the invisible universe sources & detectors of invisible light neiu nasa endeavour program
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The Invisible UniverseSources & Detectors
of Invisible Light
NEIU NASA Endeavour Program
Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The full range of frequencies, from radio waves to gamma rays, that characterizes light
• The electromagnetic spectrum can be expressed in terms of energy, wavelength, or frequency. Each way of thinking about the EM spectrum is related to the others in a precise mathematical way.
• The wavelength equals the speed of light divided by the frequency.
Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern, moving at the speed of light and carrying some amount of energy.
• The only difference between radio waves, visible light, and gamma-rays is the energy of the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwaves have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared has still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
Wavelength and Frequency
• For any kind of wave there exists a simple relationship between wavelength and frequency.
• The wavelength is measured as the distance between two successive crests in a wave. The frequency is the number of wave crests that pass a a given point in space each second.
Radio(Low Frequency & Very High Frequency)
• Emitted by– Astronomical Objects– Radio Station
transmitters
• Detected by– Ground based radio
telescopes– Radios
Microwave
• Emitted by:– Gas clouds collapsing
into stars– Microwave Ovens– Radar Stations– Cell Phones
• Detected by– Microwave Telescopes– Food (heated)– Cell phones– Radar systems)
Infrared(Near and Thermal)
• Emitted by– Sun and stars (Near)– TV Remote Controls– Food Warming Lights
(Thermal)– Everything at room
temp or above
• Detected by– Infrared Cameras– TVs, VCRs,– Your skin
Visible
• Emitted by– The sun and other
astronomical objects– Laser pointers– Light bulbs
• Detected by– Cameras (film or
digital)– Human eyes– Plants (red light)– Telescopes
Ultraviolet
• Emitted by– Tanning booths (A)– The sun (A)– Black light bulbs (B)– UV lamps
• Detected by– Space based UV
detectors– UV Cameras– Flying insects (flies)
X-ray
• Emitted by– Astronomical objects – X-ray machines– CAT scan machines– Older televisions– Radioactive minerals– Airport luggage scanners
• Detected by– Space based X-ray
detectors– X-ray film– CCD detectors
Gamma Ray
• Emitted by– Radioactive materials– Exploding nuclear
weapons– Gamma-ray bursts– Solar flares
• Detected by– Gamma detectors and
astronomical satellites– Medical imaging detectors
Sources of Gamma-ray Emission
• Black holes• Active Galaxies• Pulsars• Diffuse emission• Supernovae• Gamma-ray bursts• Unidentified
Source/Detector Activity
• Identify sources (emitters) and detectors of the various wavelengths of the EMS.
• Experiment with:– shields –types of materials that prevent the
transmission of wavelengths– Transmitters – materials that do not prevent
the transmission of wavelengths
Our Exploration Stations
• Visible Light– Neon– Flashlights
• Radio – Walkie Talkies– Remote Control Vehicle
• Infrared– Remote Controls– Heat Lamp
• Ultraviolet– UV Light
What did we learn?
Question: What property of the materials we tested caused radio waves to be blocked?
Question: Are all the plastics we tested translucent/transparent to infrared light?
Question: If someone had no sunscreen while at the beach what could they cover their face with to keep from getting sun burned by UV light?
Exploring the EMS withNASA Missions
ASTRO-E2
Chandra
CHIPS Con-X
GALEXGLAST
HETE-2
INTEGRAL
MAP
RXTE
SWAS
XMM-Newton
Swift
Energy (eV)
Radio Infrared Visible UV X-ray Gamma ray
And the universe for that matter!
Windows through Atmosphere
NASA’s Views
• Studying the Universe:
http://www.lhsgems.org/IUTour.html
Source of Activities
• GEMS Guide: The Invisible Universe. – www.lhsgems.org
• www.epo.sonoma.edu• http://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/mw/mmw_product.html• http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/
cosmic_classroom/multiwavelength_astronomy/multiwavelength_museum/sun.html
• Studying the Universe:
http://www.lhsgems.org/IUTour.html
More Information
• Swift - http://swift.sonoma.edu
• GLAST – http://glast.sonoma.edu
• XMM Newton - http://xmm.sonoma.edu• NASA EPO @ SSU –
http://epo.sonoma.edu• Space Mysteries –
http://mystery.sonoma.edu
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