the household economy analysis (hea) indicatorswhat output is expected at each level? level district...

Famine Early Warning Systems Network

The Household Economy Analysis (HEA)

Indicators

Standardized Food Security Indicators Refresher Training

For Food Security Sector Partners

Abuja, 20-21 February 2017

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 1

Outline

• HEA Framework Overview

• HEA Indicators Overview

• HEA Indicators for CH analysis

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 2

HEA Framework Overview

HEA Framework Overview: Origins

HEA was developed in the early

1990s by Save the Children-UK in

order to improve the ability to

predict short-term changes in

access to food.

HEA Framework Overview: Origins

Quantify the problem

Allow for comparisons

Provide reliable results for large

populations

Point to appropriate responses

Be predictive

HEA’s inception was in response to a

demand for an approach that could:

HEA Framework Overview: Origins

Other agencies, such as F.E.G.,

FEWS NET, ACF and Oxfam, have

since worked on the development

of HEA, making it useful in a wide

range of settings.

An understanding of livelihoods is at the

heart of HEA – leading to its application

beyond emergency food needs

HEA Framework: Uses

Disaster

Response

Rehabili-

tation

Early

Warning &

Scenario

Analysis

Development

Planning

Monitoring and

Evaluation

HEA Framework Overview: Uses

Where has HEA been used?

HEA Framework: Overview

HEA is an analytical

framework

HEA Framework: Overview

The HEA Analytical Framework

• Defines the information that needs to

be gathered

• Specifies the way in which it should

be analysed

• Answers a particular set of questions

linked to response

The HEA Analytical Framework

• Does not limit HOW field information

is gathered

• Can be implemented using a

number of different field methods,

including both HH questionnaires

and RRA

HEA Framework: Overview

Elements of the Food Security

Definition:

Ensured Access to Sufficient Food

for All People at All Times

HEA Framework: Overview

The framework involves putting together two types of information:

Livelihood Baseline Data(The context)

Monitoring Data(The changes)

+

On-going Analysis of Current and Projected Situation and

Intervention Needs(The outcome)

HEA Framework: Overview

Coping step example: 1

household member migrates

for labour

Outcome = Baseline + Hazard + Coping(a simple example)

Hazard example:

50% crop failure

other

food aid

cropspurchase

The baseline picture

purchase

other

food aid

crops

deficit

Effect on access to crops

migration

purchase

other

food aid

crops

deficit

Final result

HEA Framework: Overview

HEA Framework: Overview

HEA starts with an

understanding of

how households

normally live….

A more detailed example….

HEA Framework: Overview

…then it incorporates

the impact of a

shock….

Survival Threshold

Livelihoods Protection Threshold

HEA Framework: Overview

…and finally looks at

how people might be

able to cope.

BASELINE

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In sum….

BASELINE HAZARD+

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In sum….

BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING+

...but some

more animals

can be sold

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In sum….

BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In sum….

BASELINE HAZARD+ COPING OUTCOME+ =

HEA Framework Overview: Components

In practice this process is broken

into six steps

What it does:

Defines areas within which

people share broadly the

same patterns of livelihood

BASELINE

Livelihood

Zoning

Why it is necessary:

Allows you to target

geographically

&

to customize indicators for

livelihoods monitoring

systems

Step 1:

HEA Framework Overview: Components

BASELINE

Step 2:

What it does:

Groups people together

using local definitions

of wealth and quantifies

their livelihood assets

Why it is necessary:

Allows you to

disaggregate the

population and indicate

who (and how many)

need assistance

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Wealth Breakdown

0

10

20

30

40

50

very poor poor m iddle better off

% o

f h

ou

se

ho

lds

Step 3:

What it does:

Quantifies sources of

food and income, and

expenditure patterns

using ‘common currency’

Why it is necessary:

Enables comparisons

across wealth groups,

zones and countries

&

provides starting point

for outcome analysis

BASELINE

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Step 4:

What it does:

Translates a hazard

into economic

consequences at

household level

Why it is necessary:

Allows you to

mathematically link the

shock to each relevant

livelihood strategy

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

Problem

Specification

Crop loss of 75%

Local labor rates down 50%

Food prices doubled

Chicken prices down 50%

Migratory labor increased

50%

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Step 5:

What it does:

Assesses the ability of

households to respond

to the hazard

Why it is necessary:

Determines the amount

of external assistance

required

&

Highlights monitoring

indicators for testing

prediction

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Livelihoods Protection Threshold

Predicted Outcome

Step 6:

What it does:

Predicts the outcome of

the hazard in relation to

livelihood protection and

survival thresholds

Why it is necessary:

Allows you to determine

whether people need

external assistance in

order to survive and/or

to maintain their

livelihood assets

OUTCOME ANALYSIS

HEA Framework Overview: Components

Survival Threshold

What are the levels of enquiry?

District Level

Village Level

Household Level

What interviews are done when?

Level

District

Village

Household

Interview

Zoning/Timeline

Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)

Wealth

Breakdown(Form 3)

Household

Representative(Form 4)

What output is expected at each level?

Level

District

Village

Household

Interview

Zoning/Timeline

Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)

Wealth

Breakdown(Form 3)

Household

Representative(Form 4)

Goal

Obtain clearance for field work

Verify livelihood zone boundaries

Select villages for field work

Obtain timeline and reference data

What output is expected at each level?

Level

District

Village

Household

Interview

Zoning/Timeline

Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)

Wealth

Breakdown(Form 3)

Household

Representative(Form 4)

Goal

Obtain clearance for field work

Verify livelihood zone boundaries

Select villages for field work

Obtain timeline and reference data

Determine wealth group criteria

Establish percentages for groups

Arrange for hh rep interviews

What output is expected at each level?

Level

District

Village

Household

Interview

Zoning/Timeline

Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)

Wealth

Breakdown(Form 3)

Household

Representative(Form 4)

Goal

Obtain clearance for field work

Verify livelihood zone boundaries

Select villages for field work

Obtain timeline and reference data

Determine wealth group criteria

Establish percentages for groups

Arrange for hh rep interviews

Determine and quantify food, cash

and expenditure patterns

Quantify expandability

What output is expected at each level?

Level

District

Village

Household

Interview

Zoning/Timeline

Trader/Market(Form 1 & 2)

Wealth

Breakdown(Form 3)

Household

Representative(Form 4)

Livelihood Zoning

Wealth Breakdown

Livelihood Strategies

Step in Framework

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 34

HEA Indicators Overview

Two sources of income – food and cash

Step 1: convert cash into its equivalent in food

Step 2: Add cash to food income

Adding food and cash together:

calculation of Total Income

The Survival Threshold is the total income required to cover:

2100 kcals pppd

Costs associated with

food preparation and

consumption (i.e.

firewood, salt, soap,

kerosene, basic

lighting

Expenditure on water

for human

consumption

What are the indicators?

The Survival Deficit

What are the indicators?

If households can not cover these costs, there is a Survival

Deficit and an intervention to save lives should be launched

The Livelihood Protection Threshold represents the total income

required to sustain local livelihoods. This means, total

expenditure to:

Cover survival costs, plus

Maintain access to basic

services (routine medical,

schooling, etc.)

Maintain productive

activities in the medium to

longer term (agricultural

inputs, vet drugs, etc.)

Support a locally acceptable

standard of living (e.g.

sugar, tea, coffee, pepper,

etc.)

What are the indicators?

The Livelihood Protection Deficit

What are the indicators?

If households can not cover these costs, an intervention to

protect existing livelihood assets should be launched

Seasonal Analysis of deficits

Seaonal analysis indicates that households will likely face deficits

between June and September

The seasonal analysis indicates the likely timing of deficits,

which should help in planning the timing of interventions

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 41

HEA Indicators for CH

Analysis

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 42

HEA Survival and Livelihood Protection Deficits

For CH Analysis, HEA Survival Deficit (SD) and Livelihood Protection Deficit

(LPD) are simultaneously used as direct Outcome Indicators for Food

Consumption

Phase Phase 1

Minimal

Phase 2

Stress

Phase 3

Crisis

Phase 4

Emergency

Phase 5

Famine

Livelihood Protection

Deficit (LPD)

Survival Deficit (SD)

No LPD

and

No SD

LPD

and

No SD

LPD

and

SD : 1 – 20%

LPD

and

SD : 20 – 50%

LPD

and

SD : +50%

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 43

HEA Survival and Livelihood Protection DeficitsExamples

Districts Survival Deficit

(% Kcal)

LP Deficit

(% Kcal)

Phase ?

District A 0% 0%

District B 10% 13%

District C 30% 17%

District D 0% 8%

Phase 3

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 4

__________________________________________FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK 44

For More Information

Amadou Diop

FEWS NET RFSS-Livelihoods for West Africa

adiop@fews.net

Tel.: +221 77 544 40 32

Dakar, Senegal