the new imperialism miller, ap euro. old imperialism 16 th and 17 th century european colonialism ...
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The New ImperialismMiller, AP Euro
Old Imperialism
16th and 17th century european colonialism Africa → trading posts and slaves Asia → cooperative trading agreements “The New World” → The exception
The Americas are colonized by the Spanish, English, French, and Portuguese
Old Imperialism
Imperialism in decline by the early 19th century Economic / political liberalism was largely against it
political oppression mercantilist trade
The British had the largest overseas empire Hesitant to expand farther
American Revolution still looms largeCanada increasing discontent
British Empire
North America Hesitant to expand farther
American Revolution still looms large
Canada become autonomous in 1867 Still in control of much of the Caribbean
Africa Hold Cape Colony and several trading port along
the coast1820s-1835ish → constant friction with the Boers
British Empire
India East India Company controlled 1857, Indian troop rebel
Accuse BEIC of abuses
1858 British take direct control
China Trade agreement
Opium from India → China in exchange for tea
British Empire
China Trade agreement
Opium from India → China in exchange for tea
1842 Opium WarsChina tried to stop the tradeChina crushed by British forces
Brits get Hong Kong and reestablish the opium trade
The Latin American Problem
1804 -1824 = period of constant upheaval Rise of nationalism and liberalism
Portugal loses BrazilFrance loses HaitiSpain lost everything except Cuba ans Puerto Rico
French Empire
By the end of the Napoleanic Wars France has lost almost all of its overseas empire Caribbean: Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French Guadeloupe, Martinique, and French
Guiana Guiana Africa: Several trading posts and influence in EgyptAfrica: Several trading posts and influence in Egypt
1830: France gets control in Algeria and 1830: France gets control in Algeria and IndochinaIndochina
Dutch Empire
What empire?
Some trading routes still open
Some island colonies in the East Indies
Russian Expansion
Russia continues to expand in the 19th century Russian expansion came at the cost of the Russian expansion came at the cost of the
crumbling Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea, a crumbling Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea, a power vacuum in Central Asia, and Chinese power vacuum in Central Asia, and Chinese weakness along the North Pacific Coast.weakness along the North Pacific Coast.
Pre-19c European Trade with Africa
IndustrialRevolutionIndustrialRevolution
Source forRaw
Materials
Source forRaw
Materials
Markets forFinishedGoods
Markets forFinishedGoods
EuropeanNationalismEuropean
Nationalism
MissionaryActivity
MissionaryActivity
Military& NavalBases
Military& NavalBases
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
EuropeanMotives
For Colonization
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Places toDump
Unwanted/Excess Popul.
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
Soc. & Eco.Opportunities
HumanitarianReasons
HumanitarianReasons
EuropeanRacism
EuropeanRacism
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
“WhiteMan’s
Burden”
SocialDarwinism
SocialDarwinism
The New Imperialism
European Racism• Social Darwinism
– The most extreme ideological expression of nationalism and imperialism
– Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)• Survival of the fittest i.e. the conquered
are put in their rightful place
• In Social Statics (1850) and other works, Spencer argued that through competition social evolution would automatically produce prosperity and personal liberty unparalleled in human history.
European Racism
• “White Man's Burden”
– Ideas of racial superiority gave Europeans the conviction that natural laws destined them to lead “the civilizing mission.”
• Missionaries sought to convert “heathen” unbelievers in faraway lands
• Rudyard Kipling
– Beloved children's author and reviled poet of British imperialism.
Social Darwinism's Long Shadow
• It promoted the military build-up that led to World War I.
• It would become the core doctrine of the Nazi party.
• Provided a “scientific” and “ethical” justification for genocide in the 20th century.
Missionary Work and Exploration
• Middle class religious revivalism and elements of Social Darwinism lead to an emphasis on spreading Christianity to Africa and Asia
– Dr. David Livingstone• 1st White man to do humanitarian
& religious work in south and central Africa
• H.M. Stanley– Found Livingston– Sought aid of king of Belgium to
dominate the Congo region
The Scramble for Africa• Belgian Congo
– 1879: Stanley, as directed by Leopold II, established trading stations in the Congo and signs “treaties” with various African chiefs
– 1884-1885: Area becomes the Congo Free State after the Berlin Conference
– Belgian stronghold in the Congo calls into question the fate of Black Africans
Leopold's Brutality
1908: After hearing about the atrocities, the Belgian Parliament takes control of the Congo
The Congo was a personal colony of King Leopold II
5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Population)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official
Berlin Conference 1884-85 • Establishes new rules for
conquest in Africa
– Can't claim territory unless you actually control it.
– Slavery / Slave trade terminated
• Purpose: to prevent conflicts between European nations
• Sponsored by Bismarck and Jules Ferry
– Playing Britain and France off each other
British Africa
• 1869, Suez Canal influenced Britain’s interest in Egypt
– Canal linked Mediterranean with Red Sea, shortened trip from Europe to Indian Ocean; no need to sail around southern tip of Africa
– 1882, Egyptian government appeared unstable; British occupied Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal
• 1883-1956: Britain declares Egypt a protectorate to ensure British access to canal
– At the time Egypt was still a part of the Ottoman Empire
Britain Pushes South
• Sudan
– 1898: Battle of Omdurman
• Gen. Horatio Kitchener
• Machine guns used; 11,000 Sudanese die
– 28 Briton's die
– 1898: Fashoda Incident• France and Britain nearly go
to war, but France backs down (Dreyfus Affair)
Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)• British businessman and politician in
southern Africa• Made a fortune from African diamond
mines• Established South African Company
– Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
• Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896)– Wanted British control over South
Africa– Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad
• Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa– Great Britain became leading
colonial power in southern Africa
Britain Pushes South
• South Africa
– By1890- British control Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, and Zanzibar
• Tensions with the Boers
– 1877: British annex Transvaal
– 1883: Boers fight British and get the Transvaal back
• Paul Kruger becomes President
– 1880's: Gold and diamonds discovered the the Transvaal
Britain Pushes South
• Boer War (1899-1902)
– Cecil Rhodes is PM of Cape Colony
• “Cape to Cairo” dream of British domination in Africa
– Diamonds and Gold found in the Transvaal prompts war
– Kruger Telegram (1902)
• Wllhelm II sends telegrams congratulating Boers on British defeat
– British crush Boers by 1910
• Union of South Africa formed
French Africa
• Algeria
– France has had control since 1830 and continues control until the 1960s.
• Tunisia
• 1881: France annexes Tunisia in an effort to stop Tunisian raid into Algeria
• Britain had claims on Tunisia, but gave them up during the Berlin Conference
French Africa
• French control
– By 1914, France controls 3,250,000 square miles in Africa• 14 times the area of France• North Congo Basin, Somaliland, Madagascar, and
Morocco
• British recognize French control in French West Africa in exchange for French recognition of British control of Egypt and Sudan
German Africa
• Before 1884, Germany not interested in colonization
• Bismarck more concerned about Russia
• Berlin Conference guaranteed Germany a major role in Africa
• 1884: Cameroon and Togoland
• 1885: Tanganyika becomes German East Africa (now Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania)
• Control parts of Southwest Africa (now Namibia)
Africans in Africa• By the time of the First World War (1914)
• Only 2 independent African countries• Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
• Only nation to retain independence by matching European firepower
• 1889, Emperor Menelik II modernized nation, army
• 1895, Italian forces invaded over treaty dispute
• Menelik’s forces defeated Italians at the Battle of Adwa
• Liberia• Formed by freed slaves under
auspices of the United States government
Africans in Africa
• The Zulu
• Zulu people resisted colonization more than 50 years
• Zulu leader Shaka built strong kingdom by subduing several neighboring peoples
• 1879, British invaded Zulu territory, annexed kingdom as colony
Shaka Zulu 1785-1828
European Colonization/Decolonization Patterns
Berlin Conference of 1884-85
Africa in 1880
Africa in 1914
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