the integumentary system
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The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
Integument is skin Skin and its appendages make up the
integumentary system A fatty layer (hypodermis) lies deep to it Two distinct regions
EpidermisDermis
Functions of skin
Protection Cushions and insulates and is waterproof Protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria Screens UV
Synthesizes vitamin D with UV Regulates body heat Prevents unnecessary water loss Sensory reception (nerve endings)
Epidermis
Four types of cells Keratinocytes – deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein) Melanocytes - make dark skin pigment melanin Merkel cells – associated with sensory nerve endings
Layers (from deep to superficial) Stratum basale or germinativum – single row of cells attached
to dermis; youngest cells Stratum spinosum – spinyness is artifactual; tonofilaments (bundles of protein)
resist tension Stratum granulosum – layers of flattened keratinocytes producing keratin (hair and
nails made of it also) Stratum corneum – horny layer (cells dead, many layers
thick)
(see figure on next slide)
Epithelium: layers (on left) and cell types (on right)
Remember…
Four basic types of tissue
Epithelium – epidermis just discussedConnective tissue - dermisMuscle tissueNervous tissue
Dermis Strong, flexible connective tissue: your “hide” Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells,
WBCs Fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular Rich supply of nerves and vessels Critical role in temperature regulation (the
vessels) Two layers (see next slides)
Papillary – areolar connective tissue; includes dermal papillae
Reticular – “reticulum” (network) of collagen and reticular fibers
*Dermis layers
*
*
*Dermal papillae
Epidermis and dermis of (a) thick skin and (b) thin skin(which one makes the difference?)
Hypodermis
“Hypodermis” (Gk) = below the skin “Subcutaneous” (Latin) = below the skin Also called “superficial fascia”
“fascia” (Latin) =band; in anatomy: sheet of connective tissue
Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin (areolar tissue and adipose cells)
Different patterns of accumulation
(male/female)
Skin color Three skin pigments
Melanin: the most importantCarotene: from carrots and yellow vegiesHemoglobin: the pink of light skin
Melanin in granules passes from melanocytes (same number in all races) to keratinocytes in stratum basaleDigested by lysosomesVariations in colorProtection from UV light vs vitamin D?
Skin appendages
Derived from epidermis but extend into dermis
IncludeHair and hair folliclesSebaceous (oil) glandsSweat (sudoiferous) glandsNails
Nails
Of hard keratin Corresponds to hooves and claws Grows from nail matrix
Hair and hair follicles: complexDerived from epidermis and dermisEverywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
*“arrector pili” is smooth muscle
*
Hair papilla is connective tissue________________
Hair bulb: epithelial cells surrounding papilla
Functions of hairWarmth – less in man than other mammalsSense light touch of the skinProtection - scalp
PartsRoot imbedded in skinShaft projecting above skin surface
Make up of hair – hard keratin Three concentric layers
Medulla (core)Cortex (surrounds medulla)Cuticle (single layers, overlapping)
Sweat glands Entire skin surface
except nipples and part of external genitalia
Prevent overheating 500 cc to 12 l/day!
(is mostly water) Humans most
efficient (only mammals have)
Produced in response to stress as well as heat
Review What are the top and
bottom layers of the epidermis
What are the 4 cell types within the epidermis
What structures reside in the dermis?
The role that the integumentary system plays?
Order these skin layers superficial to deep: dermis, hypodermis, epidermis.
Where might you find keratin?
Dissecting the Fetal Pig
Sus scrofa
Introduction to Mammals
Of all the classes of animal life, mammals are considered to be the most advanced.
Examples: dogs, cats, squirrels, pigs, whales, horses, sheep, and HUMANS!
Vary greatly in size…from 2 inches (the shrew) to 100 feet long (the blue whale)
Mammalian Characteristics Vertebrates (have
backbones) Presence of lungs
(breathe air) Warm-blooded
(endothermic)This means that the body
temperature of a mammal stays the same, no matter what the outside temperature is
4 chambered heart
Mammalian Characteristics, cont’d
Give birth to live youngMonotremes – mammals
that lay eggsEX: the platypus and
the echidna (spiny anteater)
Body Hair Produce milk (have
mammary glands)
Platypus
Echidna
Mammalian Characteristics, con’t
Less Obvious CharacteristicsThe diaphragm separates
the heart and lungs from the stomach
Lower jaw has one bone on each side
Different types of teeth adapted to different uses (tearing, chewing)
Brains are much more highly developed than any other animal
Comparative Anatomy
Study of similarities and differences in the anatomy (structure) of organisms
Many aspects of structure and function are identical between different species of mammalsHomologous Structures – same structure
(embryologically speaking), different function (have a common evolutionary descent)
EX: wings of bats and arms of humansAnalogous Structures – different structure, same function
(evolved in a similar environment) EX: wings of bats and wings of insects
Comparative Anatomy
Fetal Pigs Humans
Kingdom Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia
Order Artiodactyla Primates
Family Suidae Hominidae
Genus Sus Homo
Species Scrofa sapiens
Why Fetal Pigs?
The fetal pig is a mammal, like humans. Nearly all the structures are the same or very similar in anatomy.
Fetal pigs are NOT bred for the purpose of dissection. They are a by-product of the pork food industry.
Fetal pigs are NOT killed for the purpose of dissection. Those that are not dissected are used for fertilizer or discarded.
Fetal pigs are relatively inexpensive. Even in the extra large size, when the structures are well-developed, they can be obtained for about 1/3 the cost of a similarly sized cat.
Most people do not think of pigs as “pets.”
Advantages to Dissection
Dissection is a hands-on, investigatory kind of activity for students. Dissection allows students to "test the truthfulness" of what they see in books.
Dissection impresses on students the normal variation that is present in the natural world. No two fetal pigs, even though they are perfectly normal, will look exactly the same.
In fact, to do well on practicals, students MUST looks at several examples of each structure in different animals. Occasionally, quite significant anatomical variations (anomalies) will be noticed.
Safety and Handling Sharps
All Dissecting tools should be considered dangerous.
Notify your teacher IMMEDIATELY if you are cut.
Handle probes, dissection scissors, razor blades, etc. with extreme caution.
Always cut away from you, never toward yourself or another person.
Dissection specimens should be properly mounted in the dissection pan before cutting.
Safety and Handling, cont’d
Do not place your hands near your mouth or eyes while handling preserved specimens. Most of the preservatives in use today are non-toxic to the skin, but they may cause minor skin irritations. If the preservative gets on your skin, wash with soap and warm water.
If the preservative gets in your eyes, rinse them thoroughly with the safety eyewash.
Wear lab gloves and goggles at all times! Lab gloves and paper towels go in
the regular trash. Skin and pieces of pig go into the separate plastic bag at the front of the room (NOT down the sink).
Dissection Helpful Points Actual cutting should be kept to a
MINIMUM Tissue are picked and teased
apart with needle probes, forceps, and blunt probes in order to trace the pathways of blood vessels, nerves, muscles, and other structures.
NEVER CUT OR MOVE MORE THAN IS NECESSARY TO EXPOSE A GIVEN PART.
Compare dissections with other students, especially students whose pig is of a different sex. You will be responsible for both sexes on the lab practical (test).
Determine the Sex of your Pig• Female: Look for a single urogenital opening
just ventral to the anus. A prominent genital papilla projects from the urogenital opening.
• Male: Look for the scrotum, a sac-like swelling containing the testes and located ventral to the anus. The male urogenital opening is faintly visible just posterior to the umbilicus. Note that males as well as females have multiple nipples = teats = mammary papillae.
Female Male
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