the magic cruises: 190 days of air-sea energy fluxes r. michael reynolds, rmr co., seattle wapeter...
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The MAGIC Cruises: 190 Days of Air-Sea Energy Fluxes
R. Michael Reynolds, RMR Co., Seattle WAPeter Minnett, U. Miami
RSMAS, Miami FLErnie Lewis, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton NY
OVERVIEW
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
Abstract
The MAGIC cloud and aerosol study, by the D.O.E. Atmospheric Radiation
Measurement (ARM) program, has just ended a sequence of 38 Long Beach-
Honolulu transits using a volunteer commercial ship, the Horizon SPIRIT container
ship. The ship was in the open sea for approximately 190 days with one of the
largest collections of atmospheric instrumentation ever deployed on a commercial
ship. Three radars, 6-hourly radiosondes, Lidars and a complement of aerosol
instrumentation were only a part of the data set. The Infrared Seasurface
Temperature Autonomous Radiometer (ISAR) from the University of Miami was
deployed on the SPIRIT to provide needed SSST. Radiation instrumentation, SSST,
and Meteorological instrumentation of the highest quality allowed computation of the
complete energy flux budget. The SPIRIT data set contributed to the ongoing U.
Miami validation study as well. This paper describes the MAGIC study and the
importance of the SSST to the flux computations.
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
ID SHIP TYPE START END AREA CALExSea Explorer of the Seas Cruise ship 2004/05 2004/08 Carriibean .05 (.15)
RB Ron Brown RV 2004/10 2004/11 E. Trop. Pac .06 (.14)JMU Jingu Maru Car carrier 2005/07 2005/09 N. AtlanticICE Southern Surveyor RV 2006/01 2006/02 E. Timor Sea .03 (.17)
Mismo Mirai RV 2006/04 2006/11 Indian Oc.AL Andromeda Leader Car carrier 2009/03 today US (W/E) to JP
Magic Spirit Container 2012/08 2013/10 Long Beach to Honolulu
• 9-1/2 years of measurements.• Global• > 150,000 SSST Measurements• Real-time SSST, 1/2 hr
ISAR VOS PROGRAM
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
http://www.bnl.gov/envsci/ARM/MAGIC
MAGIC -- Marine ARM GPCI Investigation of CloudswhereARM = Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program (D.O.E.)GPCI = GCSS Pacific Cross-section Intercomparison, a working group of GCSSGCSS = GEWEX Cloud Systems StudyGEWEX = Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (WCRP)
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
CALL SIGN WFLGLENGTH 272.3 mBREADTH 30.5 mDISPLACEMENT 38662 tonne no load61678 tonne full loadDRAFT 8.53{12.44 m (no load/load)FUEL 900 bbl/daySPEED 20 kt typCARGO HT 21-17 m approx.BRIDGE DECK HT 17.7-13.8 mBRIDGE ROOF 20.4-16.5 mPEAK HT 33.5-29.6 m (wind monitor)RADAR HT 29.3-25.4 m (met boom)ISAR HT 19.2-15.3 mPRP HT 20.2-16.7 m
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
Dry descending air -- N.Pacific High -- Coastal Northerlies -- UpwellingMarine Stratocumulus
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
A shallow turbulent moist stratum is characteristic of Equatorward flow just above the middle-latitude and tropical oceans, especially at the eastern ends of sub-tropical high pressure areas of the eastern North and South Pacific and South Atlantic oceans.---Lilly68
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
CloudsPrecip
Ka-band radarW-band radarRadar wind profilerMWR- 2λMWR – 3λTSIMultiPulse LidarHSRLCeilometerDisdrometers
Radiation
PSPPIRSPNFRSRSAS-ZeASSISTCIMEL (cloud)FSSRMicroTops
Aerosols
CPCCCNUHSASNephPSAPHTDMAOzone
Samples!
Other
Radiosondes (565)ISARIRTMeteorologyNavigationMotion (pitch,roll)
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
BACKGROUND
Net Flux = SW + LW + Latent + Sensible + Rain
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
THE BULK METHOD – COARE-3 ALGORITHM
Pawlowicz et al., 2001, EOS, 82 (1) January, 2.
S true wind speed
T_a air temperature
T_skin sea (skin) temp
q_w (RH) absolute humidity
P s.l. pressure
LW_d Longwave down
SW_d Shortwave down
R rain rate
SW_u Albedo
LW_u Emitted irradiance
R_N Net irradiance
H_L Latent heat flux
H_S Sensible heat flux
H_R Rain Heat Flux
MEASUREMENT SET
INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES
ESTIMATED FLUXES
Q_totNET FLUX
GOAL: Long-term Net Flux Accuracy < 10 W/m^2
COARE
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
ACCURACIES NEEDED
MEASUREMENT ACCY UNITS
WIND SPEED0.2 m/s
WIND DIRECTION3 deg
CURRENT SPEED0.2 m/s
CURRENT DIRECTION3 deg
AIR TEMPERATURE 0.2 C
OCEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE0.1 C
RELATIVE HUMIDITY2 %
PRECIPITATION 0.4 mm/day
SHORTWAVE DOWN IRRADIANCE 5 W/m^2
LONGWAVE DOWN IRRADIANCE 5 W/m^2
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE 0.1 mbar
PITCH/ROLL1 deg
PITCH/ROLL STD DEVIATION
1 deg
LAT/LON0.001 deg
COURSE OVER GROUND2 deg
SPEED OVER GROUND0.2 m/s
HEADING 2 deg
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
INSTRUMENTATION
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
MET1
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
28,000 SSSTs
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
DATA PROCESSING
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
LEG 8 DAILY AVERAGES
LW
SW
QL
QS
Qnet
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
FUTURE• Funding• New Isar development Inexpensive, reliable, ...• Magic-lite with flux/met focus.
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
FIN
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
Los Angeles Los AngelesHonolulu
Leg 4: October 20-November 1, 2012
http://www.gim.bnl.gov/armclouds/MAGIC/MAGIC_image_table.htm
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
http://www.gim.bnl.gov/armclouds/MAGIC/MAGIC_image_table.htm
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
KAZR
WACR
MWACR is more sensitive…this will change soon
http://www.gim.bnl.gov/armclouds/MAGIC/MAGIC_image_table.htm
2013 Sea Surface Temperature Science Team Meeting Oct 29-31 2013 Seattle WA USA R. Michael Reynolds www.rmrco.com
KAZR
WACR
Handle most precipitation so far quite well.
http://www.gim.bnl.gov/armclouds/MAGIC/MAGIC_image_table.htm
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