the “dark” continent “ dark continent” – racist terminology referred to both the peoples...
Post on 14-Jan-2016
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THE “DARK” CONTINENT• “Dark Continent” – racist
terminology referred to both the peoples of Africa and their alleged ignorance
• In reality, Africa has always had diverse groups of people with their own unique cultures and histories– Civilisations– Languages– Religions
African Trade [15c-17c]
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution
Source forRaw
Materials
Source forRaw
Materials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropean
Nationalism
MissionaryActivity
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotives
For Colonisation
EuropeanMotives
For Colonisation
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
SocialDarwinism
SocialDarwinism
Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
Another point of view?
Berlin
Conference
of
1884-1885
European Colonisation/Decolonisation
Patterns
Berlin Conference of 1884-85
The “OPENING UP” OF AFRICA
•Mid-1800s
•Missionaries and explorers sparked foreign interest in Africa
FRENCH IN NORTH AFRICA• Algeria
– 1830 – invasion – 1831 – annexation
• Tunis– 1881 – controlled by France
• Led Italy to join the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Germany
• Morocco – 1881 – large part under French control– 1905 and 1911 – nearly sparked a European war
between France and Germany• 1906 – Algeciras Conference –Germany recognised
French rights in Morocco1 – Agadir Crisis – Germany recognised French protectorate
over Morocco in exchange for part of France’s territory in the Congo
FRENCH IN AFRICA
• Madagascar– 1896 – controlled by France
• Somaliland– 1880s – partly under French control
• West Africa– Late 1800s – largely under French
control• Sudan
– 1898 – met Britain’s area of control and nearly went to war
– Entente Cordiale settled British-French disputes in Africa
FRENCH IN AFRICA
• By World War I – 1914 – France controlled 3,250,000
square miles in Africa• 14 times the area of France
– France ruled 30,000,000 Africans• 75% of the population of France
French colonialism
• Driven by state, the Church, & military rather than business interests
• North America: Canada, Louisiana, Caribbean & west Africa
• 1870- WWII most of north Africa & Indochina
• Mission civilatrice: to spread French culture, lang., religion
French colonialism continued
• 2 forms of colonialism:• Indirect rule: governing through native polit.
structures & leaders
• Direct rule: imposing new governments on the
native populations
Impact of colonialism
• Ethnic & political distinctions in colonial states were severely disrupted by colonialism, that is :
Political boundaries of former colonies ( now independent nations) do not necessarily reflect their cultural/religious/political affiliations
North Africa
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