MgNMgN44OO66CC5555HH7070MgNMgN44OO66

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CC5555HH7070MgNMgN44OO66CC5555HH7070MgNMgN44OO66

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Photosynthesis - 5 min

H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2

Water is split - giving off oxygen.

H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2

This system depends on sunlight for activation energy.

H2O O2 + ATP + NADPH2 Light is absorbed by chlorophyll a which "excites" electrons in the chlorophyll molecule.

ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6

Carbon dioxide is split, providing carbon to make sugars.

ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6

The ultimate product is glucose.

ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 C6H12O6

While this system depends on the products from the light reactions, it does not directly require light energy.

The sites of photosynthesisin plant cells.

Chlorophyll is only found in chloroplasts, never in cell cytoplasm.

5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:

1. Light intensityLight limited - Light saturated

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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:

2. Temperature Rate increases up to

25 oC (77 oF)

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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:

3. Length of day

5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:

4. Amount of CO2 available

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5 Factors Determining Rate of Photosynthesis:

5. Air Pollution

The release of energy in cells

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Photosynthesisin chloroplasts

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Respirationin mitochondria

Respiration - 2 min

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ATPATP is the is the energy molecule energy molecule of cellsof cells

The first phosphateThe first phosphatebond is broken bybond is broken bycellular processes,cellular processes,releasing energyreleasing energyand producing ADPand producing ADP

ATP - 3 min

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A two-stepA two-stepprocessprocess

Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar,Glucose, a 6-carbon sugar,is split into twois split into two3-carbon sugars...3-carbon sugars...

StepStep11

which are then which are then converted into converted into 2 pyruvic acid2 pyruvic acidmolecules.molecules.

StepStep22

Each pyruvic Each pyruvic acid moleculeacid moleculeenters theenters thecycle.cycle.

The Krebs Cycle can produceThe Krebs Cycle can produce30 ATP molecules from one30 ATP molecules from oneglucose molecule.glucose molecule.

Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in animal cells due to a lack of oxygen, causing muscle soreness as lactic acid builds up.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

While no ATP is produced, a carrier molecule allows glycolysis to continue.

Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen) can only produce 2 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.

Aerobic Respiration(with oxygen) can produce 38 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.

What is it?

Metabolism: ALL thechemical processesrelated to the use ofenergy in the body.

Digestion: the two-part process that changes food into a formusable by body cells.

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Digestion - 8 min

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Physical Digestion

breaks large pieces into smaller ones.

Adults have 32

8 Incisors4 Canines8 Premolars12 Molars

Chemical Digestion

changes complex chemicals into simple ones.

The average male will eat about

50 tons of food during his lifetime!

TheDigestiveSystem

Food generally takes

18 to 20 hours to pass through thealimentary canal

The alimentary canal(food tube) is 8 1/2 meters long.

Mouth - 15 centimeters

8 1/2 Meters

Esophagus - 50 centimeters

8 1/2 Meters

Stomach - 30 centimeters

8 1/2 Meters

Small Intestine - 5.75 meters

8 1/2 Meters

Large Intestine -1.65 meters,

165 centimeters

8 1/2 Meters

Serving Size

AmountPer Serving

Required Nutrients

Vitamins A & C,Calcium and Iron

% Daily Values

Reduced Fat - 2% MilkReduced Fat - 2% Milk Chocolate Non-Fat MilkChocolate Non-Fat Milk

The “finger-test” is used with a food label to easily determine just how “nutritious” a food is.

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Your body Your body containscontainsaboutabout

5 liters5 liters of blood.of blood.

Blood - 4 min

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Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

Systolic pressure, the first and highest number...

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

is the force the heart places on the walls of the arteries as it pumps with each heartbeat.

Diastolic pressure, the secondand lowest number...

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

is the pressure on the walls of the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

Both measurements are important.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

A high systolic pressure indicates strain on the vessels when the heart contracts.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

A high diastolic pressure meansthe vessels have little chance to relax between heartbeats.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

Occasional high blood pressure is common.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

Anxiety, exercise, or nervousness can cause a high reading.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

A sustained pressure of 140 / 90 is considered unhealthy.

Blood Pressure:"one-ten over seventy"

MeasuringBlood Pressure

Normal blood flowing through vessels does not make a sound.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

Cuff pressure causes turbulent flow and vibrations that produce the “tapping” sounds...

MeasuringBlood Pressure

known as the sounds of Korotkoff.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

A cuff is inflated around the arm - stopping blood flow through the brachial artery.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

Listening to blood flow below the cuff, the sound will stop when the ventricles are not producing enough pressure toforce blood past the pressure of the cuff.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

Air pressure in the cuff is now slowly released.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

The first sounds of blood passing through the artery means that the ventricles have pumped with just enough force...

MeasuringBlood Pressure

to overcome thepressure exerted by the cuff.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

This is the systolic pressure - the pressureof the blood when the ventricles contract.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

Air pressure continues to bereleased from the cuff, listening for the disappearance of sound.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

The sound stops when there isa steady flow of blood.

MeasuringBlood Pressure

This is thediastolic pressure - the pressure of the blood when the ventricles relax.

Pulse:

The pulse averages 70 - 76beats per minute in anormal resting person.

Radial Pulse:

Rest your right arm in the palm ofyour left hand. Curl the fingers ofyour left hand up around the thumbside of your right wrist.

Radial Pulse:

Place several fingers of your lefthand along and just to the outsideof the tendon that runs along your wrist.

Radial Pulse:

With gentle pressure, you shouldbe able to feel your pulse.

Blood pressure - 2 min

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What Is This?

Your lung Your lung surface area surface area

is aboutis about

1000 m1000 m22

Your total Your total lunglung

capacity is capacity is

5 to 6 liters5 to 6 liters

A normal A normal breathbreathmoves moves about about

11//2 2 literliter

Breathing - 3 min

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Inspiration

When air flows into the lungs

Tidal Volume - the amount of airmoved during normal breathing.Approximately 1/2 liter (1 pint).

Inspiration

When air flows into the lungs

Inspiratory Reserve - the amount ofair that can be taken in forciblyover the tidal volume. About 3 1/2 Liters.

Expiration

When air flows out of the lungs

Expiratory Reserve - the amount ofair that can be forcibly exhaledafter tidal expiration.About 1 1/2 Liters.

Expiration

Residual Volume - the amount of airthat remains in the lungs evenafter the most strenuous expiration.About 1 1/2 Liters.

When air flows out of the lungs

Take a deep breath, close theglottis, force air from the lungsagainst the glottis.

The glottis openssuddenly and a blast of air rushesupward. Cough

A cough acts to clearthe lower respiratorypassageway.

Cough

Similar to a cough, except thatexpelled air is directed throughnasal cavities instead of through the oral cavity.

Sneeze

The uvula, a flap of tissuehanging from the soft palate,becomes depressed and closes the oral cavity off from the pharynx, routingthe air throughnasal cavities.

Sneeze

Sudden inspirations resultingfrom spasms of the diaphragm - initiated by irritation of thediaphragm or phrenic nerves, which servethe diaphragm.

Hiccups

The sound of a hiccupoccurs when inspiredair hits vocal foldsof the closed glottis.

Hiccups

Very deep inspiration, takenwith jaws wide open.

Formerly believed triggered by a need to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood, this theory is now being questioned. Yawn

A yawn ventilates allalveoli, which is notthe case in normal,quiet breathing.

Yawn

Excretion is the removalExcretion is the removalof metabolic wastesof metabolic wastesfrom the bodyfrom the body

The most commonmammalian metabolicwaste product is urea,

CH4N2O

CO2

is also a metabolicwaste product,

Excretion - 2 min

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KidneysKidneysLungsLungsSkinSkin