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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
SULTANATE OF OMANNational Center for Statistics and Information ( NCSI )
Muscat
( For the period 20 May 2010 - 19 May 2011)
2012
The Final Findings of the Household
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
1
SULTANATE OF OMANNational Center for Statistics and Information ( NCSI )
Muscat
( For the period 20 May 2010 - 19 May 2011)
2012
The Final Findings of the Household
3
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
His Majesty Sultan Qaboos Bin Said
5
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
ContentsContents Page No.
Chapter One
1- Introduction 9
2- Objectives 9
3- Methodology 10
4- Definitions and Concepts 11
Chapter Two
1- Household Characteristics 17
2-Characteristics of Dwelling and Services 17
3- Household Average Monthly Expenditures& consumption 19
4- Household Average Monthly Income 26
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
CHAPTER ONE Household Expenditure and Income Survey
2010– 2011
9
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
1 - Introduction
The National Center for Statistics and Information has the pleasure to present the summary of the Household Expenditure and Income Survey conducted during the period 20 May 2010 – 19 May 2011. This summary consists of two chapters: Chapter One covers the introduction, objectives, methodology, definitions and concepts, while Chapter Two presents the main results of the survey.
The Survey aims at collecting detailed data about household expenditure, consumption and income by the use of the diary method ( Record Book ), where the household registers its expenditure data on a day by day basis for a whole month. The Survey data provide a rare chance to obtain information about the distribution of expenditure and income levels in absolute terms, in addition to some basic indicators pertinent to the composition of the Omani society and household expenditure levels.
2 – Survey Objectives
The main objectives of the Household Expenditure and Income Survey aim at provision of basic data required for policy formulation for the different sectors at the national level. The survey would thus facilitate the identification of needs. The main objectives of the survey are summarized in the following:
1- Identification of sizes and patterns of annual consumption expenditure for the household sector (families) in the Sultanate and its relationship with demographic, economic and social changes for both Omanis and expatriates at the Sultanate level (urban/rural) and at the governorate and regional levels.
2- Provision of data that serves the purposes of planning of economic and social development in the Sultanate. This data provide the possibility of evaluating the impact of the current and planned economic and social programmes on the households’ living conditions.
3- Calculation of households and individuals annual consumption expenditure averages on the different expenditure items (goods and services), together with studying the factors influencing them.
4- Calculation of household and individual’s average income by the different income sources.
5- Calculation of households and individuals expenditure elasticity on goods and services in relation to changes in their income.
6- Studying level of wages and salaries and their impact on the various aspects of household consumption expenditure items (such as housing, health, education, etc).
7- Identifying the current demand size and estimating the future demand for goods and services to meet the population needs, whether from local production or imports.
8- Identifying population distribution according to the different income and expenditure groups and analyzing the factors related to them.
9- Identifying the informal sector’s activities especially agriculture activities and productivity which are performed within the household sector (outside the establishments) and their significance to the national economy.
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
10- Calculation of commodity weights for the preparation of consumer price index (CPI) .
3 – The Methodology
a- Survey Plan:
The survey plan depended basically on the recommendations of the United Nations and International Labor Organization related to family budget surveys, on the one hand, and its consistency with the System of National Accounts(SNA) concepts, on the other hand, as is the case with the majority of family budget surveys in most countries of the world. The Methodology has the following characteristics:-
The use of a random and regular sample representing the Sultanate community, consisting of 12 partial samples, using one in each month for the 12 months of the survey, thus avoiding the bias stemming from the seasonality of expenditure, consumption and income of the household. The survey period extended for a whole calendar year starting from 20 May 2010 to 19 May 2011.
Recording period was one month for each household, which is considered sufficient for measuring household expenditure and income.
Data was collected through household recording of expenditure and income with assistance provided by the researcher-if needed.
The reference time for durable goods (appliances and house facilities) was the last 12 months from the date of the researcher’s visit, while the reference time for transportation was 36 months from the date of the last visit to the household.
The survey population consists of all Omani and expatriate households in all governorates and regions of the Sultanate with the exemption of collective households (expatriate bachelors consisting of 6 individuals or more), Bedouins and Laborer camps.
The results of the survey are issued based on the administrative division of the governorates and region prior the issuance of the Royal Decree No. (114/2011) regarding the newly adopted governorates.
b- The Sample:The General Population Census 2003 was adopted as a base for withdrawing the sample for the periodic multipurpose surveys. 250 counting areas were withdrawn from all regions of the Sultanate representing all Omani and expatriate living households.
The total sample size for the Expenditure and Income Survey amounted to 4,661, of which 4,510 household were interviewed with Omanis households accounting for 3,186 and 1,324 expatriate households. The survey was considered as representing all months and all regions at the national level.
The results have shown that the response rate reached 97%, which is considered a relatively high rate.
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
4 – Definitions and Concepts
International Standards drawn from the United Nations recommendations were adopted in the preparation of the definitions and concepts used in this survey.They were also adjusted to the survey objectives and the circumstances of the Omani society.
Living Households:It is defined as an individual or a group of individuals whether related or unrelated to each other, sharing a house and one or more living arrangements, forming one living unit, and spends on its own consumption needs of goods and services from the accumulated funds whether earned by one family member or more. Housemaids and the like are part of the household as long as it secure their accommodation, food and clothing.
Head of Household:The head of household is the person responsible for directing the family expenditure collected from its members. The head of household is not necessarily the only supporter of the family, rather, he is the person considered by the household as such, whether the oldest person or not.
Components of Household Expenditure and Consumption:1- Cash spent on purchase of goods and services used for living purposes.
2- Value of goods and services received by the household from the employer and allocated for
household consumption.
3- Goods consumed by the household during the recording period from the household own
production.
4- Imputed value of owner-occupied house.
5- Interest on housing and consumer loans.
6- Fees, zakat, presents and employees contribution towards insurance.
Survey Period:
The Survey period extended for a whole year, starting from 20 May 2010 to 19 May 2011, with the household participation extended for one month.
Recording Period :The period for which data of household expenditure and consumption was obtained. This period is one month for food items, 12 months(previous) for durable goods (such as furniture, household appliances etc) and 36 months (previous) for personal transportation.
Economic Dependency Rate:The proportion of those who are not working to those who are working within the geographic boundaries of the country or a specific administrative division in a specific time frame according to the following formula :-
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Population - Number of employed X 100
Number of employed
Percentage of Food Consumption:The percentage of food consumption from total household consumption is determined as follows :
Food Consumption of Household X 100
Total Household consumption
An increase in the food share would be at the expense of other shares allocated for housing, education, health etc. It is worth noting that the percentage of food consumption in industrial countries does not exceed 20% from total household consumption.
Income:Income is the cash or in kind earned by the individual or by the household in a specific period of time such as a week, a month or a year. Current income consists of two basic sources. These are:
i. Primary Income. ii. Current Transfers.
Primary Income:It includes the income earned by a household member from the following sources:-
Employment remuneration such as wages and salaries
Returns from properties such as interest, profits and rents, or from the joint income of employers
or those working for their own account including the imputed rent for owner – occupied house.
Current Transfers:Includes transfers received by the household or any of its members from other sources for free and consists of the following:
Government cash assistance (social insurance, health and education assistance).
Social insurance compensations (pensions)
Other current transfers (cash and in kind assistance from individuals, alimony, assistance from
charity organizations, returns from insurance companies, transfers from abroad).
Main Source of Income:This means the fixed and continuous income from the following:
Wages and salaries, private projects and professions, returns from properties, pensions, transfers / other sources.
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Gini Coefficient: The coefficient is used for measuring the discrepancies in income distribution. The Gini coefficient, expressed as a percentage, falls between zero and 100%. Higher values of the coefficient means more discrepancies in income distribution. Zero value denotes complete equality in income distribution and 100% value denotes maximum inequality in income distribution (consumption).
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Chapter Two Main Results of the Survey
17
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
1- Households characteristics.
Household size (Number of Individuals in the Household):
Omani household size reached 8.1 individuals at the Sultanate level, with 7.9 individuals in urban localities and 8.6 individuals in rural localities. The average household size including both Omani and expatriate households at the Sultanate level reached 6.1 individuals, 5.8 individuals in urban localities and 7.0 individuals in rural localities.
Distribution of Households among urban and rural localities:
The percentage of households in urban localities at the Sultanate level reached 78.1% and 21.9% in rural localities. While the percentage of Omani households reached 72.4 % in urban localities and 27.6 % in rural localities.
2-Characteristics of Dwelling and Services
Household Ownership of Dwellings:The percentage of Omani households residing in owned houses reached 87.6%, while 11.6% reside in rented dwellings. In comparison most expatriate households reside in houses provided by the employer 49.9%, or rented houses 49.4%. The following table gives the details:-
Table No.(1)
Percentage Distribution of Housing Ownership
Nationality of Household Tenure Type ( % )
Owned Rented Against Work Others TotalOmanis 87.6 11.6 0.3 0.5 100.0Expatriates 0.7 49.4 49.9 0 100.0
Main Source of Drinking Water :42.1% of households obtain drinking water from the main network, 10.8% get their water needs from government water sources, 33.8% by means of bottled water and the remaining 13.3% get their water requirement from other sources such as private wells or falajs.
Accessibility to Public Services:The following table shows the proximity of the household residence to public services up to 5 kilometer or less in both urban and rural localities. The table reveals that a large percentage of urban population is close to most public services compared to a less percentage of rural localities.
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Table No. (2)
Percentage Distribution of Households by Population localities and Proximity to Public Services.
Proximity to Public Service Urban (%) Rural (%)
Paved Road 100 92.5Primary School 97.4 76.7Shopping Centers 99.1 83.8Health centre/Hospital 86.5 38.6
Time Spent to Access Public Services:The following table shows the percentage of households that could reach the public services in 14 minutes or less from their dwellings.
Table No.(3)
Percentage Distribution of Households by Time Taken to Access Services
Public Service Urban (%) Rural (%)Paved Road 99.9 92.7
Primary School 99.0 86.3
Shopping Centers 100 87.6
Health center/Hospital 97.0 66.2
Dwelling Environment:The following table shows the percentage distribution of households by their exposure to environmental problems. It is revealed by this table that the Sultanate is considered among the few countries with the least exposure to environmental pollution.
Table No. (4)Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Pollution
Type of Pollution Household (%) Type of Pollution Household (%)General Dust 11.9 Noise 4.6
Odour from Sewage 4.9 Odour from other sources
2.5
Odour from Garbage 6.0 Vehicles Exhaust 1.7
Odour from Animals 5.1 others 0.7
19
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Possession of Goods and Home Facilities by Nationality:Another measure of the standard of living is the household possession of durable goods and
facilities which can be summarized as follows: Approximately 89.6% of Omani households possess a private vehicle, compared to 44.1% of
expatriate households. More than 98% of Omani households possess a television, mobile phone, refrigerator, air
conditioner and cooker. More than 90% of expatriate households possess a television, mobile phone, refrigerator, air
conditioner and cooker. 57.6% of Omani households possess a personal computer, compared to 37.7% of expatriate
households. 25.9% of Omani households use the internet, compared to 23.2% of expatriate households.
Figure No. (1) Possession of Durable Goods and Facilities by Nationality
3- Household Average Monthly Expenditure and Consumption
Omani Household Average Monthly Expenditure : The Survey results indicate that Omani household average monthly expenditure reached RO.605,
while Omani urban household monthly expenditure amounted to RO.631, compared to
RO.513 in rural localities.
Omani household expenditure on food reached 32.8% from total expenditure, RO.240.
The average expenditure of Omani household headed by a male reached RO.745, while the average expenditure of households headed by a female amounted to RO.581.
20
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Omani household’s average expenditure on interest of housing and consumer loans amounted to
(RO.30) in accordance with a rate of interest ranging from 4% to 9%.
Omani household monthly expenditure on social insurance reached around 3.4 %, RO.28.
Transportation and communications share reached more than one fifth of the Omani household budget, 21.7 % , RO.158.5.
Average expenditure of Omani households on medical care RO.8 and on education RO.19 were low due to the provision of these services free of charge.
Household Average Monthly Expenditure by Nationality:The survey results show that the value of the consumer basket for all households at the Sultanate level reached RO.601 distributed among the various monthly expenditure items, revealing that food claimed the highest share of the household budget at the Sultanate level for both Omanis and expatriates taken together. The following table and figure depict the details:.
Table No.(5)
Omani and Expatriate Households Average Expenditure at the Sultanate Level by Goods and Services Groups in Omani Rials.
Household Nationality All Households at the Sultanate Level Omani Households Expatriate
HouseholdsSize of sample 4510 3186 1324
Goods & Services Omani Rial % Omani
Rial % Omani Rial %
Food 181.1 29.9 139.8 32.8 91.7 22.1
Housing 97.9 16.2 62.7 8.6 151.7 36.6
Clothing 39.2 6.5 57.0 7.8 12.2 2.9
Household Facilities 31.2 5.2 42.1 5.8 14.8 3.7
Medical care 6.8 1.1 8.1 1.1 4.8 1.2
Education & Culture 28.7 4.7 27.6 3.8 30.3 7.3
Transportation 78.2 12.9 103.5 14.2 39.6 9.5
Communications 46.4 7.7 54.9 7.5 33.3 8.0
Personal care 24.0 4.0 32.7 4.5 10.5 2.5
Travel abroad 17.5 2.9 16.7 2.3 18.8 4.5
Non-consumption expenditure * 42.1 7.0 68.9 9.4 1.2 0.3
Paid cash transfers ** 5.0 0.8 8.2 1.1 0.3 0.1
Other Goods & Services *** 6.9 1.1 7.8 1.1 5.5 1.3
Total 605 100 730.0 100.0 414.7 100.0
*Non-Consumption expenditure: social insurance, interest on Loans, Administrative charges.** Paid cash transfers: Zakat, charity and Eid gifts.*** Other Goods and services: Cigrettes and tobacco, writing and drawing stationary, financial and legal services, typing and photocopying services.
21
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Figure No. (2)Households Average Expenditures at the Sultanate Level (%)
Households Monthly Expenditure by Governorate/Region:Muscat governorate came ranked first according to monthly expenditure with an average expenditure amounting to RO.930 for Omani households compared to RO.820 for total households taken together (Omani and expatriate) Households. Dhofar governorate came last with an average expenditure amounting to RO.557 for Omani household, compared to RO.344 for both Omani and expatriate households.
The following table gives the details.
Table No. (6)Average Monthly Household Expenditure in Omani Rial by Governorate/Region
Variables
Household Average Monthly Expenditure in O.R. by Governorate/Region
Mus
cat
Al B
atin
a
Mus
anda
m
Adh
D
ahira
h
Ad
Dak
hliy
a
Al
Shar
qiya
h
Al W
usta
Dho
far
Sulta
nate
Omani Households 930 667 736 845 737 569 598 557 730
Total Households 820 540 544 571 597 473 382 344 605
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Figure No. (3)Omani Household Average Monthly Expenditure in Omani Rial by Governorate/
Region
Distribution of Omani Households by Monthly ConsumptionThe distribution of the sample of the Household monthly consumption reveals that the consumption of 45% of household was below the middle consumption value of RO.634 per month, while the consumption of 41.4% of urban household was below this middle level and and the percentage rises to 54.7 % in rural areas. The following table gives the details.
Table No. (7)Distribution of Omani Households by Monthly Consumption and Localities
Population localities
Consumption in Rial Omani / Percentage Share159 or
less
160 to 317
318 to 476
477 to 633
634 Middle group
635 to 793
794 to 952
953 to 1110
1111 and
aboveTotal
Sultanate 1.5 7.5 16.7 19.3 0.1 16.4 11.4 8.1 19.0 100.0Urban 1.2 6.2 15.1 18.9 0.1 16.4 11.9 8.8 21.4 100.0Rural 2.3 10.8 20.9 20.7 0.1 16.4 9.8 6.2 12.8 100.0
Differences in Omani Households ConsumptionThe following table measures the household Consumption percentages starting from the highest fifth to the lowest fifth.
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Table No. (8)The Share of the Highest and Lowest Fifths of Omani Households from Total
Consumption (%)
Year of SurveyNational Total Consumption
Highest Fifth 2nd Fifth 3rd Fifth 4th Fifth Lowest Fifth2010 45.2 22.1 15.7 10.9 6.1
Gini Coefficient Reached (30.7%) for all Omanis: This coefficient represents another measure which determines the differences in income and consumption. The survey results show that the value of the Gini coefficient reached (30.7) at the Sultanate level it is almost the same in both urban and rural localities
Differences in income and consumption were minimal between urban and rural localities or between regions and more evenly distributed in Dhofar governorate and less evenly distributed in Musandam governorate .Table No.(9) shows the details:
Table No. (9)Gini Coefficient by Population localities and Governorate / Region (%)
Sulta
nate
Urb
an
Rur
al
Mus
cat
Gov
erno
rate
Al B
atin
ah
Mus
anda
m
Gov
erno
rate
Adh
- Dha
hira
h
Ada
khliy
ah
Ash
arqi
yah
Al-W
usta
Dho
far
Gov
erno
rate
30.7 30.7 30.7 29.7 28.5 34.9 30.6 30.8 29 29.3 21.5
Omani Consumer’s Food Basket Value Reached (R.O.254 )The value of the food basket at the Sultanate level, as shown by the result of the survey, reached RO.190 per month, while it reached RO.254 for Omani households and RO.91 for expatriate households. The following table and figure show the distribution of the food basket on the food groups according to value and percentage of each group by the nationality of the household.
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Table No. (10)Value and Percentage of the Food Basket
Food Group
Households total consumption
Omani Households Consumption
Expatriate Households
ConsumptionOmani
Rial % Omani Rial % Omani
Rial %
Cereals & Cereals products 22.7 12.0 30.5 12.0 10.8 11.8
Meat & Poultry 33.7 17.8 49.2 19.4 10.0 10.8
Fish 13.0 6.8 18.4 7.2 4.8 5.2
Milk & Eggs 18.1 9.6 24.0 9.5 9.2 10.0
Oil & Fats 3.8 2.0 4.8 1.9 2.2 2.4
Fruits 16.6 8.8 23.2 9.1 6.5 7.2
Vegetables & Legumes 18.8 9.9 23.8 9.4 11.2 12.2
Sugar & Honey 7.0 3.6 9.8 3.9 2.7 2.9
Non-Alcoholic Beverages 11.7 6.2 15.0 5.9 6.8 7.4
Meals at Restaurants 28.6 15.1 31.6 12.5 24.0 26.1
Home Produced Food * 8.5 4.5 14.0 5.5 0.1 0.1
Other(tea, spices…etc) 7.1 3.7 9.4 3.7 3.6 3.9
Total 189.6 100.0 253.7 100.0 91.9 100.0
* This table shows expenditure on food in addition to home produced food evaluated at market price, hence it is called household consumption.
Figure No. (4)Distribution of the Food Basket among Total Household
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Table No. (11)Average Monthly Consumption of Omani Households by Value and Quantity
Commodity Unit Quantity ValueOmani Rial
Rice – different kinds Kg 30.447 16.918
Flour and Wheat Kg 16.130 3.553
Macaroni - different kinds Kg 1.816 1.071
Bread – different kinds Kg 14.105 4.870
Biscuits & Bakery Products Kg 2.867 3.360
Other Cereal Products Kg 0.387 0.711
Sheep, goats, cow & camels meat Kg 14.889 40.115
Poultry – different kinds Kg 16.972 17.596
Fish and sea products Kg 11.040 18.868
Fresh Milk Litre 13.185 5.239
Concentrated Milk Litre 3.154 2.721
Powder milk Kg 2.410 5.379
Milk – all kinds Litre 5.780 2.493
Yogurt – all kinds Kg 3.472 1.878
Butter – all kinds Kg 0.608 0.748
Cheese – all kinds Kg 2.123 4.075
Other Milk Products Kg 0.399 0.643
Eggs Kg 3.681 3.649
Edible Oils – all kinds litre 4.931 3.325
Fats – all kinds Kg 0.356 0.952
Othe Oils and Fats Kg 1.404 0.833
Lemon Kg 1.858 1.069
Other Citrus Kg 13.933 5.057
Bananas Kg 7.953 3.210
Dates – Fresh Kg 2.170 1.642
Fresh Fruits including Melon Kg 23.069 10.940
Dates Kg 4.286 2.741
Other Dried Fruits Kg 0.242 0.316
Canned Fruits Kg 0.088 0.076
Fresh Tomatoes Kg 10.705 3.511
Dry Onions Kg 11.074 2.590
Other Fresh Vegetables Kg 17.872 8.418
Canned Vegetables Kg 1.706 1.140
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Commodity Unit Quantity ValueOmani Rial
Frozen Vegetables Kg 0.109 0.125
Potatoes Kg 6.045 1.934
Potatoes Products - Chips Kg 1.202 3.644
Leguminous – all kinds Kg 3.829 2.492
Nuts Kg 0.391 0.967
Spices – all kinds Kg 1.353 2.640
Table Salt Kg 3.990 0.433
Other Foods Kg 1.778 2.243
Sugar – all kinds Kg 7.466 2.380
Honey – all kinds Kg 0.322 1.521
Omani Halwa Kg 1.307 2.388
Chocolate – all kinds Kg 0.894 2.483
Sugar Products Kg 0.171 0.272
Chewing gum etc No./Piece 4.716 0.239
Ice Cream Litre 0.706 0.614
Tea – all kinds Kg 0.414 1.148
Coffee – all kinds Kg 1.049 1.979
Cocoa & other kinds Kg 0.007 0.020
Beverages – all kinds Litre 11.161 3.203
Mineral Water – all kinds + Ice Litre 57.913 3.111
Fruit Juice & other drinks Litre 16.467 7.156
Meals in Restaurants -- -- 31.615
Concentrated Juices Kg 0.338 0.417
Powder Juices Kg 0.811 1.095
Total -- - 253.826
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
4 – Household’s Average Monthly Income
Household’s Average Monthly Income in Omani Rial by Nationality:Omani household’s monthly Income reached RO.1172.3 from all sources after adding the imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings, and RO.1024.3 without imputed rent, compared to RO.651 for expatriate households after adding the imputed rent and RO.649.9 without adding imputed rent. The following table gives the details .
Table No. (12)Household Monthly Income in Omani Rial by Nationality
Variables Omani Households
Expatriate Households
Sample Size 3186 1324
Wages & Salaries - (O.R.) 782.1 625.9
Employers & Own Account – (O.R.) 95.1 21.4
Income from Property (O.R.) 33.4 0.2
Imputed Rent for Owner-Occupied House (O.R.) 148 1.1
Current Transfer (O.R.) 113.7 2.4
Total after Adding Imputed Rent (O.R.) 1172.3 651
Total Excluding Imputed Rent of Owner – Occupied House (O.R.) 1024.3 649.9
Average Monthly Income of Paid Employees by Sex and Nationality:Average Monthly Income of Omani males on paid employment reached RO.546.9 compared to RO. 540.9 for females. On the other hand Average monthly Income of expatriate male paid employees reached RO. 293.2 compared to RO. 504.7 for females.The following table shows the details:
Table No. (13)Average Monthly Income of Paid Employees according to Sex and Nationality in
Omani Rials.
SEXAverage Monthly Income for Paid Employees (R.O)
Omani Expatriate TotalMales 546.9 293.2 457.8
Females 540.9 504.7 536.5
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Average Monthly Income of Paid Employees by Educational Level:
The survey results reveal that there is a positive correlation between the average income of paid employees and the educational level as expected. The following table depicts the details.
Table No. (14)
Average Monthly Income of Employees on paid jobs by Educational Level in Oman Rial.
Educational LevelAverage Monthly Income of employees on paid Jobs (R.O)
Omani Expatriate TotalBelow Primary 451.2 109.0 249.6
Primary & Preparatory 465.9 134.3 8.692
Secondary 438.8 222.0 402.0
Intermediate Colleges-Diploma 787.0 529.0 666.2
Bachelor or above 1049.5 1068.5 1058.8
Average of all educational Levels 569.5 387.6 496.5
Figure No. (5)Average Monthly Income of Paid Employees by Education Level
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The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Distribution of Households in the Sultanate by Monthly Income Groups:40 % of Omani households have a monthly income of RO. 1100 or more compared to only 16.3% of expatriate households. The following table shows the details.
Table No. (15)Distribution of Households by Monthly Income Group
Distribution of Households
Less
than
100
100
to 1
99
200
to 2
99
300
to 3
99
400
to 4
99
500
to 5
99
600
to 6
99
700
to 8
99
900
to 1
099
+110
0
Omani Households (%) 0.5 2.2 4.9 6.8 7.6 7.4 7.8 12.7 10.2 40.0Expatriate Households (%) 7.3 16.9 14.3 12.4 7.9 6.6 5.5 7.8 5.0 16.3
Omani Household Size and Monthly IncomeThe survey results show the relation between the household size and its monthly income, where it is found that around 39.4 % of Omani household exceed the size of 6 individuals. It was also found that there is a positive correlation between the household size and its income but a negative correlation between the average per capita income and the household size. The following table gives the details.
Table No. (16)The correlation between Household size and Monthly Income
Average Household Size Percentage of Total (%)
Share in Total Household Income (%)
Average per capita Income (R.O)
1 – 3 persons 32.9 5.5 231.8
4 – 6 persons 27.7 19.9 182.3
7 – 9 persons 19.7 29.6 142.2
10 – 12 persons 11.8 22.5 125.9
13 + 7.9 22.5 130
Total 100 100 812.2
Dependency Ratio and Monthly Income for Omani Households:The survey results reveal that the dependency ratio in 35.5% or more of the total Omani households exceeds 5 persons, whereas their share in income does not exceed 26.4%. On the other hand it is found that households with a dependency rate of less than 3 members command around 39.4% of the total household income but represents 33.1% of total households. The following table gives the details.
30
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Table No.(17)Dependency Ratio and Monthly Income of Omani Household
Dependency Ratio Percentage of Households (%)
Total monthly share in Income (%)
7 or more 18.9 13.1
5 and less than 7 16.6 13.3
3 and less than 5 31.4 34.2
1 and less than 3 24.7 37.1
1 person 8.4 2.3
Total 100 100
Monthly Income by sector of employment of the Head of Household:The highest average monthly income was accrued in those employed by the public sector, where it reached RO.1258 as against an average income of RO.840 earned by those working in the private sector and RO.614 in the household sector.
It is worth noting that Omani households depend on the public sector for providing 57% of their total income, while expatriate households depend on the private sector for providing 87% of their total income. The following table gives the details.
Table No. (18)Average Monthly Income by Sector of Employment of the Head of Household
Sector
NationalityOmani Expatriate Total
Omani Rial % of total Income Omani Rial % of total
Income Omani Rial % of total Income
Public 1281.4 57.3 1033.9 9.5 1258 41.0
Private 1184.5 31.1 699.7 87.4 840.2 50.2
Household 1034.4 11.6 156.4 3.1 614.3 8.8
Omani Household Average Monthly Income Per Capita by Governorate/Region:The survey results have shown that Omani households in Muscat governorate earned the highest income at the Sultanate level reaching R.O 1459 including imputed rent for owner-occupied houses and R.O 1183 without this rent. Results have also shown that Al-Wusta Region recorded the lowest household income at the Sultanate level. The monthly income of these households in Al-Wusta Region reached R.O 856 including imputed owner-occupied rent and R.O 797 without this rent. The following table gives the details.
31
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 20/05/2010 - 19/05/2011)
Table No. (19)Omani Household Average Monthly Income Per Capita by Governorate/Region
Governorate/Region
Variables
Household Monthly Income inclusive of imputed owner
occupied rent
Household Monthly Income exclusive of imputed owner
occupied rent
Muscat 1459 1183
Al-Batinah 1049 950
Musandam 875 805
Adh-Dahira 1106 1002
Ad-Dakhliya 1181 1081
Ash-Sharqiyah 937 824
Al-Wusta 856 797
Dhofar 1390 1228
Sultanate 1172 1024
Figure No. (6)Omani Households Average Monthly Income by Per Capita Governorate/Region
32
The Results of The Household Expenditure and Income Survey (The Period 19/05/2010 - 20/05/2011)
Household Average Monthly Income Per Capita by Locality and Nationality:The average per capita monthly income reached RO.159.1 at the Sultanate level R.O 172.9 in Urban localities and R.O 118.5 in Rural localities. With regard to nationality, per capita income of Omani individuals amounted to R.O. 144.3 and R.O 220.9 for expatriates. The high per capita average income for expatriates is attributed to their low household size averaging to 2.9 persons in addition to the engagement of most expatriates in paid employment.
Table No. (20) Household Average Monthly Income Per Capita by Locality and Nationality
Population localities & Nationality(Omani Rial) Per Capita Income from Monthly Income
Population LocalitiesUrbanRural
172.9118.5
NationalityOmaniExpatriate
144.3220.9
The Sultanate 159.1
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