the muon component in extensive air showers and its relation to hadronic multiparticle production...
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The muon component in The muon component in extensive air showers extensive air showers
and its relation to and its relation to hadronic multiparticle hadronic multiparticle
productionproduction
Christine Meurer Johannes BlümerRalph EngelAndreas HaungsMarkus Roth
andthe HARP Collaboration
Christine Meurer Johannes BlümerRalph EngelAndreas HaungsMarkus Roth
andthe HARP Collaboration HARP Detector, CERN
Auger Observatory, Argentina
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 2/30
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Outline
• Relation of muons in extensive air showers (EAS) to
hadronic interactions
• Comparison: EAS – fixed target experiment
• Investigation of phase space
• Existing accelerator data
• New measurements: NA49 and HARP
• Conclusions and outlook
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 3/30
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Motivation
Interpretation of CR data Interpretation of CR data relies heavily on MC relies heavily on MC simulationssimulations
MC uncertainties arise MC uncertainties arise predominantly from predominantly from hadronic interaction modelshadronic interaction models
MuonsMuons are one of the main are one of the main ingredients to infer E, Aingredients to infer E, A
Muon component is very Muon component is very sensitive to hadronic sensitive to hadronic interactionsinteractions
Which hadronic interactions are of major Which hadronic interactions are of major importance for muon production?importance for muon production?
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 4/30
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Composition at the knee
KASCADET. Antoni et al.Astropart.Phys.24(2005)1
Differences mainly due to muon Differences mainly due to muon productionproduction
or
total
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 5/30
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Muon production in EASproton E =10proton E =101515eV eV = 0°= 0°Primary
particle
CORSIKA simulations:CORSIKA simulations:• QGSJET-01QGSJET-01• GHEISHAGHEISHA
1
2
3
• On average 6 interactions before muon productionOn average 6 interactions before muon production• Number of generations increases with smaller Number of generations increases with smaller
muon energy thresholdmuon energy threshold
number of generations
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 6/30
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Muon energy on ground
lateral distance R
Primaryparticle
Core
p
+
+
+
e-e+
+
00
-
-
p
-
-
-
n
e-e+
p
+
p
-
EE smaller for larger smaller for larger
distancesdistances
proton E =10proton E =101515eV eV = 0°= 0°
muon energy
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 7/30
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Relation of muons to hadronic interactions
Last interaction
p
++
+
++
e-e+
+
00
-
-
p
--
-
-
n
e-e+
p
+
p
-
proton E =10proton E =101515eV eV = = 0°0°GHEISHAGHEISHA QGSJET01QGSJET01
mother
detected muon
grandmother
grandmother mother
pion 72.3% 89.2%
nucleon 20.9% -
kaon 6.5% 10.5%
grandmother energy
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 8/30
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EAS vs fixed target experiment
+ Several targets Several targets + Forward direction accessibleForward direction accessible+ Relevant energy range: 8-1000 GeV Relevant energy range: 8-1000 GeV
Grandmother particle = beam particleGrandmother particle = beam particleMother particle = secondary particleMother particle = secondary particle
p+C
p
++
+
++
e-e+
+
00
-
-
p
--
-
-
n
e-e+
p
+
p
-
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 9/30
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Rapidity of pions
m
pEy zln
Rapidity:Rapidity:
Forward hemisphereForward hemispheredominatingdominating
Interesting rangeInteresting range::0.3 < y/y0.3 < y/ybeambeam< 1.1< 1.1
EAS: EAS: KASCADE range: 50-200mKASCADE range: 50-200mNucleons (~160GeV) + airNucleons (~160GeV) + air
Fixed target: Fixed target: p(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + Cp(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + C(QGSJET-01)(QGSJET-01) yybeambeam = 5.8 = 5.8
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 10/30
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Rapidity of pions
Energy loss/muon decay: muons not detected
No pion decay, but further interactions
EAS: EAS: KASCADE range: 50-200mKASCADE range: 50-200mNucleons (~160GeV) + airNucleons (~160GeV) + air
Fixed target: Fixed target: p(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + Cp(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + C(QGSJET-01)(QGSJET-01) yybeambeam = 5.8 = 5.8
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 11/30
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Rapidity of kaons
Energy loss/muon decay: muons not detected
No significant differences because of further interactions→ decay energy of
kaons higher than for pions
EAS: EAS: KASCADE range: 50-200mKASCADE range: 50-200mNucleons (~160GeV) + airNucleons (~160GeV) + air
Fixed target: Fixed target: p(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + Cp(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + C(QGSJET-01)(QGSJET-01) yybeambeam = 5.8 = 5.8
Interesting rangeInteresting range::0.3 < y/y0.3 < y/ybeambeam< 1.1< 1.1
Forward hemisphereForward hemispheredominatingdominating
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 12/30
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xlab of secondary and K
EAS: EAS: KASCADE range: 50-200mKASCADE range: 50-200mNucleons (~160GeV) + airNucleons (~160GeV) + air
Fixed target: Fixed target: p(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + Cp(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + C(QGSJET-01)(QGSJET-01) yybeambeam = 5.8 = 5.8
K
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 13/30
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Transverse momentum of and K
pptt distribution in EAS similar to distribution in EAS similar to
pptt distribution in distribution in fixed target fixed target
simulation. simulation. → → Low transverse Low transverse
momenta of interestmomenta of interest
EAS: EAS: KASCADE range: 50-200mKASCADE range: 50-200mNucleons (~160GeV) + airNucleons (~160GeV) + air
Fixed target: Fixed target: p(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + Cp(160GeV) + air, p(160GeV) + C(QGSJET-01)(QGSJET-01) yybeambeam = 5.8 = 5.8
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 14/30
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Phase space: E~160GeV
y/ybeam 0.3-1.1
pt(GeV) 0.0-0.7
KK
KASCADE range: 50-200m; KASCADE range: 50-200m; Nucleons (~160GeV) + AirNucleons (~160GeV) + Air
EASEAS EASEAS
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 15/30
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Phase space: E~ 40GeV
y/ybeam 0.3-1.1
pt(GeV) 0.0-1.0
KASCADE-Grande range: 200-500m; KASCADE-Grande range: 200-500m; Nucleons (~40GeV) + AirNucleons (~40GeV) + Air
KKEASEAS EASEAS
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 16/30
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Existing accelerator data: p+Be
Data: p+Be → +XEAS: p+air → +X
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 17/30
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Existing p+C data: Barton et al.
Data: p+C → +XEAS: p+air → +X
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 18/30
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Data: p+C → +XEAS: p+air → +X
New p+C data: NA49, HARP
Existing: proton beam → 21% of grandmother particleStill needed: pion beam → 72% of grandmother particle
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 19/30
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NA49: p+C @ 158 GeV/c
C.Alt et al. (NA49 collaboration) hep-ex/0606028C.Alt et al. (NA49 collaboration) hep-ex/0606028
Error of NA49 data:Error of NA49 data:stat. error stat. error ~ 5%~ 5%syst. error syst. error ~ 5%~ 5%
Comparison: models – data:Comparison: models – data:SIBYLL and QGSJET-II: SIBYLL and QGSJET-II: reasonable agreement with datareasonable agreement with dataQGSJET-01: QGSJET-01: overestimation of factor ~ 1.5overestimation of factor ~ 1.5
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 20/30
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NA49: p+C @ 158 GeV/c
C.Alt et al. (NA49 collaboration) hep-ex/0606028C.Alt et al. (NA49 collaboration) hep-ex/0606028
QGSJET-01: QGSJET-01: soft soft -spectra-spectraQGSJET-II: QGSJET-II: hard hard -spectra-spectra
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 21/30
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HARP: p+C @ 12 GeV/c
Ongoing analysis: p+C @ 12 GeV/cOngoing analysis: p+C @ 12 GeV/cSelection of secondary particles (Selection of secondary particles () ) in forward hemisphere using the drift in forward hemisphere using the drift chambers.chambers.No of events: No of events: 1,000k1,000kNo of events after cuts:No of events after cuts: 450k 450k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
p
e
k
TOFCERENKOV
TOF CERENKOV
CERENKOVCALORIMETER
Separation of particle Separation of particle types using different types using different detector componentsdetector components
p (GeV/c)
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 22/30
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HARP: p+C @ 12 GeV/c
Ongoing analysis: p+C @ 12 GeV/cOngoing analysis: p+C @ 12 GeV/cSelection of secondary particles (Selection of secondary particles () ) in forward hemisphere using the drift in forward hemisphere using the drift chambers.chambers.No of events: No of events: 1,000k1,000kNo of events after cuts:No of events after cuts: 450k 450k
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
p
e
k
TOFCERENKOV
TOF CERENKOV
CERENKOVCALORIMETER
Separation of particle Separation of particle types using different types using different detector componentsdetector components
p (GeV/c)
CERENKOV
TOF
CAL
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 23/30
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HARP preliminary
HARP preliminary HARP preliminary HARP preliminary
HARP preliminary HARP preliminary
p+C→±+X, pbeam=12 GeV/c
• leading particle effect• Comparison with models in preparation• Error: stat. and syst. error
→ syst. error: kaon subtraction in progress
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 24/30
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Error estimation
Stat. errorStat. error Syst. errorSyst. error
4%
20%
rel.
erro
r
rel.
erro
r
p (MeV/c) p (MeV/c)
Dominant contributions to syst. error:• Tertiary subtraction• Momentum scale
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 25/30
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Conclusions• Interpretation of CR data relies heavily on MC simulations
• Muons are main ingredients to infer E, A
• Fixed target experiments are very important for understanding of muon production in extensive air showers
• Relevant hadronic interactions for muon production are in the energy range: 8 – 1000 GeV phase space region: forward hemisphere
• New (2006) fixed target measurements: NA49: p+C @ 158GeV/c HARP: p+C @ 12 GeV/c
• Comparison: data – models: SIBYLL and QGSJET-II in good agreement with data, QGSJET-01 overestimation of factor ~ 1.5 in dN/dy
• Outlook: further measurements/analyses planed by NA49, HARP and MIPP
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 26/30
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Planed future measurements/analysesEnergy range and
phase space of interest
Ebeam 8-1000 GeV
p 0.5-11.0 GeV/c
0-300 mrad
p+C @ 15 GeV/c+C @ 12 GeV/c
p+C and +C @ 30, 40, 50, 158GeV/c
p+C, +C and K+C@ 20, 60, 120GeV/c
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 27/30
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R. Engel
HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 28/30
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HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 29/30
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HSS 08.09.2006 Fermilab/USA Christine Meurer 30/30
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References
[Baker61] Phys. Rev. Lett. 7 (1961) 101 (AGS)[Dekkers65] Phys. Rev. B 137 (1965) 962 (CERN)[Allaby70] CERN Yellow Report 70-12 (1970) (CERN)[Cho71] Phys. Rev. D 4 (1971) 1967 (ZGS)[Eichten72] Nucl. Phys. B 44 (1972) 333 (CERN)[Antreasyan79] Phys. Rev. D 19 N3 (1979) 764 (Fermilab)[Barton83] Phys. Rev. D 27 (1983) 2580 (Fermilab)[Abbott92] Phys. Rev. D 45 (1992) 3906 (AGS)[NA49_06] hep-ex/0606028 (SPS)[HARP06] ISVHECRI 06, Weihai (PS)
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