the molecules of life
Post on 31-Dec-2015
33 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
The Molecules of The Molecules of LifeLife
Mrs. KerstetterMrs. Kerstetter
BiologyBiology
5.1 Carbon5.1 Carbon
Other than water, most cell Other than water, most cell components are carbon-basedcomponents are carbon-based
They are called BIOMOLECULESThey are called BIOMOLECULES Made of a carbon backboneMade of a carbon backbone
Carbon can form 4 bondsCarbon can form 4 bonds Important for attaching other atomsImportant for attaching other atoms
Carbon backbonesCarbon backbones
3 types of bonding:3 types of bonding:
Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic
OrganicOrganic Contain CARBONContain CARBON One exception is One exception is
CO, or carbon CO, or carbon monoxidemonoxide
InorganicInorganic Do NOT contain Do NOT contain
carboncarbon What are some What are some
inorganic inorganic molecules?molecules?
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
=contain only carbon and hydrogen=contain only carbon and hydrogen Many are important fuelsMany are important fuels
MethaneMethane ButaneButane PropanePropane Energy-storing fat moleculesEnergy-storing fat molecules
Two other atoms frequently found in organic Two other atoms frequently found in organic molecules are __________ and __________.molecules are __________ and __________.
Functional GroupsFunctional Groups
=a group of atoms with in a molecule =a group of atoms with in a molecule that interacts in predictable ways that interacts in predictable ways with other moleculeswith other molecules
-OH groups are hydrophilic-OH groups are hydrophilic What does that mean?What does that mean?
Monomers and PolymersMonomers and Polymers
MonomersMonomers Small, similar molecular unitsSmall, similar molecular units
PolymersPolymers Long chains of monomersLong chains of monomers Can be a straight chain or branchedCan be a straight chain or branched
Every cell has thousands of different Every cell has thousands of different polymerspolymers Vary from cell to cell within an organismVary from cell to cell within an organism
Life’s Large MoleculesLife’s Large Molecules
1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2. LipidsLipids
3.3. ProteinsProteins
4.4. Nucleic acidsNucleic acids
Building PolymersBuilding Polymers
Every time a monomer is added to a Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a WATER molecule is releasechain, a WATER molecule is release This is called a _______________ reactionThis is called a _______________ reaction
Building PolymersBuilding Polymers
Every time a monomer is added to a Every time a monomer is added to a chain, a WATER molecule is releasechain, a WATER molecule is release This is called a DEHYDRATION reactionThis is called a DEHYDRATION reaction
Breaking PolymersBreaking Polymers
We also have to break down long We also have to break down long chains in order to make the chains in order to make the monomers available to the cellsmonomers available to the cells
This is done by adding water to This is done by adding water to break the bondsbreak the bonds This is called a _____________ reactionThis is called a _____________ reaction
Breaking PolymersBreaking Polymers
We also have to break down long We also have to break down long chains in order to make the chains in order to make the monomers available to the cellsmonomers available to the cells
This is done by adding water to This is done by adding water to break the bondsbreak the bonds This is called a HYDROLYSIS reactionThis is called a HYDROLYSIS reaction
What you should be able do What you should be able do after instruction on Section after instruction on Section
5.1:5.1: Identify carbon skeletons and Identify carbon skeletons and
functional groups on organic functional groups on organic moleculesmolecules
Relate monomers and polymersRelate monomers and polymers Describe the process of building and Describe the process of building and
breaking polymersbreaking polymers
Use this information when studying for Use this information when studying for your test!your test!
5.2 Carbohydrates5.2 Carbohydrates
=an organic cpd made up of sugar =an organic cpd made up of sugar moleculesmolecules
Used as an energy sourceUsed as an energy source Can be stored for later useCan be stored for later use Can be used within minutesCan be used within minutes
SugarsSugars
Contain C, H, and O in a specific Contain C, H, and O in a specific ratioratio
Ratio 1C:2H:1ORatio 1C:2H:1O Formula (CHFormula (CH22O)O)nn Most sugar molecules in nature Most sugar molecules in nature
have a ring shapehave a ring shape
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
=simple sugars containing just one =simple sugars containing just one sugar unitsugar unit
ExamplesExamples GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose GalactoseGalactose
Names of sugars end in ________Names of sugars end in ________
MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
=simple sugars containing just one =simple sugars containing just one sugar unitsugar unit
ExamplesExamples GlucoseGlucose FructoseFructose GalactoseGalactose
Names of sugars end in Names of sugars end in -ose-ose
GlucoseGlucose
Exists in both Exists in both straight-chain and straight-chain and ring-shaped ring-shaped structuresstructures
C
C
CH2OH
H OHC
OHH C
HHO
H OH
C OH
D-Glucose
oCH2OH
OHOH
OH
OH
oCH2OH
OHOH
OH
OH
Sugar MoleculesSugar Molecules
Are the main fuel supply for cellular Are the main fuel supply for cellular workwork esp glucose!esp glucose!
Cells break down sugar molecules and Cells break down sugar molecules and extract the stored Eextract the stored E
Cells use the carbon skeletons of Cells use the carbon skeletons of monosaccharides as raw materials for monosaccharides as raw materials for other organic moleculesother organic molecules
What if sugars aren’t used What if sugars aren’t used right away?right away?
Incorporated into larger Incorporated into larger carbohydratescarbohydrates
OROR Used to make fat moleculesUsed to make fat molecules
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Using a dehydration reaction, cells Using a dehydration reaction, cells put together 2 monosaccharides to put together 2 monosaccharides to make one disaccharidemake one disaccharide
Most common is sucroseMost common is sucrose Other examples:Other examples:
LactoseLactose maltosemaltose
SucroseSucrose
Glucose + FructoseGlucose + Fructose Major carb in plant sap, so…Major carb in plant sap, so…
Nourishes plantNourishes plant Table sugar is extracted from stems Table sugar is extracted from stems
of sugar cane or roots of sugar beetsof sugar cane or roots of sugar beets Can be broken down and used as Can be broken down and used as
soon as consumedsoon as consumed Or can store glucoseOr can store glucose
PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides
=long polymer chains made up of =long polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomerssimple sugar monomers
Examples:Examples: StarchStarch GlycogenGlycogen CelluloseCellulose
StarchStarch
Found in plant cellsFound in plant cells Composed of glucose monomersComposed of glucose monomers
BranchBranch Humans can break down starch unto Humans can break down starch unto
useful energy useful energy Examples of foods rich in starch:Examples of foods rich in starch:
PotatoesPotatoes RiceRice corncorn
GlycogenGlycogen
In animal cellsIn animal cells More highly branched than starchMore highly branched than starch In humansIn humans
Stored as granules in liver and muscle Stored as granules in liver and muscle cellscells
When body needs E, it breaks down When body needs E, it breaks down glycogen, releasing glucoseglycogen, releasing glucose
CelluloseCellulose
Functions:Functions:1.1. A building material in plantsA building material in plants2.2. Protect cellsProtect cells3.3. Stiffen plant so it doesn’t fall overStiffen plant so it doesn’t fall over
Made of glucose monomersMade of glucose monomers Multiple cellulose chains form H Multiple cellulose chains form H
bondsbonds Makes a cable-like fiber in the cell wallsMakes a cable-like fiber in the cell walls
CelluloseCellulose
Most animals cannot digest celluloseMost animals cannot digest cellulose Why?Why?
So… So… Passes through body unchangedPasses through body unchanged
It is NOT a nutrientIt is NOT a nutrient
Cows and termites can digest Cows and termites can digest cellulose…cellulose… How?How?
PropertiesProperties
ALMOST all carbs are hydrophilic ALMOST all carbs are hydrophilic because of –OH groupsbecause of –OH groups
Mono- and disaccharides dissolve Mono- and disaccharides dissolve easily in watereasily in water Cellulose and some starches do not Cellulose and some starches do not
dissolve in water (even though they are dissolve in water (even though they are hydrophilic)hydrophilic) Why?Why? Why is this good for the textile industry?Why is this good for the textile industry?
top related