the french and indian war class activity use the map provided to identify the extent of the spanish,...
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The French and Indian War
Class Activity Use the map provided to identify the
extent of the Spanish, French, & British colonial control in North America by 1750
North America 17541754
Key Preview Questions
1. Which nation on the map had the “best” colonies? Why?
2. Based on the map, what problems might arise among the European powers?
3. How should these nations work out their differences?
North America 17541754
Britain & France went to war 3 times in Europe from 1690-1750
These wars in Europe meant that their colonists would fight too
Both nations used mercantilism
to expand their colonial
claims in order to increase
their wealth
By 1750, Britain & France had become serious rivals because:
During the 1700s, both the British & French
colonies were growing
Land disputes along the Ohio River Valley led to
the French & Indian War
The growth of the British & French colonies impacted Indians too:
The French increased their alliances with
Native Americans along the Ohio River Valley
The spread of British colonists
into the backcountry &
across the Appalachian
Mountains led to numerous
Indian conflicts
Indians grew increasingly concerned about British colonists filling into the backcountry
New settlementNew settlement
In 1754, colonists from across the British colonies
met at the Albany Congress to discuss the common
problem of Indian attacks
Benjamin Franklin proposed the
Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army
The plan was not approved
The colonists lacked the unity to solve a common problem
Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union”America’s 1America’s 1stst political cartoon political cartoon
Turning Point: 1754
Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the
beginning of the French & Indian War
In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
Britain & the North American colonists vs France, their colonists,
& Indian allies
The war started in North America (1754-1763), but became part of a larger, “world” war called the Seven Years War (1756-1763)
due to competition among empires
Battle Scene of the French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754-1763)Britain was losing during the early years of the war
The colonists saw this war as another European conflict & did not help fight or raise taxes as much
as England expected But, in 1757, British
Prime Minister William Pitt issued
a “blank check” to win the war
North America 17541754 North America 17631763
The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763France lost Canada, most of its empire in India,
& claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
England gained all French lands in Canada & exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade
Spain got all lands west of the Mississippi River,
New Orleans, but lost Florida to England
Closure Activity
Use the map provided to
identify the areas under Spanish,
French, & British control after the French & Indian War (by 1763)
North America 17631763
Key Review Questions
1. How did winning the French & Indian War set up Britain as the dominant economic power in the world?
2. What effect might this victory have on British mercantilism?
3. How might this war impact the British colonists? Indians?
North America 17631763
How was 1763 How was 1763 a “turning point” a “turning point”
in American history?in American history?Situational Role Play Activity
Situation #1Situation #1According to the
Treaty of Paris in 1763 that ended the French & Indian War, the French have no more
colonies in North America (except Haiti in the Caribbean)
Situation #2Situation #2
After the end of the French & Indian War,
Parliament decided to leave the British army in North America
Situation #3Situation #3
The costs of winning the French & Indian War left the British Empire in severe debt that it now
must pay off: British national debt, 1755: £74.6 million British national debt, 1764: £129.6 million
North America 17631763 The French & Indian War changed the relationship
between Britain & the American colonists
Colonists were excited about the possibility
of new land in the west now that the French
were gone
Colonists learned new guerilla fighting tactics
from the Indians
William Pitt’s “blank check” led to huge war debts
Parliament expected colonists to help pay
off these debts
More decisions would now be made by British Parliament
North America 17631763 Other problems strained the relationship between
Britain & the colonists after the war:
The expensive British army was not removed
from AmericaThe Ottawa Indians, led by Chief Pontiac,
attacked frontier settlers who flooded into the Ohio Valley
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763Britain had to spend more money defending colonists in the frontier
Proclamation of 1763
After Pontiac’s Rebellion, the British Parliament
created the Proclamation Line of
1763Forbade colonists from
moving across the Appalachian Mountains
Colonists were mad because this limited their ability to gain new land
Colonists were mad that this decision was made by Parliament & not in
colonial assemblies
The French & Indian War brought an end to
salutary neglect & began parliamentary
sovereignty
English officials assumed that
Parliament must have ultimate authority
over ALL laws & taxes
The British began governing their
colonies more strictly
“Parliament has the authority to rule”
The end of salutary neglect
New taxes & laws were passed without
asking colonial assemblies
As Britain assumed more control,
the colonists tried to hang onto the power of their
colonial assemblies
This shift would prove to be the beginning of the long road towards colonial independence
Closure Activity■ In groups, summarize the following:
–As a result of the French & Indian War, how have things changed? Why was the war such a “turning point”?
–From the British gov’t perspective, why are these changes necessary?
–From the colonial perspective, why are these changes difficult to handle?
How was 1763 a“turning point”
in the British-colonial relationship?
Perceptions of the War■Colonial viewsColonial views:
–Colonies could be very strong when they worked together
–Newly gained frontier presented opportunities for wealth & land
–Colonists learned how to fight■English viewsEnglish views:
–Americans were slow to organize & balked at helping raise money even to protect their own lands
British-American TensionsBritish-American TensionsColonialsColonials BritishBritish
Fighting Fighting MethodsMethods
Indian-style Indian-style guerilla guerilla attacksattacks
Marching in Marching in formationformation
Military Military OrganizationOrganization
Militias led Militias led by captainsby captains
British officers British officers in charge of in charge of
colonialscolonials
FinancesFinances Resistant to Resistant to rising taxes rising taxes
Colonists should Colonists should help pay for their help pay for their
own defenseown defense
Effects of the War on Britain?■The war increased England’s
colonial empire in North America■But, the Pitt’s “blank check”
greatly enlarged England’s debt■Britain’s contempt for the
colonials created bitter feelings
■As a result, English leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on Americans?■The 1760s were an affluent &
optimistic “post-war” period:
–The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time
–Most colonists considered themselves proud members of England’s empire with little (if any) thought of independence
Eroding Bonds of the Empire
Parliamentary Sovereignty ■In 1760, George III became king
& began a new colonial attitude: Parliamentary SovereigntyParliamentary Sovereignty
–English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes
–The colonists tried to reserve the colonial authority for their own legislatures
“No Taxation Without Representation”
■The colonists assumed that their assemblies were quasi-equal to Parliament because they had no Parliamentary representatives
■British officials countered with “virtual representationvirtual representation” argument
■The colonists insisted that only their colonial assemblies could tax Americans
Parliament represents ALL British citizens no matter where they live
Two Theories of Representation
■What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?
■How could the colonies accept the decisions of Parliament when they did not have representation in that governmental body?
AbsoluteAbsolute??
OR OR Limited?Limited?
Eroding the Bonds of Empire■After the Seven Years War,
everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat)
■But…this large, expensive army was not removed –British citizens were not happy
because they had to pay for it–Colonists doubted the army’s
ability to defend against Indians
Pontiac’s War■Backcountry natives banded
together to repel white frontier settlers during Pontiac’s WarPontiac’s War:–Indian successes exposed the
British army’s weakness–Attacks revealed desperation of
Native Americans after the withdrawal of their French allies
–Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA)
English colonists flooded across the Appalachian Mountains:
“There’s all this land & no French!!”
Fort DetroitPontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
■ Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa & other tribes against colonists due to:–The flood of colonists into Ohio Country –British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt
Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common
The Proclamation of 1763■In response to Pontiac’s War, the
British government established the Proclamation Line of 1763Proclamation Line of 1763:–This law forbade colonists from
settling across the Appalachian Mountains (for their own protection)
–Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development”
North North AmericAmeric
a in a in 17631763
North North AmericAmeric
a in a in 17631763
New Political Ideas■The introduction of Parliamentary
sovereignty contradicted England’s original policy of salutary neglect–The influx of new political ideas of
the European Enlightenment began to impact colonial thought (especially those of John Locke)
–While no colonists were thinking of independence by 1763, many became committed to “natural rights” & opposed to “tyranny”
All gov’ts are susceptible to corruption, tyranny, & intrusion upon citizens’ liberty
“Virtuous” citizens must fight tyranny
Conclusions:Rule Britannia?
Rule Britannia? ■Despite the mounting tensions
between the English government & American colonists by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England due of:–a shared British culture–dependence upon British
consumer goods–shared nationalism after British
military victories against France
Crash Course #5
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