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The French Revolution
1789-1799
Method...
● You don't have to take Cornell notes this topic.● Create questions at various levels for notes
slides.– Try to keep most of them at level of analysis
and evaluation
● Answer the questions for the slides that have questions on the video clips.
Introduction to the French Revolution
● Failed liberal rebellions after American
– Holland
– Belgium
– Poland
● Fch Rev
– End of Ancien Regime
– Spread liberal ideas
● Causes?
– Gov. financial trouble
● Big debt● Poor tax
collection– Upper class pays little
tax
– Upset over taxes
Financial Problems...
● What was the effect of Louis XVI's help for American War for Independence on France?
● What was Marie Antoinette's affect on finances?
● What is meant by “Madame Deficit”?
Financial Problems...
Financial Problems...
● What was the effect of Louis XVI's help for American War for Independence on France?
● What was Marie Antoinette's affect on finances?
● What is meant by “Madame Deficit”?
I. L’Ancien Régime
• Three estates
– determined a person's legal rights & status
– cause of tension
1. Clergé
2. Noblesse
3. Tiers-Etat
French Society Divided
French Society Divided
• Third Estate
• 97 percent of the French people
• resented the privileges that members of the First & Second Estates enjoyed.
French Society Divided
• The First Estate
– Roman Catholic clergy
– 1%
– higher clergy
– bishops & abbots,
– controlled between five & ten percent of the land
– many privileges.
French Society Divided
• Nobility, the Second Estate,
– 2% of the population
– owned about 25 percent of the land
– main income came from the feudal dues ...
– collected from the peasants who lived on & worked their land.
French Society Divided
• Third Estate
– Peasants & artisans
– bourgeoisie,
– no effective voice in govt.
II. Growing Unrest
Disaster Brews...
● What actions did the king take that made things worse?
● How did environment play a role in the growing crisis in France in the late 1780s?
● What commodity went up so much in price? Why did this matter?
Disaster Brewing...
Disaster Brews...
● What actions did the king take that made things worse?
● How did environment play a role in the growing crisis in France in the late 1780s?
● What commodity went up so much in price? Why did this matter?
Growing Unrest
• Unhappy w/ this unfair social structure, the ppl of the Third Estate began to call for change.
• A growing financial crisis in gov’t added to the country's prob’s.
Growing Unrest
• King Louis XVII summoned the Estates-General to meet in May 1789 in Versailles to ask for more tax
• privileged classes refused to pay more
III. Calling the Estates Together
Calling the Estates-General
● What was unfair about the voting?● What did Robespierre and the 3rd estate
demand about taxes?● Where did the deputes meet when they were
locked out of the meeting hall?● How is the National Assembly different from
the Estates General?● Why was the Bastille destroyed?
– Who got fired?
Calling the Estates-General
Calling the Estates-General
● What was unfair about the voting?● What did Robespierre and the 3rd estate
demand about taxes?● Where did the deputes meet when they were
locked out of the meeting hall?● How is the National Assembly different from
the Estates General?● Why was the Bastille destroyed?
– Who got fired?
Etats-Generaux
Members of the Third Estate called for a joint meeting of the three estates, w/ each delegate voting as an individual instead of each estate having one vote.
The king, however, insisted that the estates meet separately.
Calling the Estates Together
• The representatives of the Third Estate renamed themselves the National Assembly.
• Fearing trouble, the king ordered the first two estates to join the Third Estate in the National Assembly.
IV. A Call to Revolt
Women See the King
● Who were these tough women?● Why were they angry?● What did they do about it?● What does Louis XVI agree to do to keep the
peace?● What does the mob demand of Louis?
Women See the King
Women See the King
● Who were these tough women?● Why were they angry?● What did they do about it?● What does Louis XVI agree to do to keep the
peace?● What does the mob demand of Louis?
Allons enfants de la patrie…
• A. While the upper clergy & nobility fought to keep their privileges, some members of the Third Estate called for complete social equality.
• This spirit of rebellion spread throughout Paris.
A Call to Revolt
Fearing that the king planned to dissolve the National Assembly & halt reforms, a huge mob surrounded a Paris prison—the Bastille—in an attempt to steal weapons needed to defend the National Assembly.
This outbreak on July 14, 1789 led to the formation of a revolutionary govt in Paris.
A Call to Revolt
• The storming of the Bastille released a wave of peasant violence throughout France called the Great Fear—the first wave of the French Revolution had struck.
Rights of Man
● What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man change?
Rights of Man
Rights of Man
● What did the Declaration of the Rights of Man change?
Constitutional govt
I. End of the Old Order
La nuit du 4 aout
• On August 4, 1789, the nobles in the National Assembly voted to end their privileges: the nobles agreed that all male citizens could hold govt, army, or church office.
End of the Old Order
The National Assembly composed the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen in late August 1789, ensuring the equality of all citizens bef. the law.
guaranteed freedom of speech, press, & religion, & protected against arbitrary arrest & punishment;
it did not grant equal rights to women.
Fin de l’ancien régime
The king refused to accept the new reforms & the Declaration of Rights.
In October 1789, as an angry mob surrounded his palace in Versailles, the king declared that he would go to Paris w/ his wife & children.
A few days later, the National Assembly also moved to Paris.
II. A New France
new constitution
In 1791 the National Assembly presented a new constitution to the ppl, keeping the monarchy but limiting royal powers; it set up a unicameral legislature whose members = to be chosen by males who paid a minimum tax.
A New France
• The Constitution of 1791 achieved the moderates' goals,
– guaranteeing basic rights
– creating a limited monarchy
– freed from the power of the Church & nobles.
III. Decline of the Monarchy
Chute de la monarchie
June 1791 Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette decided to disguise themselves & flee to Austria to escape the growing unrest; the king = recognized, arrested, & returned to Paris, where he reluctantly accepted the limited monarchy.
Decline of the Monarchy
• French emigrés tried to convince leaders of foreign governments that their own rule would be threatened unless ... halted the revolution in France.
Decline of the Monarchy
• French revolutionary leaders, fearing that Austria would try to reinstate Louis, declared war on Austria in 1792.
• Prussia & Sardinia soon entered the fray on the side of Austria.
Decline of the Monarchy
• War threw France into total upheaval, in which the radicals attacked the king's palace, took over the Assembly, called for a new constitution, & extended the vote to all males.
I. The French Republic
1792
● What prompted the attack on the Tuilleries?● What happened to Louis and the monarchy?● What does “sans-culottes” mean? Who are
they?
1792
1792
● What prompted the attack on the Tuilleries?● What happened to Louis and the monarchy?● What does “sans-culottes” mean? Who are
they?
La Convention
• In September 1792 the National Convention met in Paris & made France a republic, ending the monarchy.
1792 – College Professor Lecture
● What's the difference between a Girondin and a Jacobin?
● Who were “la Pleine”?● What were the Committee of Public Safety's
THREE jobs?● Do you think the levee en masse would make a
difference in the French war success rate?
1792 – College Professor Lecture
1792 – College Professor Lecture
● What's the difference between a Girondin and a Jacobin?
● Who were “la Pleine”?● What were the Committee of Public Safety's
THREE jobs?● Do you think the levee en masse would make a
difference in the French war success rate?
La Marseillaise
● National anthem
Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle
● 1792● French National
Convention adopted it as anthem -1795
The French Republic
The National Convention, which met from 1792 to 1795, passed into law a number of democratic reforms,
The democratic reforms expressed the French people's hope that the republic would be the dawn of a new era of freedom.
II. Death of a King
La mort du roi
• In January 1793, having been convicted of conspiring "against the liberty of the nation," Louis = beheaded on the guillotine. In the days that followed, republican enthusiasm swept the country.
Death of a King
• Debate over the revolution's future erupted in the Convention. The radical Jacobins formed the Mountain, countered by a group of moderates called the Girondists. …
Death of a King
… Seated between these two rivals on the main floor = an undecided group called the Plain, which became increasingly radical as the Jacobins gained power. As a result, the revolution itself became more open to extreme & violent change.
III. Spreading the Revolution
Aux armes les citoyens!
• In 1793 the monarchs of Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, & Sardinia joined those of Austria & Prussia in an alliance against the increasingly revolutionary govt of France.
Spreading the Revolution
• France's leaders = determined to overthrow royalty everywhere; one of the French leaders, Georges-Jacques Danton, called upon French forces to expand France's territories to their natural frontiers.
Spreading the Revolution
• An army of poorly trained volunteers won a string of battles for the French by catching the enemy off guard; the enemy's professional soldiers, however, soon forced the French commander in chief to surrender.
La comité du salut publique
The French Committee on Public Safety, which directed the war effort, adopted conscription & called upon the skills & resources of all civilians
Spreading the Revolution
probs. @ home, incl. a civil war in western France & food shortages, plagued the revolutionaries. Meanwhile, the Girondists & the Jacobins traded accusations. When the Jacobins won control of the Convention, ... arrested Girondist delegates.
IV. The Reign of Terror
Roots of the Terreur
● What made them so paranoid anyway?● Contrast Danton and Robespierre.● What is Danton's impact?● What is Marat's answer to the problem of too
many prisoners?– How did THAT turn out?
● What was the effect of the massacre on politics?
Roots of the Terreur
Roots of the Terreur
● What made them so paranoid anyway?● Contrast Danton and Robespierre.● What is Danton's impact?● What is Marat's answer to the problem of too
many prisoners?– How did THAT turn out?
● What was the effect of the massacre on politics?
La terreur
• The Jacobins set out to crush all opposition within France. Known as the Reign of Terror, this effort lasted from July 1793 to July 1794.
The Reign of Terror
• During the Reign of Terror, the Committee of Public Safety ruled France, & Robespierre ruled the Committee.
The Reign of Terror
The Committee went about setting up a "Republic of Virtue," by which it meant a democratic republic made up of good citizens.
The Reign of Terror
• After Robespierre accused Danton & his supporters of treason & had them executed, other leaders of the revolution had Robespierre executed.
La Mort de Danton
Fin de Robespierre
• After Robespierre's death, the Jacobins lost power & the Terror came to an end. By mid-1794, many ppl even favored a restoration of the monarchy.
V. The Directory
• In 1795, the Convention wrote a new constitution that created a govt controlled by the wealthy middle class. The Directory, a new executive council, ruled w/ a two-house legislature.
Directory
During its rule from 1795 to 1799, the Directory used the army to put down uprisings by both royalists & radicals.
As the Directory appeared inept in their handling of finances, French ppl of all classes looked to the army to save France from ruin.
Enlightenment Ideas
Napoleon Bonaparte
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